CaO固硫过程中Ca~(2+)在CaSO_4产物层内扩散的研究

应用标记实验技术 ,研究CaO固硫反应过程中产物层扩散控制阶段的反应机理 .利用扫描电镜和反射式光学显微镜 ,对压制烧结并带有Pt标记的CaO样品在固硫反应前后的形貌变化观察 ,结果表明 :经过较长时间的固硫反应后 ,在Pt标记层外表面形成一层覆盖物 ,XRD分析结果证明该覆盖物是CaSO4.利用电化学综合测试仪测量了CaO及CaSO4在高温下的电导率 ,结果表明在 10 0 0℃时CaSO4的电导率达到了 10 -3 数量级 ,说明在高温下CaSO4内Ca2 + 有较高的离子迁移特性 .根据标记实验、电导率测试的结果和CaO掺杂体系的固硫动力学数据的分析认为 :CaO固硫反应在后期的扩散层控制阶段的主要反应是Ca2 + 通过CaSO4产物层扩散至CaSO4外表面与SO2 和O2 进行反应 ,生成CaSO4,而不是SO2 和O2 气体通过CaSO4产物层向内扩散 ,在颗粒内部与CaO发生固硫反应 .     

催化剂对CaO固硫反应动力学的影响

提高CaO的固硫率是对煤炭燃烧污染防治的研究热点。本研究探索用催化剂提高CaO固硫率的可行性及其对固硫反应动力学的影响。用热天平测试了在CaO中添加不同催化剂的固硫反应的进程,并采用等效粒子模型处理实验数据,计算了表面化学反应控制阶段及产物层扩散控制阶段的动力学参数。实验表明,CaO固硫反应初期为表面化学反应控制阶段,后期转为产物层扩散控制阶段。以碱金属的盐类为催化剂,它们均能使固硫反应前期的化学反应控制阶段的反应活化能下降,并按Li,Na,K,Cs的顺序依次递减,而碱金属盐的负离子主要影响产物层扩散阶段的固硫反应。     

CaO固硫过程中Ca~(2+)在CaSO_4产物层内扩散的研究

应用标记实验技术，研究CaO固硫反应过程中产物层扩散控制阶段的反应机理 。利用扫描电镜和反射式光学显微镜，对压制烧结并带有Pt标记的CaO样品在固硫 反应前后的形貌变化观察，结果表明：经过较长时间的固硫反应后，在Pt标记层外 表面形成一层覆盖物，XRD分析结果证明该覆盖物是CaSO_4。利用电化学综合测试 仪测量了CaO及CaSO_4在高温下的电导率，结果表明在1000 ℃时CaSO_4的电导率达 到了10~(-3)数量级，说明在高温下CaSO_4内Ca~(2+)有较高的离子迁移特性。根据 标记实验、电导率测试的结果和CaO掺杂体系的固硫动力学数据的分析认为：CaO固 硫反应在后期的扩散层控制阶段的主要反应是Ca~(2+)通过CaSO_4产物层扩散至 CaSO_4外表面与SO_2和O_2进行反应，生成CaSO_4，而不是SO_2和O_2气体通过 CaSO_4产物层向内扩散，在颗粒内部与CaO发生固硫反应。     

催化剂对CaO固硫反应活性的影响研究

用热天平研究了在CaO中添加不同催化剂对固硫反应进程及固硫反应转化率的影响,并采用等效粒子模型处理实验数据,计算了固硫反应两个阶段(表面化学反应控制阶段及产物层扩散控制阶段)的动力学参数。实验表明不同的催化剂对CaO固硫的影响效果和机制不同：催化剂KNO3,NaNO3使表面化学反应活化能和产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能降低,但同时也使表面化学反应指前因子和扩散系数指前因子降低;而催化剂Fe2O,V2O5增大了表面化学活化能和产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能,但同时也增大了表面化学反应指前因子和扩散系数指前因子。并发现几种催化剂对活化能和指前因子的影响都具有耦合性,因此单以表面化学反应活化能或产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能来判断固硫反应活性是不够全面的,应计算出具体温度下的反应速率常数和产物层扩散系数值,才能准确地反映固硫反应的活性。     

