整体X光透镜及其在X射线衍射技术中的应用

概述了整体Ｘ光透镜的物理性能及其在Ｘ射线衍射技术中的应用研究，介绍了所研制的新型衍射装置及其测量结果． The basic physical properties and applications in X ray diffraction technology for the monolithic capillary lens are described. The new designed diffraction facility and its measurment results are laso introduced.     

Radiolytic purification of CaO by electron beams

Analysis of the electron energy loss spectra of core-level electronic transitions, O K- and Ca L_2,3-edges, combined with composition-sensitive annular dark field imaging shows that under electron-beam irradiation portlandite can easily be transformed into calcium oxide. The low-loss region of the energy loss spectra measured before and after transformation also supports the observations. Two possible mechanisms of the electron beam-induced modification of the specimen, radiolysis and knock-on damage, are discussed, and it was found that radiolysis is likely to be the primary mechanism for this transformation of Ca(OH)₂ into CaO, while some knock-on damage is also expected.     

Flat electron beams

Electrons from a source in a solenoidal magnetic field emerge from that field with a characteristic angular momentum. This behavior can be used to produce a flat ribbon-like electron beam with zero thickness (to first order). We show that this can be done using a quadrupole triplet and provide analytical expressions for the focal length of each lens. Solutions can be found over a wide range of practical values of the parameters.     

金属等离子体软X光源的研制

一台金属等离子体软Ｘ光源在北京师范大学低能核物理所建成．为该光源配套研制了一台高频、高压恒流充电电源．该光源工作波长为０．８～２ｎｍ，单脉冲能量大于１０Ｊ． A soft X ray source produced by metal plasma has been built in Institute of Low Energy Nuclear Physics. The characters of the source are measured.Its wavelength is 0.8～2.0 nm, pulse energy is 10 J.For this source a high frequence,high voltage power supply with constant current was developed.     

KBA型X射线显微系统

KBA型X射线显微镜的物与像不在同一水平面上,采用双对准方式解决了在靶室安装这套仪器的困难。与通常的光学系统不同,KBA显微镜的伪光轴与实轴夹角8.748 6,设计了观察系统,保证了掠入射角的要求。KBA显微镜的物方孔径角很小,用可见光装调焦深很大,无法满足要求,因此设计了辅助光学成像系统,满足了焦深为5 mm的要求。     

Turbulent electron beams generated by magnetron injection guns

A detailed experimental investigation of oscillators based on a magnetron injection gun is carried out. Experimental data show that such oscillators offer a considerable advantage over other similar devices; namely, they are capable of generating powerful wideband noiselike microwave oscillations. This is because magnetron injection guns generate turbulent electron beams at their exit.     

Propagating anti-symmetrically coupled plasmons generation by electron beams

Propagating anti-symmetrically coupled plasmons that usually cannot be excited with incident light and radiate to far field can be efficiently generated by electron beams. An electron beam is proposed as a practical propagating anti-symmetrically coupled plasmon source due to that it couples differently to the surface plasmons than free radiation. Specifically, whispering-gallery anti-symmetrically coupled plasmons with the character of symmetrical coupled dipoles are excited by an electron beam in a nested ringlike waveguide, which is consistent with the dispersion of electron excited plasmons in an infinite-long nanowire pair.     

基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的标定

X光晶体本征参量的实验标定是准确鉴定X光晶体种类和品质,研制各种类型晶体谱仪,X光线谱定量测量和高分辨X光单能成像的基础.基于X射线衍射仪,通过制作平面晶体样品架,采取控制X射线管电源、滤波片选取和厚度控制等措施,极大地抑制了Cu-KJ3及韧致辐射,使X射线管光源Cu-Kα单能化,提出了用滤片作为光源单能化的判据.对X光线谱测量中常用的X光分光晶体季戊四醇[PET(002)]的晶格常量2d和Cu-Ka能点的积分衍射效率R.进行了标定方法研究,其标定值分别为(0.87425±0.00042)nm和(1.759±0.024)×10-4 Rad.基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的精密实验标定方法既快速高效,且十分方便和灵活.通过更换衍射仪的X射线管靶材,采取类似方法,可以标定其它能点的晶体积分衍射效率,可为X光晶体的本征参量库提供更多的标定数据.     

Phenomena related to electron beams in solar flares

Starting from basic observational characteristics of solar flares the flare physical processes are briefly described. The role of electron beams in such a flare scenario is expressed. The observational manifestations of electron beams as, e.g., type III and U radio bursts are presented. Then results of numerical modelling of these processes are shown. Besides the magnetic field-line reconnection process which is considered to be a primary flare one, the main attention is devoted to the evolution of electron beams in flare loops, to the interpretation of U bursts, to the electron beam bombardment of deep and dense layers of the solar atmosphere and to accompanied processes as the evaporation process and the asymmetry of optical chromospheric lines.Presented at 17^th Symposium Plasma Physics and Technology, Prague, June 13–16, 1995.This work was supported by Grant Agency of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Grant No. 303404.     

