元素化学课堂教学的设计：碳的结构与性能及其应用

以"碳的结构与性能及其应用"为例说明元素化学课堂教学中的方法,引导学生在复习碳元素的结构与性质的基础上,组织学生开展课堂讨论,引导学生对不断涌现的新型碳材料的关注和兴趣。同时,分组讨论碳氧化物的结构与化学性质之间关系及其有效利用,即模拟光合作用实现CO2的光催化还原和基于费托合成实现CO为原料制备燃料,鼓励和推进学生开展碳材料及其应用的本科生科研训练,实现课堂知识与科学研究衔接。     

以"N2分子的结构与性质"为例谈元素化学课堂教学的设计

以"N_2分子的结构与性质"为例说明元素化学课堂教学中的具体做法,教师引导学生复习化学键理论解释氮气分子结构与其化学性质之间的关系,组织学生以分组方式讨论光化学污染、工业合成氨等实际生产生活问题中的化学原理,由教师主讲化学模拟固氮的研究思路,而鼓励学生以报告形式展示热化学、电化学等氮活化科研课题的进展情况。     

从文物中学化学——铁、铜性质主题式复习教学设计与实施

选择"铁、铜性质主题式复习"为案例,以铁器和铜器文物为主题背景,将铁、铜性质的复习与文物知识的介绍结合起来,使学生在学习过程中主动建构知识,在复习化学知识的同时,接触了一些文物知识,拓宽了视野,激发了学习兴趣。     

基于真实情境的“烃的衍生物”主题式复习教学设计——认识肉桂酸乙酯

为拓宽学生的化学视野,丰富学生的实践应用能力,以“烃的衍生物”复习课为例,介绍了在高中有机化学内容复习中采用“主题式复习”的意义和流程。将“认识肉桂酸乙酯”作为真实情境开展主题式复习,在“结构探究、性质探究、合成探究”3个环节引导学生类比分析相关图谱和科研成果、推断解决真实的综合性问题,从而构建有机物结构测定、性质与结构关系以及逆向合成的认知模型,进一步形成化学学科的核心观念。     

在真实情境中发展核心素养的高三有机化学复习教学案例——以“香豆素3羧酸乙酯的合成”为例

基于高三有机化学复习特点,以真实情境为载体,设置综合复杂程度不同的问题,引导学生从有机化合物官能团转化的角度预测物质结构、设计转化路线;从碳骨架和化学键变化的角度理解反应过程,理解共价键的类型、极性与有机反应的关系;利用物理性质设计分离提纯方案,体现出学科内的融合。使学生真正建立“组成、结构决定性质”的基本观念,凸显对比分析、逆合成分析等有机推断问题解题思路,发展高阶思维,促进学生关键能力的提升,促进化学学科核心素养的发展。     

促进学生化学学科能力发展的有机化合物主题大单元整体教学研究——揭秘阿司匹林

基于有机化合物主题学科核心素养和关键能力的系统构成模型,提出促进学生化学学科能力发展的有机化合物主题大单元整体教学设计框架,以“揭秘阿司匹林”复习教学为例,从大单元教学目标确定、教学内容确定、情境素材选择、学科能力活动设计等阐述了大单元整体教学设计过程。通过案例设计和教学实践,对比分析教学效果,进而探讨促进学生有机化合物主题化学学科能力发展的大单元整体教学策略。     

对“燃料燃烧释放的热量”优质课评比的思考

从课程标准要求和苏教版教材编写特点出发,以8位青年教师在优质课中的表现为材料,分析教学实践中存在的问题。从尊重学生提问与回答,组织讨论活动,正确描述和表达反应热,定性与定量结合的化学学科思想,怎样使用化石燃料等角度阐述了对教学设计及实施教学的思考。     

综合化学实验：二苯并噻吩衍生物的合成、结构与性质

介绍了一个综合化学实验,涉及有机化合物的合成、结构以及荧光性质的表征。该实验将大学有机化学的基础知识、基本实验技能与学术研究的前沿相结合。在实验教学中融入荧光发光体的知识,能够引导学生深入理解荧光发光体的相关概念及理论,显著激发学生学习的兴趣,还可以加深学生对有机合成化学基础知识的理解,获取前沿知识,同时熟悉大型仪器,培养学生理论联系实际的能力以及综合实验技能。     

