大物理化学课程教学体系的形成和改革实践

1 国内外物理化学课程结构现状 物理化学是大学化学类专业的一门重要基础课.按照国内大学化学系传统的课程体系编排,一般先讲授无机化学、有机化学和分析化学等描述性内容较多的化学课程,在此基础上,以物理化学和结构化学作为各种化学现象的理论总结,放在高年级开设.最初,物理化学课程包括化学热力学、化学动力学、电化学等内容,后来又增加了统计热力学.结构化学则包括量子力学基础、原子分子结构和化学键理论、晶体结构等,后来又补充了分子光谱等微观结构测定的原理和方法.在具体处理上,物理化学和结构化学作为两门独立的课程开设,一般先开设物理化学,后开设结构化学.两门课程的内容互相独立,彼此之间没有明显的联系,任课教师各自授课,很少相互通气、交流和整合教学内容.     

热力学方法计算5-羟甲基糠醛电氧化的可逆电池电动势

电化学热力学建立了可逆电池电动势与相应电池反应热力学函数间的关系。电化学氧化5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)制备2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)可以取代传统聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)路线制备生物衍生塑料,但是该反应的标准电动势和各分步反应的标准可逆电极电势尚无精确的实验数据可用。本文通过查阅文献中的热力学数据推算了该数据,确证了从热力学和动力学2个方面看HMF的电氧化反应比水的电氧化反应都优先,而且HMF的电化学氧化在强碱性溶液中更易进行。将本文内容作为综合习题引入电化学热力学教学,加深了学生对物理化学各部分之间关系的理解,提升了其综合应用物理化学知识解决实际问题的能力。     

化学热力学公式的记忆方法

物理化学尤其是化学热力学公式多、易混淆,学生记忆负担较重。介绍了巧记物理化学中热力学函数关系式和简要分析二元系统固液平衡相图的方法,并以熵变计算为例介绍了物理化学的解题技巧。     

物理化学基础知识在化工热力学教学中的应用

化工热力学是化学工程与工艺专业的专业核心课,它与物理化学联系紧密,后者是前者学习的基础。在化工热力学新知识点的授课中,及时引导学生回顾物理化学的相关知识点并予以阐述,强调两门课程的相互渗透,将有助于学生更好地理解和掌握化工热力学知识,提高教学质量,达到更好的教学效果。本文结合物理化学和化工热力学的课堂教学实践,就物理化学中的热力学基础知识在辅助化工热力学教学过程中的应用提出了一些实例和自己的体会。     

基于相平衡与化学动力学的综合实验教学*

介绍了一个综合性物理化学实验:赖氨酸钠溶液吸收CO2的气液相平衡与化学动力学。针对物理化学中相平衡和化学动力学2章内容,开展实验教学。本实验以易得的赖氨酸、氢氧化钠和CO2为原材料,通过试剂配制、气液吸收和数据采集等实验操作,分析得到赖氨酸钠-CO2体系的相平衡数据(温度、压力、溶解度)和吸收过程的化学动力学特性(表观速率常数)。结合基本参数测量(质量、温度、压力与时间等)和热力学与动力学函数计算,既提高学生的综合实验能力,又加强其对多章节知识点的融会贯通,激发其科研兴趣和探索精神。     

J. W. Gibbs对化学热力学的贡献——纪念德文《物理化学杂志》创刊一百年

1887年Ostwald和van’t Hoff合办的德文《物俚化学杂志》创刊,看来可以作为物理化学学科形成的标志。而1876年与1878年分两部分发表的J.W.Gibbs的论文《论复相物质的平衡》,却可以作为经典热力学和化学热力学成熟的里程碑。今年是《物理化学杂志》创刊一百周年,也是Gibbs对化学热力学的奠基工作引起化学界关注和广泛传播的一百年,翻阅一下Gibbs的论文,更加感到他的贡献是不可磨灭的。Ostwald说,Gibbs“赋予了物理化学一百年的形式和内容。”如果就化学热力学所涉及的领域来说,这个评价是毫不夸张的。在此,我们想就Gibbs对化学热力学的贡献作些介绍,或许可以增进一些读者对这位化学热力学奠基人的了解。     

美国化学教材《化学与社会》习题的特点及启示

教材习题的设计对实施有效教学起着重要的作用。美国化学教材《化学与社会》中习题的设计反映了当代美国化学教材习题的编写理念,分析研究教材在习题数量、习题分布、习题内容与信息技术的关联等方面的特点对我国化学教材习题的设计具有重要的借鉴价值。     

关于光化学反应平衡常数的教学讨论

化学反应平衡规律是化学热力学的核心。本文推导出了光化学反应的平衡常数与反应吸收光能间的关系。笔者认为,光化学反应平衡规律应列入高校物理化学的教学内容。这样,不仅可使学生关于化学反应平衡的知识模块完整化,还有利于学生对化学热力学知识的融会贯通。     

一道物理化学习题的几种解法

从电化学、热力学以及化学势3方面讨论一道物理化学习题的几种解法.     

量子化学和统计热力学结合的实验:确定过氧化氢二面角

介绍一个面向高年级本科生的计算化学实验。通过量子化学计算与统计热力学方法相结合,预测了298 K时过氧化氢的二面角,并与实验值进行比较。通过这一应用实例,使学生能够深入理解结构化学和物理化学的相关理论知识,尤其是对统计热力学的本质有一个直观认识,提升学生利用统计热力学处理科学问题的能力。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.