新手熟手初中化学教师课堂教学行为特征的比较研究*——以“酸和碱”单元教学为例

通过对新手化学教师和熟手化学教师各4节“酸和碱”单元常态课堂中教师使用教学行为链、教学行为对在时间和频次等方面的特征进行对比分析发现,在教学行为链上,新、熟手化学教师都会在较高水平的教学行为链上花费更多的时间,熟手化学教师高水平教学行为链在频次上的占比要优于新手化学教师,在不同教学行为链时间安排上的合理性要更高一些;在教学行为对上,新、熟手化学教师都多以“问”和“讲”,学生多以“答”的方式来展开课堂活动,熟手化学教师在每一次“动”和“思”上所用时间要明显高于新手化学教师,学生参与课堂的水平上,熟手化学教师要优于新手化学教师。得出如下启示:与熟手化学教师相比,新手化学教师应有效地组织和安排课堂教学行为,注重对“酸和碱”学科内容本身及其教学的驾驭。无论是熟手还是新手化学教师均应进一步给予学生课堂参与的机会。     

新手型化学教师有效教学认识现状的调查与思考

以参加满1年教学工作的新手型化学教师为研究对象,调查其对有效教学的认识现状。研究发现,39%的新手型化学教师对有效教学特征的认识只能达到1个维度;仅8%的新手型化学教师能够达到4个及以上维度,64%的新手型化学教师能够认识到"合理设计并实现教学目标"特征。新手型化学教师对有效教学策略认识主要集中在"有效的教学设计"(50%)和"突出学生的主体地位"(53%);对有效教学影响因素认识主要集中在"教师的专业素养"和"学生的能力水平",少有提及"学生预习和课后巩固"等因素;对有效教学误区认识较窄。根据以上研究结果,对新手型化学教师和教育教学机构提出建议。     

试论化学教学基本理论的内容和结构

化学教学论还没有成为真正意义上的理论学科,其原因是一方面还没有把普通教学论的概念和原理充分应用到化学教学论中,另一方面对化学教学实践经验的概括和抽象层次不高,只停留在表面的解说上。本文认为,要克服教育理论学科与化学教学的“两张皮”现象,还需化学教学论者深入到化学教学的本质特性中去,概括出化学教学是什么,结合教育科学的理论认识和化学教学实践推导出为什么要进行化学教学,化学教学应该如何。即要在深入研究化学学科特性的基础上,建立化学教学论的概念和原理体系。其中,化学教学本质论是切入点,化学教学价值论是方向,化学教学方法论研究则是归宿。     

实验教学中要进行观念的渗透——以“乙酸乙酯的制备”实验复习为例

以"乙酸乙酯的制备"实验复习课的教学设计为例,说明在化学实验教学过程中,教师不仅要关注具体的实验知识,要去挖掘实验知识中所蕴含的实验内涵,更要去渗透化学实验的观念与思想方法,以充分发挥化学实验的教学功能,并提高学生的实验能力。     

消防相关专业化学教学策略研究

针对消防相关专业化学教学中存在的问题,探讨了消防相关专业化学的教学策略,如紧密联系消防实际选择教学内容;采用案例教学模式;通过典型化合物性质及其制备方法,引入化学工艺知识、化学灾害事故评估方法和危险化学品灾害事故控制方法;通过典型火灾事故原因调查展开分析化学知识教学;教学中渗透"绿色化学"和"绿色消防"的理念;将新成果应用于课堂教学等。     

“化学教学设计”课程教学模式构建

主要根据化学教学的基本原理,构建了"化学教学设计"课程的教学内容和教学基本模式,形成了"化学教学设计"课程教学的特色。学习理论实施导修课教学。将化学知识按学习属性分类,按各类知识认知原理设计教学范例,并对学生进行教学设计和模拟教学训练,使学生对各类化学知识的教学原理有了深刻的认识和理解。5届硕士和3届本科生教学结果表明,学生化学教学设计能力和教学实践能力得到较理想的发展。     

关于《现代化学教学论》教材建设的思考

现代化学教学论的目标应包括3个层次,即通过学习,要引导学生:一是获取有关化学教学的理论知识;二是具有化学教学的实践能力;三是能从事化学教学科学研究.     

关于《现代化学教学论》教材建设的思考

现代化学教学论的目标应包括3个层次,即通过学习,要引导学生:一是获取有关化学教学的理论知识;二是具有化学教学的实践能力;三是能从事化学教学科学研究.……     

影响化学教学有效性的因素探析

为了帮助化学教师减少课堂教学"垃圾时间",就"影响化学教学有效性的因素"进行调查.结果显示,目前不少化学教师课堂时间利用不充分,主要原因来自教师方面.教师要爱岗敬业、有责任心,具有现代教育理念,灵活采用教学方法,有效安排教学过程,调动学生积极参与教学,注意师生有效互动,才能减少或消灭课堂"垃圾时间",提高课堂效率.     

基于发展化学核心素养的“煤的综合利用”高三复习教学实践与反思

以"煤的综合利用"高三复习教学为例,基于化学核心素养确立教学目标,将"化工厂如何解决煤燃烧产生的SO2"科学家如何选择煤气化的反应条件"这2个问题的讨论作为重点,并详述以上教学环节。对教学的实施和目标的落实进行了总结反思：创设真实情境,有效发展化学学科核心素养;创新教学设计,激发学生学习兴趣;用好问题串,促进知识、思路结构化;精心设计,促进素养显性化。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。