金属有机化合物的结构、活性及其应用

金属有机化学是化学的一门分支学科,它起始于研究金属与有机配体结合的化学,无机化学偏重于M—O,M—N,金属与电负性较大的杂原子配位的化合物,有机化学则偏重于M—C,金属与碳成键的化合物,有时这两类配合方式难以截然分开,统称为金属有机化学或配位化学。有机化学工作者较多地应用这类化合物于合成有机化合物,无机化学工作者较多研究它们的结构和性质;物理化学从理论上研究它们的结构和性质之间的关联和规律。本文试图介绍金属有机化合物的结构、活性及应用的近况。七十年代以前,人们习惯于从已经合成出的金属有机分子模式去进行结构的推导。二茂铁的合成是带有偶然性的,更早的羰基金属的发现也同样是偶然性的,每次这类新的金属有机化合物的发现,都促进了人们去研究它们的结构,理论上去解释新类型金属有机化合物的结构或键型。     

化学结构通式的计算机表达与识别

引言结构通式(Generic Structure)是化学文献中用以表达具有某些共同性质及结构特征的一类有机化合物的最常见的化学符号,主要用于表达化学反应的规律,因此,受到国际化学文献出版与研究机构的广泛重视,结构通式的计算机表达与识别是化学专利文献的计算机检索系统,计算机辅助有机合成设计系统的关     

Evaluation of thermodynamic and kinetic stability of CuAlO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and CuGaO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of CuAlO₂ and CuGaO₂ have been evaluated by using thermogravimetry and thermodynamic calculations. It has been revealed that CuAlO₂ and CuGaO₂ are not thermodynamically stable in air below 800 °C and 1,200 °C, respectively, and that the oxidation reaction, 4CuMO₂ + O₂ → 2CuO + 2CuM₂O₄ (M = Al, Ga), should occur if the reaction kinetics are high enough. However, rate constants and activation energies indicated slow kinetics of the oxidation reaction, showing kinetic stability of CuMO₂ even under some thermodynamically unstable temperatures and atmospheres. It was also concluded that CuAlO₂ showed higher thermodynamic and kinetic stability than CuGaO₂.     

Chemical Composition and <em>in Vitro</em> Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of <em>Eucalyptus gillii </em>Essential Oil and Extracts<em></em>

In this study, essential oil and various extracts (hexane, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water) of Eucalyptus gilii were screened for their chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The essential oil chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), respectively. Thirty four compounds were identified, corresponding to 99.5% of the total essential oil. Tannins [104.9-251.3 g catechin equivalent (CE)/Kg dry mass], flavonoids [3.3-34.3 g quercetin equivalent (QE)/Kg dry mass], phenolics [4.7-216.6 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/Kg dry mass] and anthocyannins [1.2-45.3 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (C3GE)/Kg dry mass] of various extracts were investigated. Free radical scavenging capacity of all samples was determinedt. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the IC₅₀ of essential oil was 163.5 ± 10.7 mg/L and in the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) assay, it was 94.7 ± 7.1 mg/L. Among the various extracts, the water extract showed the best result (IC₅₀ = 11.4 ± 0.6 mg/L) in the DPPH assay which was comparable to vitamin C (IC₅₀ = 4.4 ± 0.2 mg/L). The antimicrobial activities were evaluated against different bacterial and fungal strains. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to the essential oil and extracts than Gram negative ones. Anthocyanins seem to have a major effect on the growth of Bacillus subtilis (R² = 0.79). A significant antifungal activity was observed against the yeast and fungi. Correlations between chemical composition and antioxidant activities were studied and R² values were about 0.96 for the effect of phenolics on the DPPH assay.     

