从误区走向真实：基于手持技术的化学试题情境分析

利用手持技术数字化实验测量曲线分析5道中、高考试题,对此类化学试题情境的真伪加以求证,以案例探究化学试题情境如何从教学误区走向真实情境,使试题的命题立意更高,情境更真,设问更实,更加有效地探查学生批判性、创新性等高阶思维,从利于“甄别选拔”逐步过渡到兼顾“导向教学”,发挥试题的育人价值和功能。     

基于SOLO分类理论的高考化学主观题的结构分析

借助SOLO分类理论作为评价工具,以定量的方式对2013-2015年间山东省高考化学试题进行解构与分析,并将试题在4个SOLO能力层次上的分值分布情况与试题难度、区分度等实测数据进行了比对研究。没有采用以往常见的以定性评价为主的高考试题分析模式,而是尝试采用定量方式对山东省高考必做试题中的主观性试题进行分析和评价,进而寻找高考化学试题适宜的SOLO试题结构。     

从几道2008年高考化学试题引发的思考

分析部分教师对2008年几道高考化学试题的质疑,讨论高考化学试题命题要求、试题结构、呈现与表述方式,提出中学化学教学、高考备考和高考化学试题命制需要思考和注意的一些问题.     

中学化学试题中情景题材的运用

随着应试教育向素质教育的转变,新一轮课程改革的深入,化学试题也正在发生变化,无论是高考化学试题还是中考化学试题,无论是升学化学试题还是竞赛化学试题,情景试题的分值都呈现出逐年上升的趋势。其中课程改革实验区(大连、福州和宜昌等)、课程改革进行得比较早得地区(上海)和新课程的理念实践的比较快的城市(南京等),情景试题所占的比例更高。因此对情景试题进行研究显得尤其重要,限于篇幅原因,本文仅对中学化学情景试题中所涉及的情景题材进行分析。     

2014年广东高考理综化学试题赏析及思考

对2014年广东高考理综化学试题进行研究,先整体分析试题特点,后局部赏析试题内容亮点,挖掘试题功能,继而反思试题启示与备考策略,以达到探究命题规律和助推教学研究的目的。     

“化学教育测量与评价”的项目式教学——命制一道高考化学试题

以“命制一道高考化学试题”为项目学习主题,以提炼试题命制思路框架、初创高考化学试题、优化高考化学试题为关键项目任务,呈现师范生“化学教育测量与评价”教学内容的项目式教学设计思路和教学实践过程。     

浅谈北京高考化学试题的教育功能

高考试题具有社会选拔和教育引领两大核心功能。由于教育功能是间接的、内隐的,往往被忽视,或不予以重视。近几年北京高考化学试题在支持新课程改革和体现新课程理念的基础上,着重彰显试题的教育功能。仅以2010年北京高考化学试题为例,从3个方面浅谈试题的教育功能。     

2002年高考理科综合能力测试化学试题特点及启示

本文根据抽样统计结果,重点对 2002年理科综合能力测试化学试题进行了分析,并与2000年、2001年同类试题做了比较。指出了理综化学试题的命题特点及对化学教学的启示,同时对几个待商榷的问题提出了自己的建议和思考。     

怎样解答开放性问题

随着高考制度改革的深入,未来高考化学试题中会越来越多地出现这样一种题型-开放性化学试题.近年来,全国高考和上海高考试题中偶尔能见到这种题型的影子,但其力度很小.目前,中学化学教育工作者不仅对于这种试题的研究非常关注,而且在探索对这种试题解答的教法,为此,本文将在怎样解答开放性问题上谈谈个人的见解.     

怎样解答开放性问题

随着高考制度改革的深入,未来高考化学试题中会越来越多地出现这样一种题型-开放性化学试题.近年来,全国高考和上海高考试题中偶尔能见到这种题型的影子,但其力度很小.目前,中学化学教育工作者不仅对于这种试题的研究非常关注,而且在探索对这种试题解答的教法,为此,本文将在怎样解答开放性问题上谈谈个人的见解.……     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。