高二学生认知结构、学科核心素养及学习困难的测量——以“卤代烃”为例

基于FLOWMAP测查高二学生"卤代烃"认知结构,并采用学科核心素养探究学生"卤代烃"学习困难。研究表明,学优生认知结构的优势体现在较高的认知"整合度"和准确率,学困生的劣势体现在较低的信息检索效率,学优生更善于运用描述及情境推理等信息处理策略建构知识。学生达到不同素养水平的学业要求差异较大。学习困难主要有不知道卤代烃的分类及物理性质,不明白或混淆发生取代反应与消去反应的特征、条件等,不知道卤代烃的用途。     

以物质的量为核心的化学计量系统构建及其产生式教学策略

从认知心理学知识学习角度分析以物质的量为核心的化学计量系统,从教学策略角度,可以将其划分为知识系统和操作系统2大部分,其知识系统主要属于陈述性知识,而操作系统则主要属于程序性知识。按照陈述性知识的认知特点设计体现物质的量相关知识系统网络结构功能的探究教学;按程序性知识的认知规律设计产生式自展过程等较高层次的思维运作。从而形成了以物质的量为核心的化学计量系统知识建构的探究教学方法与实际问题解决的小步子产生式策略。其意义在于以结构化系统替代零散知识,用逻辑性思维替代常识比喻,以智能化产生替代机械运算,为以物质的量为核心的化学计量系统教学探索更加有效的策略与方法。     

实施观念建构 打造灵动课堂 ——苏教版 “芳香烃的来源与应用”教学设计案例

以苏教版选修《有机化学基础》“芳香烃的来源与应用”为例,在分析教材的基础上阐述了以观念建构为目的来设计教学过程,让课堂呈现师生生命成长气息的设计思想。结合教学流程和课后反思,具体论述了以观念建构为目的,关注情境,回归教学本真;关注问题,架构知识纽带;关注活动,提升学习能力;关注反思,丰富认知结构的策略,从而实现由“知识课堂”走向“生命课堂”的价值追求。     

国内对于化学概念“物质的量”认知建构探究的进展

介绍了认知建构的理论基础——梅耶的学习观,并查阅国内有关"物质的量"认知建构的文献,归纳得出目前"物质的量"的认知建构主要有3种:(1)利用桥连式建构;(2)运用类比方法建构;(3)结合生活,进行有意义学习。各自适用于不同水平的学习者,但始终以学习者原有的知识基础进行构建为基准。     

课堂教学过程结构之“起、承、转、合”

"清晰的课堂教学结构"是优质课堂的特征之一。"起、承、转、合"是作品的一种基本结构方法。课堂犹如文章, 利用知识的内在逻辑关系, 采用一定的方法设计好课堂的"起、承、转、合", 可使得整个教学过程结构严谨、环环相扣、引人入胜, 有效地促进学生的认知建构和发展。     

基于思维模型建构的高三有机化学复习* ——以“基础有机合成路线设计的反应先后次序”为例

正1整体教学构思学生在真实情境中合成具有挑战性的目标分子时常出现错误,究其原因是对"结构决定性质"的学科思想缺乏深刻理解。依据物质结构知识探析有机反应规律,建立相关反应模型;结合情境设置挑战性问题,运用反应规律与模型,基于"切断法"的逆合成分析发展逆向思维能力,帮助学生将有机合成知识结构化,反思建构有机合成路线设计的反应次序思维模型。     

基于“元素观”的教学设计——以“氮肥的生产和使用”为例

"元素观"视角的教学设计将元素化合物知识的教学重心从事实性知识的识记转向对更为根本的化学观念及其认识思路与方法的理解。"氮肥的生产和使用"一课以4个环环相扣的"含氮元素的物质之间的转化"探究任务为线索,凸显了基于"元素观"的教学设计,有助于学生在深层次的认知参与和积极的情感体验中完成知识的建构和化学观念的形成。     

结合学习的认知结构分析化学学习过程

论述了多元智能理论以及学习的认知结构,认为学生的学习是一个特殊的认识实践活动,学习者认知建构经历“感知-激活、加工-理解、联系-巩固、运用-发展”的过程,这4个过程互相联系和制约,结合化学知识学习过程案例给予阐述。     

高中生氧化还原反应认知结构的调查

选取氧化还原反应为研究内容,用流程图法（Flow Chart）对30名高中生认知结构进行测查。可视化图形与认知结构变量定量分析均表明：学生个体关于氧化还原反应的认知结构存在较大的差异;学生的学习成绩、认知结构变量和信息处理策略两两密切相关,成绩好的学生的认知结构变量得分较高,在构建和组织知识的过程中倾向于采用高水平的信息处理模型;分析还发现大部分高三学生在氧化还原反应知识的学习中,已经很好地建立了反应中得失电子、化合价升降等概念,但对于具体的氧化还原反应的情境认知水平较低。     

以"有意义的接受学习"进行"物质的量"教学

现代认知心理学认为：学习是建构内在心理表征的过程,学习者并不是把知识从外界搬到记忆中,而是以已有的经验为基础,通过与外界的相互作用来建构新的理解。如果语言文字或符号所表述的新知识能与学习者原有的认知结构中的某些有关的观念发生相互影响,产生同化作用,建立起非人为的、     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。