Separation and purification of <Superscript>249</Superscript>Cf and <Superscript>245</Superscript>Cm

There is a need to provide radioactivity standards of the higher actinides in support of both decommissioning and remediation activities as well as routine environmental analysis. In the case ²⁴⁹Cf, this will provide a useful calibration nuclide for both α-and γ-spectrometry as well as improving knowledge of the decay scheme for this nuclide. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that the chemical yield of americium and curium may differ in radiochemical analysis. Thus, a chemical yield tracer of ²⁴⁵Cm may help to resolve this issue and will be suitable for both, suitable for use as a chemical yield tracer for both α-particle spectrometry and mass spectrometry. An aged source of ²⁴⁹Cf was used as the source material for the separation of these two nuclides by cation-exchange, using 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanoic acid at controlled pH as an eluant, ²⁴⁹Cf being eluted before the ²⁴⁵Cm daughter. The purity of both nuclides was measured by γ-ray spectrometry.     

Synthesis and structure of allylated derivatives of fullerenes C<Subscript>60</Subscript> and C<Subscript>70</Subscript>

New chromatographically pure monoand hexamethanofullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ containing active allylic groups were synthesized by Bingel—Hirsch reaction. These compounds are promising for the studies of biological activity, as well as for obtaining on their basis new fullerenecontaining materials. The purity and composition of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and HPLC, their structure was established by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.     

Methyl­malon­amide and ethyl­malon­amide

In the title compounds, C₄H₈N₂O₂, (I), and C₅H₁₀N₂O₂, (II), respectively, the amide groups are rotated out of the central C—C—C plane by ca 76° in (I) and by 70–73° in (II). Compound (I) has crystallographic mirror symmetry perpendicular to the molecular plane.     

Bleaching of solutions of chlorophylls <Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis> with blue and red light

The dependences of the reaction rate constant for bleaching of solutions of chlorophyll under the action of light with a wavelength of 434 and 670 on the type of solvent and additives (O₂, H₂O, HCl, and anthocyanins) have been studied.     

Heat capacities and absolute entropies of UTi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript> and CeTi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript>

Summary As part of a larger study of the physical properties of potential ceramic hosts for nuclear wastes, we report the molar heat capacity of brannerite (UTi₂O₆) and its cerium analog (CeTi₂O₆) from 10 to 400 K using an adiabatic calorimeter. At 298.15 K the standard molar heat capacities are (179.46±0.18) J K^-1 mol^-1 for UTi₂O₆ and (172.78±0.17) J K^-1 mol^-1 for CeTi₂O₆. Entropies were calculated from smooth fits of the experimental data and were found to be (175.56±0.35) J K^-1 mol^-1 and (171.63±0.34) J K^-1 mol^-1 for UTi₂O₆ and CeTi₂O₆, respectively. Using these entropies and enthalpy of formation data reported in the literature, Gibb’s free energies of formation from the elements and constituent oxides were calculated. Standard free energies of formation from the elements are (-2814.7±5.6) kJ mol^-1 for UTi₂O₆ and (-2786.3±5.6) kJ mol^-1 for CeTi₂O₆. The free energy of formation from the oxides at T=298.15 K are (-5.31±0.01) kJ mol^-1 and (15.88±0.03) kJ mol^-1 for UTi₂O₆ and CeTi₂O₆, respectively.     

Synthesis and characterization of Mn-, La-Mn- and La-Ca-Mn-citrates as precursors for LaMnO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and La<Subscript>1−x</Subscript>Ca<Subscript>x</Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Mn-, LaMn- and LaCaMn-citrates were synthesized at 60–120°C in ethylene glycol medium using chlorides or nitrates as metal sources. Their composition, IR spectra and thermal decomposition were studied. Equimolar La/Mn ratio has been established in the complex, prepared from chloride solution with the same initial composition of the metals. In the isolated three-metallic complex the molar ratio of the metals deviates from the composition in the initial solution. The final products of the heating of Mn- and mixed-metal LaMn-citrates at 1000°C are phase-homogeneous Mn₃O₄ (hausmannite) and LaMnO₃ respectively. Parasitic phase(s) are observed in La_xCa_1−xMn_yO₃, produced from LaCaMn-citrate.     

Triclinic polymorphs of tri­phenyl­phosphine and tri­phenyl­phosphine sulfide

New triclinic polymorphs of tri­phenyl­phosphine, (I), and tri­phenyl­phosphine sulfide, (II), were crystallized. For the structure of (I), it is obvious that the highest peaks in the final difference electron‐density map are located at the `lone‐pair regions' of P atoms. We have observed this effect in two further phosphorous‐containing structures.