等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^-2 and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^-2 but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^-2;the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^-2(246.9 mAh g^-1) at 3 mA cm^-2 and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^-2,suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^-2 at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^-2 with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.     

Variable catalytic behavior of Nb, Mo, Ta, W, and Re halide clusters: Isomerization of alkynes to conjugated dienes under nitrogen and hydrogenation to alkenes under hydrogen

When a tantalum chloride cluster [(Ta₆Cl₁₂)Cl₂(H₂O)₄]·4H₂O (1) was treated in a nitrogen stream at temperatures above 300 °C, a catalytic activity developed for the isomerization of pentynes and hexynes to the corresponding conjugated dienes with smaller amounts of allenes. Niobium and tungsten clusters with the same metal framework also catalyzed the reactions. In a hydrogen stream, niobium, molybdenum, and tungsten clusters, and a trinuclear rhenium cluster catalyzed the partial hydrogenation of alkynes to the corresponding alkenes. The isomerization activity was ascribed to the Brønsted acidity of hydroxo species of the activated cluster complexes, and the hydrogenation activity was attributed to the nature of the metal atoms incorporated in the cluster.     

铂钌团簇及电荷对甲醇活性的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对钌掺杂的铂团簇阳离子([Pt_nRu_m]⁺, m + n = 3, n ≥ 1)活化甲醇C―H和O―H键反应进行了理论研究;探讨了电荷对[Pt_nRu_m]团簇反应活性的影响。电荷分析表明:(1) [Pt₃]⁺团簇中正电荷在三个Pt原子上均匀分布;掺杂Ru原子后,正电荷主要分布在Ru原子上; (2)首先活化C―H键时[Pt_nRu_m]⁺的反应活性比[Pt_nRu_m]明显提高;首先活化O―H键时只有[Pt₃]⁺比[Pt₃]团簇的反应活性有明显提高。本研究可为金属团簇调控的C―H键和O―H键的活化提供更深入的理解。     

贵金属Pt促进Co基费托合成催化剂的原子尺度结构分析

选取化学惰性的β-SiC为载体, 通过共浸渍法制备了Co-Pt/SiC催化剂; 利用球差校正的电子显微镜(AC-STEM), 结合氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、 CO化学吸附以及准原位X射线吸收光谱(XAS)等手段, 研究了Co-Pt/SiC催化剂中贵金属Pt对于钴基费托反应的促进作用. 结果表明, Pt助剂从提高分散度和还原度两个方面增加了Co⁰活性相的数量, 从而提升了催化剂的费托反应活性. 通过AC-STEM表征了Pt在催化剂上的微观结构状态, 发现Pt助剂主要以单原子或团簇的形式分散在金属Co上. 这种分散形式的Pt对钴基催化剂的促进作用可能遵循氢气解离和氢溢流机理: 分布在Co上的Pt显著提高了催化剂解离氢气的能力, 这有利于促进钴物种的还原, 提高还原度, 同时也有利于促进费托反应过程中H₂的活化以及CO的氢助解离, 提高了催化剂的反应活性, 以及饱和烷烃的选择性.     

封装型Pt/SOD分子筛的合成及表征

基于封装型贵金属分子筛的合成,充分利用其择形性和氢溢流特性构建新型加氢催化剂,选定Pt作为活性组分,方钠石作为载体,通过水热合成法直接将金属前驱体Pt(NH_3)_4Cl_2引进SOD合成母液中进行晶化,合成了不同封装量的Pt/SOD分子筛。采用苯加氢反应测试样品的催化活性,并运用XRD、SEM、TEM和H_2-TPD对样品进行表征。结果表明,合成的不同封装量的Pt/SOD样品均具有良好的催化活性,与溢流氢受体HZSM-5间均具有良好的氢溢流效应。其中,当金属前驱体Pt(NH_3)_4Cl_2的用量为(Pt(NH_3)_4Cl_2)∶(Si-Algel)比为0.030 g/g时,所合成的Pt/SOD样品最佳,催化苯加氢反应的苯转化率可达54.38%。     

丙烷脱氢负载型PtSnNa/SUZ-4催化剂中Na+助剂组分的作用

用微型催化反应装置结合X射线衍射(XRD)、H₂化学吸附、NH₃吸附-程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)和H₂-程序升温还原等多种物理化学手段研究了丙烷脱氢负载型PtSnNa/SUZ-4催化剂中Na⁺助剂组分的作用。结果表明,Na⁺组分可中和SUZ-4载体表面的强酸中心、提高催化剂的Pt金属分散度、抑制脱氢产物的裂解和积炭的生成,从而提高催化剂的丙烷脱氢选择性和反应稳定性。但是过量Na⁺组分的存在会削弱Sn物种与载体之间的相互作用,使其易被还原,导致催化剂丙烷脱氢活性显著下降。     

