Harmonic generation in superconducting Bi(Pb)SrCaCuO thick films

We present a detailed study of harmonic generation in Bi(Pb)SrCaCuO superconducting thick film prepared by screen printing technique. A comparative study of amplitude of harmonics of two films of different J_c have been carried out. The variation of amplitudes of the harmonics are studied as a function of magnitude of ac and dc field. The temperature dependence of amplitude of third harmonic (V³) is studied with increasing amplitude as well as frequency of ac field. These results are analyzed in the frame work of critical state model. V₃ -T curve also indicates the presence of two phases in Bi(Pb)SrCaCuO film.     

Improvement of the critical current density of Ag-sheathed (Bi,Pb)2223 superconducting tapes by tension rolling

Monocore Ag-sheathed (Bi,Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_x tapes were prepared by the oxide-powder-in-tube method. The effects of tension during intermediate rolling between sinterings have been investigated. It has been revealed that the critical current density J_c is higher when the front and back tensions are applied simultaneously than when only one of them is applied. The excessive tension deteriorates the J_c. The optimum level of tension has been found to be ∼5 MPa. The application of tension suppresses the sausaging of silver/oxide core interface, improves the grain alignment of oxide core and results in higher J_c.     

Frequency dependence of AC loss in Bi(2223)Ag-sheathed tapes

The AC self-field loss in Bi(2223)Ag-sheathed tapes with different number of filaments has been measured between 59 and 2500 Hz by means of a dual lock-in amplifier. Due to the wide frequency range of the measurements, we have been able to dissociate quantitatively the different self-field loss contributions: hysteretic, eddy current and resistive loss (near I_c). This is an important advantage compared to single frequency measurements where such loss dissociation is only qualitative. The hysteresis losses of the different tapes fall between Norris' predictions for elliptical and strip cross-section. The relative weight of eddy current loss is found to be inversely proportional to the current ratio—the higher the i, the less is their contribution. Frequency-independent resistive loss due to flux-creep is observed for high currents at low frequencies; this loss becomes quickly negligible with the increasing frequency.     

Crystallization process of Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O glass

A crystallization study has been carried out for rapidly solidified Bi₂Pb_0.5Sr₂Ca₄Cu₅O_x glass. Glass transition temperature T _g, crystallized superconducting phases and microstructural changes were measured and analysed by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallization mechanism of the three superconducting phases — (2201) 20 K phase, (2212) 80 K phase, and (2223) 110 K phase — has been discussed, and a time-temperature-transformation diagram for the glass has been constructed.     

掺Pb的Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O超导体及非晶体的Raman光谱

本文研究了Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8单晶(Tc=85K)、Bi2-xPbxSr2Ca2Cu3Oy单相(Tc=107K)和Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O非晶体室温下20-720cm-1的Raman光谱.通过谱图的比较,我们认为456-466、631-650cm-1是高Tc氧化物的特征谱,它们与Cu-O链及Cu-O面上的强电子-声子耦合有关;掺Pb导致Bi(Pb)-O双层之间氧的分布改变,增强了Bi(Pb)-O双层之间的耦合,从而有助于提高超导转变温度Tc.     

Preparation and properties of the single 110 K phase Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor

The single 110 K phase Bi(Pb)–Sr–Ca–Cu–O superconductor was made by sintering in air. Its zero-resistance temperature is 106 K, and it is an orthorhombic cell witha=5.403 Å,b=5.412 Å andc=37.062 Å. It formed around the low-T _c phase. The forming period of the 110 K phase can be shortened by multiple sintering and grinding. If PbO is mixed into the samples after the 85 K phase has formed, the forming rate of the 110 K phase can be increased significantly. EDAX analysis of grain composition confirms that the Pb atoms enter the unit cell, and probably Pb cations replace some Ca cations.     

(Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O氧化物超导陶瓷弹性性质的超声研究

利用脉冲回波重迭方法,测定了新型高温超导陶瓷Bi_1.7Ph_0.3Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_10+x及Bi_1.7Pb_0.3Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x单相多晶样品的超声声速,并进而决定了其弹性常数。在200K附近,横波和纵波声速均出现反常突变,并伴随有衰减峰出现,表明存在某种结构变化或相变,与此同时还出现了显著的模量软化,由声速导出的Bi系各弹性模量值远小于YBa₂Cu₃O_7-y超导体及BaTiO₃等具有类似结构陶瓷的相应值,而它们的泊松比却十分相近,表明这几种钙钛矿结构陶瓷有着类似的原子间结合力;而当C轴变长,其层间耦合减弱。在考虑空洞影响并加以修正后,得到材料的德拜温度为270±20K,并进而首次得到该材料的德拜温度随温度变化的曲线。     

Long-term stability of Bi(2223) and Dy(123) superconducting tapes in the direct current circuit

The stability of critical parameters T _c and I _c of commercial high-temperature superconducting wires upon long-term passage of transport current (about 0.7I _c) in liquid nitrogen (77 K) is studied. Voltage-current characteristics U(I), as well as the critical current and critical temperature, are investigated for the case of Bi(2223) hermetic multifilament wires and Dy(123) superconducting tapes covered by a thin Ag layer. In the former case, a considerable decrease in the critical current (by ～30%) and swelling of the wires after passage of the current for 323 h are observed. The same is true for a reference sample, which does not experience the action of current and stays in liquid nitrogen for 700 h. The decrease in the critical current in the Bi(2223) sample is likely to be associated with penetration of a liquid coolant into the composite conductor: evaporating and expanding as a result of heating, it severely deforms the material. The Dy(123) sample grown epitaxially demonstrates high stability of the critical current after it has experienced the action of current for 400 h and been kept in liquid nitrogen for 1000 h.     

(Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O体系110K超导体的相转变及超导电性

品质优良的110K超导体(Bi,Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_y的单相多晶样品已制备,其零电阻温度为107K。讨论了2201相,2212相和2223相的形成和转变以及淬火温度对其的影响。测量了样品的复磁化率,结果表明超导体晶粒间的Josephson结的耦合强度与样品的制备过程有关,对不同热处理的样品测其比热;△c(107K)=5.3J/molK,索末菲常数v=34.6mJ/molK,比热跳跃与热处理     

基于第二代高温超导带材的磁体研究进展与挑战

随着第二代高温超导(2G-HTS)带材技术的进步和性价比的提高,世界各地的科研机构纷纷展开了基于REBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ(RE123)带材的磁体研制。RE123带材具有极高的载流能力和在场性能,能产生低温超导(LTS)磁体不能达到的强磁场(>24 T)。然而,RE123磁体依然面临着诸多挑战,如磁体的工艺技术、带材的机械性能及性价比等都还需要进一步的提升与优化。文章首先介绍了用于磁体绕制2G-HTS带材,包括其成材工艺、在场性能及应力应变影响等;其次讨论了超导磁体研制的重要技术问题,包括RE123线圈技术、磁体失超保护、屏蔽电流效应及交流损耗等;最后对国内外2G-HTS磁体的研究进展进行了总结,包括磁体的设计方案、技术特点和运行情况等。     

Oxygen non-stoichiometry in the (Tl, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O 1212 system

Materials in the (Tl, Pb) Sr₂CaCu₂O_7-δ system have been synthesised with different oxygen stoichiometrics and their structure and superconducting properties studied. Powder neutron-diffraction studies reveal that for δ>O vacancies exist in the thallium- oxygen layer leading to an increase in the c lattice parameter, apical copper-oxygen bond and the inter-cuprate layer distance. These structural changes are discussed in relation to the superconducting properties and comparisons drawn to the double-thallium layer materials.     

Preparation of high purity 110 K phase in the (Bi, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor system using a solution method

A solution method has been demonstrated to purify the 110 K superconducting phase in the (Bi, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system. Oxalic acid was used to chelate metal cations from the nitrates. The amount of chelating agent impacts the cation absorption in the precursor. The higher purity 110 K superconducting phase can be obtained in the shortest time and at the lowest sintering temperature. X-ray diffraction, resistivity and magnetization measurements all indicated positive evidence. The process can be expedited when the stoichiometry was enriched by calcium and copper. The preparation technique is considered valuable to purify multi-phase superconductors for mass production.     