燃煤固硫及催化燃烧一体化添加剂的催化作用机理研究

用热重法研究了燃煤固硫及催化燃烧一体化添加剂对峰峰烟煤的催化燃烧和催化固硫作用，采用非等温燃烧反应模型和粒子模型，计算了加入一体化添加剂前后煤的燃烧反应动力学和固硫反应动力学参数，对一体化添加剂的催化作用机理进行了分析。结果表明，一体化添加剂中金属催化组分Fe2O3对煤的燃烧和固硫组分CaO的固硫均起到了较好的催化促进作用。一体化添加剂的加入可提高煤的燃烧反应速率，外加金属离子通过电荷迁移使碳表面的棱、角、缺陷等活性部位增加，加快了氧气的吸附速度，使反应活化能和频率因子降低。在燃烧固硫反应，一体化添加剂中金属助剂Fe2O3催化了SO2转变为SO3的过程，使固硫组分CaO的硫酸盐化反应表面化学反应速度常数k和有效扩散系数D增大，在固硫反应的产物层扩散控制阶段，Fe2O3的存在使得CaO晶粒团之间相互接触黏连的几率减小，减轻了固硫产物CaSO4的团聚，弱化了扩散作用的影响，减轻了CaO固硫反应的孔窒息效应。     

加压氧化气氛下CaO固硫反应和动力学研究

在加压氧化气氛下研究CaO和SO2 的反应并对该过程进行动力学研究。结果表明 :低温时CaO和SO2 反应的直接产物是CaSO3 ;产物中的CaSO4 是CaSO3 氧化和歧化反应的双重结果。在更高温度 (6 5 0℃ )下发生的是CaO的直接硫酸化反应 ;压力相同时 ,升高温度反应速率和转化率增加 ,但存在一最佳的温度为 85 0℃左右。同一温度下 ,随压力的增加 ,CaO的转化率显著增加。包含可变有效扩散系数的未反应核模型 (EUSCModel)能较好地描述加压下CaO的固硫反应过程。在该模型中 ,用于决定反应速率控制步骤的Thiele模数定义为转化率的函数。Thiele模数和转化率的关系表明整个固硫反应过程是动力学和扩散的共同效应 ;计算得出动力学控制和扩散控制下的表观活化能分别为 43 87kJ·mol-1和 5 6 79kJ·mol-1。     

CaO-超细高岭土复合固硫剂固硫动力学研究

利用高岭土的加工产品超细高岭土，制备了CaO-超细高岭土复合固硫剂，用热分析法研究其固硫性能和特征，并用等效粒子模型对该固硫剂固硫反应的动力学过程进行模拟和计算，得到了固硫反应的动力学参数。研究表明，CaO-超细高岭土复合固硫剂有着较好的固硫率，特别是高于1?000?℃时在固硫反应后期的产物层扩散控制阶段呈现很好的固硫率增长，1 009 ℃下固硫率较CaO提高达26％。     

CaSO4在CO气氛下的平行竞争反应实验与模型研究

采用热重等温实验研究了不同CO体积分数下CaSO4的分解反应,利用红外光谱仪分析反应析出的气体成分,通过亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定固体残留物中CaS的质量分数。在CO气氛下,CaSO4分解反应为平行竞争反应,反应生成了CaO和CaS。在0.5％CO体积分数下,CaSO4分解最终产物以CaO为主。在2%和4％CO体积分数下,反应初期分解产物以CaO为主,后期分解产物以CaS为主。分解反应最终产物中CaS质量分数随CO体积分数增加而升高,随温度升高而降低。推导出平行竞争反应模型,可以很好的描述CaSO4的平行竞争反应。     

铅上阳极硫酸铅膜的还原过程

采用线性电位扫描法、电位阶跃法, 结合交流阻抗跟踪对铅在4.5mol.dm^-^3H2SO4中-0.6V(vs. Hg/Hg2SO4/4.5mol.dm^-^3H2SO4)极化20min形成的阳极硫酸铅膜的阴极还原进行研究。实验结果表明该膜大部分能被还原, 其中的硫酸铅颗粒先在表面按扩散控制下的三维瞬时成核与生长机理被还原, 然后Pb^2^+自颗粒内径向扩散至已生成的铅层表面上进行还原。颗粒中微粒间的液膜为离子输运的主要途径。     