氧化铁负载铂纳米簇催化卤代硝基苯本体氢化性质研究

复相金属催化剂中的载体效应研究具有重要意义。我们以结构不同的氧化铁载体吸附"非保护型"Pt金属纳米簇制备了具有相同Pt纳米簇的Pt/Fe_3O_4、Pt/γ-Fe_2O_3和Pt/α-Fe_2O_3催化剂,考察了其在无溶剂条件下(本体条件)催化邻氯硝基苯(o-CNB)选择性氢化反应的性能,发现三种铂/氧化铁催化剂的催化选择性远高于商购铂/碳催化剂,Pt/γ-Fe_2O_3和Pt/α-Fe_2O_3的催化选择性明显高于Pt/Fe_3O_4,而Pt/Fe_3O_4的催化活性较Pt/α-Fe_2O_3高50%。铂/氧化铁对不同卤代硝基苯的本体选择性氢化反应表现出优良的催化性能,相应卤代苯胺产物的选择性均可达到99%以上。考察了温度、氢气压力对Pt/Fe_3O_4催化o-CNB本体氢化性能的影响。本工作为理解氧化铁负载金属纳米簇催化剂的特殊催化性质,进而发展高效金属纳米簇基催化体系提供了新的基础。     

二维TiC 层表面H2的化学吸附与物理吸附

第一性原理计算研究发现由于二维TiC单原子层具有高的比表面积与大量的暴露在表面的Ti原子,其是一种非常有潜力的储氢材料.计算结果显示H2可以在二维TiC单原子层表面进行物理吸附与化学吸附.其中化学吸附能为每个氢分子0.36 eV,物理吸附能是每个氢分子0.09 eV.覆盖度为1和1/4层(ML)时,H2分子在二维TiC单原子层表面的离解势垒分别为1.12和0.33 eV.因此,除了物理吸附与化学吸附,TiC表面还存在H单原子吸附.最大的H2储存率可以达到7.69%(质量分数).其中,离解的H原子、化学吸附的H2、物理吸附的H2的储存率分别为1.54%、3.07%、3.07%.符合Kubas吸附特征的储存率为3.07%.化学吸附能随覆盖度的变化非常小,这有利于H2分子的吸附与释放.     

碳包覆Pd/TiO2光催化产氢协同胺类选择性氧化合成亚胺(英文)

负载型金属纳米催化剂由于其优异的光催化性能,被广泛应用于光催化产氢协同胺类氧化偶联合成高附加值亚胺体系。但在反应过程中,金属表面对H原子和亚胺表现出较强的吸附能力,导致了亚胺易于发生自氢化反应而生成仲胺,显著降低了亚胺的选择性。在本文中,我们证实了在Pd/Ti O₂表面构建超薄碳层(Pd/Ti O₂@C)是一种解决上述问题的有效策略。在Pd/Ti O₂表面构筑的超薄碳层可以有效调控H原子和亚胺在其表面的吸附行为,避免了光催化氧化偶联过程中亚胺的自氢化。因此,Pd/Ti O₂@C光催化剂在光催化产氢协同胺类选择性氧化合成亚胺体系中展现出优异的亚胺选择性。本研究提供了一种便捷有效的策略推动负载型金属纳米催化剂在光催化产氢协同合成高附加值产物体系中的应用。     

锐钛矿型TiO2担载的Pd催化剂用于乙炔选择加氢的催化性能及其表征

Anatase TiO₂ nanospindles containing 89% exposed {101} facets (TiO₂-101) and nanosheets with 77% exposed {001} facets (TiO₂-001) were hydrothermally synthesized and used as supports for Pd catalysts. The effects of the TiO₂ materials on the catalytic performance of Pd/TiO₂-101 and Pd/TiO₂-001 catalysts were investigated in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene to polymer-grade ethylene. The Pd/TiO₂-101 catalyst exhibited enhanced performance in terms of acetylene conversion and ethylene yield. To understand these effects, the catalysts were characterized by H₂ temperature-programmed desorption (H₂-TPD), H₂ temperatureprogrammed reduction (H₂-TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), pulse CO chemisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM and CO chemisorption results confirmed that Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on the TiO₂-101 support had a smaller average particle size (1.53 nm) and a higher dispersion (15.95%) than those on the TiO₂-001 support (average particle size of 4.36 nm and dispersion of 9.06%). The smaller particle size and higher dispersion of Pd on the Pd/TiO₂-101 catalyst provided more reaction active sites, which contributed to the improved catalytic activity of this supported catalyst.     

单层石墨相氮化碳负载Pt4团簇吸附O2的第一性理论研究

采用第一性原理密度泛函理论结合周期性平板模型模拟研究了Pt₄团簇吸附单层石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)的几何结构和电子性质,以及氧气在其表面上的吸附行为。同时,对比分析了氧气在纯净的石墨相氮化碳和Pt₄团簇上的吸附行为。计算结果表明, Pt₄团簇吸附在3-s-三嗪环石墨相氮化碳表面,并与四个边缘氮原子成键,形成两个六元环时为最稳定构型。Pt₄团簇倾向于吸附在三嗪环石墨相氮化碳的空位并与邻近三个氮原子成键。由于Pt与N原子较强的杂化作用,以及金属与底物之间较多电子转移增强了Pt₄团簇吸附g-C₃N₄的稳定性。另外,对比分析了氧气在纯净的g-C₃N₄和金属吸附的g-C₃N₄上吸附行为,发现金属原子的加入促进了电子转移,同时拉长了O―O键长。Pt₄吸附3-s-三嗪环g-C₃N₄比Pt₄吸附三嗪环g-C₃N₄表现出微弱的优势,表现出明显的基底扭曲以及较大的吸附能。这些结果表明,化学吸附通过调节电子结构和表面性质增强催化性能的较好方法。