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pH值的计算是分析化学的重要内容之一,而现行国内教科书中大都将酸碱体系分成多种类型,而采用统一公式并编制成计算程序,对任意种酸碱组分(一元、多元酸碱及其盐)的混合溶液的pH值就可很方便地求解。本程序可用于各种酸、碱盐及其混合液的滴定     

精确计算酸碱滴定终点误差的通用公式*

终点误差计算是分析化学课程的重要内容。但在通行的分析化学教材中,所列出的终点误差计算公式形式繁多,不便于学生掌握。为了解决这个问题,推导了一个新的终点误差体积比定义式,并依据质子平衡原理,进一步构建了计算酸碱滴定终点误差的通用公式。运用该公式可实现对各种类型酸碱滴定终点误差的精确计算。     

MathCAD软件在“无机与分析化学”课程教学中的应用

借助MathCAD软件,解决了“无机与分析化学”课程中关于氢原子的原子轨道径向分布函数曲线和确定节点位置的问题。以其内置的程序语言为基础编写了计算体系pH的通用程序,计算了多种酸碱体系精确的pH,并用实验进行验证,从而使学生能够更形象、深入地从定量的角度理解和掌握相关理论知识。     

适用于教学的pH精确计算统一公式

pH 计算是普通化学、无机化学、分析化学课程的一个重要内容。现行国内教科书中大都将酸碱体系分成多种类型,用一系列近似公式进行近似计算,以克服精确公式推导过程复杂、难以求解的困难。实际上,借助于现行教科书中已有的一些     

关于酸碱滴定教学中的一些问题

酸碱滴定是基础分析化学中最重要的内容之一。通过酸碱滴定的教学,不仅有利于学生掌握滴定分析法的基本原理,而且为比较严谨地处理分析化学中各种化学平衡问题打下牢固的基础。因此,新编分析化学教材对酸碱滴定一章有所加强,与过去的教材相比,内容的改变也较大,而变化最大的是用酸碱质子理论来定量处理酸碱平衡问题。其他如溶液中各种酸碱组分的分布、溶液pH值的精确计算、缓冲容量、终点误差和非水滴定等内容,也有所加强。本文拟对用质子理论处理酸碱平衡和终点误差     

一种处理酸碱平衡体系的新方法

在化学教学和研究工作中,经常要研究酸碱溶液体系的平衡情况,其中最重要的问题是溶液的酸度,因为知道了溶液的酸度,就可以算得溶液中所有平衡物种的浓度。在分析化学教科书中对各类酸碱溶液pH的计算讨论很多,但至今还没有归纳出一个适用     

分布分数计算式推导及应用中的对应性和规律性问题探讨

酸碱体系中各组分平衡浓度的计算是分析化学教学中的重要知识点之一,其教学效果取决于对分布分数(δ)计算式推导、应用和计算式中各项潜在含义的掌握。在教学中作为重点,其推导和应用既是花费时间又是繁琐复杂的内容。δ在溶液pH、酸碱体系和络合体系中各物种浓度、缓冲容量及滴定误差等的计算方面均有很好的应用。本文探讨在推导和应用过程中启发学生善于发现其中的对应性和规律性,掌握n元酸碱溶液中各物种δ计算式的快速推导和简便应用的方法,可达到激发学生兴趣、加深认知和牢固掌握的教学目的。     

酸碱对数图解法中主要酸碱组分的判断

近年来,浓度对数图解法在分析化学教学中得到了越来越广泛的应用。尤其在酸碱平衡的处理中,借助于浓度对数图,易于判断出一个平衡体系中哪是主要酸碱组分,哪是次要酸碱组分,从而决定哪些项可以忽略,进行pH值的近似计算,或直接由图读出pH值。由分布系数的概念可知,在给定浓度的溶液中,各酸碱组分的平衡浓度是[H~+]的函数。即在不同的pH     

高职院校分析化学课程建设的量化评价方法

为了解决高职院校分析化学课程建设的量化评价问题,首先分析了高职院校分析化学课程建设的主要内容,借鉴CIPP评价模式构建了高职分析化学课程建设的评价指标体系,并提出了一种运用模糊层次分析法和量子行为粒子群优化算法计算指标权重的方法;然后运用模糊综合评价法和MATLAB编程技术实现了高职分析化学课程建设成效的量化评价,实例结果表明了其精确、高效,具有一定的实用价值。     

零水准法在酸碱滴定体系中的实际应用——介绍终点误差公式推导的一种简便方法

酸碱质子理论奠定了酸碱平衡和酸碱滴定体系定量处理的理论基础,这已为分析化学界所公认。处理问题的关键在于首先如何准确地导出平衡体系中的质子等衡式即质子条件(简写pBE)。质子条件可以根据溶液的物料平衡和电荷平衡关系导出,也可以由溶液中得失质子关系即零水准法直接写出。前者涉及到某些不参与质子转移物质之间的平衡关系,处理繁琐,易出差错。后者处理问题具     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。