Hard X ray holographic diffraction imaging

We determine the absolute electron density of a lithographically grown nanostructure with 25 nm resolution by combining hard x-ray Fourier transform holography with iterative phase retrieval methods. While holography immediately reveals an unambiguous image of the object, we deploy in addition iterative phase retrieval algorithms for pushing the resolution close to the diffraction limit. The use of hard (8 keV) x rays eliminates practically all constraints on sample environment and enables a destruction-free investigation of relatively thick or buried samples, making holographic diffraction imaging a very attractive tool for materials science. We note that the technique is ideally suited for subpicosecond imaging that will become possible with the emerging hard x-ray free-electron lasers.     

X射线剂量增强效应

简述了Ｘ射线辐射对材料产生剂量增强效应的物理过程，着重介绍了Ｘ射线剂量增强对电子器件的影响。这种剂量增强使Ｘ射线辐射引起的损伤比能量较高的γ射线要严重得多。     

Spodumene and garnet luminescence excited by subnanosecond electron beams

Pulsed cathodoluminescence of spodumene and yttrium-aluminum garnet crystals activated by Mn²⁺ and Nd³⁺ ions, respectively, is investigated. The luminescence was excited upon crystal irradiation by electron beams with current densities of 35 and 100 A/cm² and average electron energy of ∼ 50 keV for 0.1, 0.25, and 0.65 ns. It is demonstrated that the electron beam duration decreased to several tenth of a nanosecond does not lead to essential changes of the mechanisms of pulsed cathodoluminescence excitation and character of its spectrum, but in this case, the intensity of luminescence of the hole centers increases compared with the intracenter luminescence.     

强流脉冲驱动的X波段多注相对论速调管相位特性

相位特性是目前制约多注相对论速调管放大器进一步拓展应用的关键参数之一,为了有效提高器件输出微波相位的稳定性,利用一维非线性理论对X波段强流多注速调管放大器开展了理论研究,得到由强流脉冲特性引起的腔体杂频以及电子束运动速度变化率是造成输出微波相位波动的部分主要原因,同时基于18注实心电子束构成的X波段多注相对论速调管放大器开展了强流脉冲特性对输出微波频率和相位影响的数值计算,最后利用粒子模拟手段对理论结果进行验证。理论和模拟结果一致表明：强流脉冲的前沿和波动都将导致器件内实际工作频率的偏移,并引起相位波动;在脉冲前沿段,脉冲前沿长度越短,器件内实际工作频率偏移越大,相位波动幅度越大;在脉冲平顶段,脉冲波动导致的频率偏移与电压变化率相关,与电压的幅值无关,而脉冲电压波动导致的输出微波相位波动由电压变化率及其变化幅度两者共同决定。     

强流脉冲驱动的X波段多注相对论速调管相位特性

相位特性是目前制约多注相对论速调管放大器进一步拓展应用的关键参数之一,为了有效提高器件输出微波相位的稳定性,利用一维非线性理论对X波段强流多注速调管放大器开展了理论研究,得到由强流脉冲特性引起的腔体杂频以及电子束运动速度变化率是造成输出微波相位波动的部分主要原因,同时基于18注实心电子束构成的X波段多注相对论速调管放大器开展了强流脉冲特性对输出微波频率和相位影响的数值计算,最后利用粒子模拟手段对理论结果进行验证。理论和模拟结果一致表明:强流脉冲的前沿和波动都将导致器件内实际工作频率的偏移,并引起相位波动;在脉冲前沿段,脉冲前沿长度越短,器件内实际工作频率偏移越大,相位波动幅度越大;在脉冲平顶段,脉冲波动导致的频率偏移与电压变化率相关,与电压的幅值无关,而脉冲电压波动导致的输出微波相位波动由电压变化率及其变化幅度两者共同决定。     

Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation generated by electron beams in gases

13-MeV electron beams are shown to generate low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in the gaseous medium of a 100-m-long dielectric electron pipe.     

Vacuum electron acceleration driven by two crossed Airy beams

Using numerical simulation, we have studied in detail vacuum electron acceleration driven by two crossed Airy beams with identical characteristics except for opposite accelerating directions. An electron injected along the longitudinal central axis is only affected by the combined longitudinal electric field. In addition, a suitable crossed Airy beams scheme is more beneficial to the energy gain of an electron than the single Airy beam acceleration scheme [Opt. Lett. 35, 3258 (2010)]. Meanwhile, the cross angle, the injection energy of the electron, and the initial phase of the Airy beams play significant roles in the energy gain of the electron.