Transport properties of long monofilamentary Bi(2223) tapes

Summary Monofilamentary Bi(2223) tapes withJ _c(77 K, 0 tesla) up to 30 000 A/cm² have been prepared by cold rolling using the powder-in-tube method. An optimization of the precursor powders has led to a higher phase purity after the reaction heat treatment. The deformation process has been optimized in order to increase the oxide density and to reduce sausaging effects on the oxide thickness. The transport properties of these tapes have been studied in a wide range of temperature (4.2K-T _c) and magnetic fields (up to 28 tesla). The critical-current values at 77 K fields of 0.5 T and 1 T parallel to the tape surface are 10 000 A/cm² and 5400 A/cm², respectively. At 4.2 K theJ _c value decreases from 1.6·10⁵ A/cm² at 0 T to 6·10⁴ A/cm² at 15 T. At fields higher than 15 tesla a very low field dependence ofJ _c has been found, regardless of the tape orientation. Transport properties have also been studied by cutting small sections of the tape in order to investigate the local critical-current distribution. It has been found that, even in rolled tapes of good quality (J _c (77 K, 0 T)>20000 A/cm²), theJ _c distribution is homogeneous: the critical current density increases gradually from the centre of the tape to the sides, the latter exhibiting much higherJ _c (46000 A/cm²) than in the centre (18000 A/cm²). Paper presented at the ?VII Congresso SATT?, Torino, 4–7 October 1994.     

Effect of Yb addition on the superconducting properties of (Bi,Pb)-2212 superconductor

The effects of Yb addition on the phase evolution and superconducting properties of (Bi,Pb)-2212 superconductor prepared by solid state synthesis in the polycrystalline form were studied. Yb content of the samples was varied (x = 0–0.5) on a general stoichiometry of Bi_1.7Pb_0.4Sr_2.0Ca_1.1Cu_2.1Yb_xO_y. Phase analysis by XRD, microstructural examination by SEM, measurements of density and superconducting properties were done to evaluate the relative performance of the samples. A Yb containing secondary phase could be distinguished from XRD analysis from Yb > 0.3 in the stoichiometric level. Microstructural examination showed clear and distinct morphological variation with Yb stoichiometry and a secondary phase with round edged grains was observed in the microstructure of Yb added samples. The critical current density (J_C) and superconducting transition temperature (T_C) of all the Yb added samples were found to be higher than that of the pure sample. A maximum T_C-onset of 94.5 K and a maximum J_C 688 A/cm² has been observed for the sample with Yb = 0.2 in the stoichiometric level. Above this level T_C and J_C began to reduce, may be due to secondary phase formation.     

Low-field irreversibility line and its anisotropy of textured (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy silver-clad tapes

The irreversibility line H_irr(T) of textured (Bi,Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_y silver-clad tapes was obtained by ac susceptibility (ACS) and magnetoresistivity (MR) below 1500 G. It is found that, in the framework of flux motion, the H_irr(T) is determined by the thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) rather than the so-called giant flux creep, and the experimentally obtained H_irr(T) line is related to a certain resistivity criterion in both ACS and resistivity measurements. H_irr(T) is found to be significantly depressed by the amplitude of applied driving AC field and generally lower than that measured from the resistivity. The anisotropy in H_irr(T) is found to follow a scaling behaviour as described by the anisotropic effective mass model.     

Role of the mercury pressure during reaction synthesis of Hg(Re)-based superconducting films

Thin films of mercury based superconductors were prepared on the R-plane sapphire with a CeO₂ buffer layer using a two step process involving the deposition of the Hg-free precursor and ex situ mercuration in the sealed quartz tube. For the thin film preparation, a method with no contact between the mercury source and the precursor film was used for mercuration. We studied the influence of the basic parameters of the mercuration (annealing time, temperature and partial pressure of the mercury) regarding the composition and superconducting properties of prepared Hg-based films to determine appropriate conditions for this mercuration method. We found out that an increased partial pressure of mercury inhibited the creation of the parasitic Re-based phase and supported the crystallization of the superconducting phase. The advantage of this mercuration method is higher reproducibility as well as its capability to prepare high quality thin large areas films. Presented at 5-th International Conference Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces, November 19–24, 2006, Smolenice Castle, Slovakia