CaO加入条件下煤与CaSO_4氧载体化学链燃烧的反应性能研究

以小型流化床为反应器、水蒸气为气化介质,在CaSO4氧载体中加入CaO颗粒进行煤气化—氧载体还原反应实验。实验结果表明,添加CaO改善了煤气化—CaSO4还原反应性能,提高了煤气化—CaSO4还原反应速率和CO2生成速率。但CaO添加剂的催化作用随反应温度的提高而减弱。900℃是较适宜的反应温度,此温度下加入适量CaO(CaO/CaSO4物质的量比1.18),气态硫化物释放得到显著抑制,SO2和H2S降幅分别为63.19%和27.37%;同时,还能控制CO2被吸收固化成CaCO3的比例低于2%。     

神木煤灰自身固硫的微观特性分析

当管式炉温由800 ℃升高到1 200 ℃时，神木煤灰的自身固硫率由63.5%降低到6.4%。晶相组成、孔隙结构和表面形态分析表明，800 ℃煤灰自身固硫渣样中CaSO4的质量分数高达18%，CaCO3和CaO的质量分数高达22.4%。渣样表面呈蓬松的棉絮状结构，颗粒内部有许多均匀密布的细小孔隙。1 200 ℃渣样中的CaSO4已全部分解，并且不存在任何CaCO3或CaO晶相，渣样表面由许多结构密实、表面光滑的块状颗粒组成，带有明显的烧结胀大和高温熔融的痕迹。1 200 ℃渣样的比表面积、孔容积和平均孔径等比800 ℃时急剧减小。     

大型电站煤粉炉自身固硫灰渣的微观晶相分析

研究了电站1 025 t/h煤粉炉燃用Ca/S(摩尔比)=2.02的神木煤自身固硫灰渣的晶相组成,XRD分析表明,入炉煤中无定形的非晶相质量分数高达91.2%,CaCO3晶相质量分数为2.1%。满负荷下飞灰中因高温熔融形成的玻璃态非晶相质量分数高达70.5%,煤灰自身固硫产物CaSO4质量分数为3.4%,CaCO3和CaO质量分数为6.9%,使其仍具有进一步固硫的能力。满负荷下炉底渣中钠长石质量分数高达59.2%,非晶相质量分数为25.7%,未发现CaSO4、CaCO3或CaO晶相。当锅炉负荷降低时,飞灰中非晶相质量分数相应降低,炉底渣中非晶相质量分数升高。     

Direct sulfation reaction of SO2 with calcium carbonate

The direct sulfation reaction of SO₂ with CaCO₃ has been investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) under the condition that the CaCO₃ does not decompose to CaO prior to sulfation by controlling CO₂ partial pressure. The direct sulfation process can be described by using a shrinking-core model for constant particle size. The model shows that the reaction rate and the diffusion rate of SO₂ through the product layer are equally important. Temperature effects can be correlated by the activation energy of 35.9 kJ mol⁻¹ for the sulfation reaction and 66.5 kJ mol⁻¹ for the product layer diffusion. The sulfation reaction is found to be first order with respect to SO₂. With larger pore volume and surface area of limestone samples, the sorbents have a stronger reactivity of SO₂ removal. A 70% CaCO₃ conversion can be achieved in 10 min at 800°C and 2000 ppm SO₂.     

A kinetic study of Ca-containing ions reacting with O, O2, CO2 and H2O: implications for calcium ion chemistry in the upper atmosphere

A series of gas-phase reactions involving molecular Ca-containing ions was studied by the pulsed laser ablation of a calcite target to produce Ca(+) in a fast flow of He, followed by the addition of reagents downstream and detection of ions by quadrupole mass spectrometry. Most of the reactions that were studied are important for describing the chemistry of meteor-ablated calcium in the earth's upper atmosphere. The following rate coefficients were measured: k(CaO(+) + O --> Ca(+) + O(2)) = (4.2 +/- 2.8) x 10(-11) at 197 K and (6.3 +/- 3.0) x 10(-11) at 294 K; k(CaO(+) + CO --> Ca(+) + CO(2), 294 K) = (2.8 +/- 1.5) x 10(-10); k(Ca(+).CO(2) + O(2) --> CaO(2)(+) + CO(2), 294 K) = (1.2 +/- 0.5) x10(-10); k(Ca(+).CO(2) + H(2)O --> Ca(+).H(2)O + CO(2)) = (13.0 +/- 4.0) x 10(-10); and k(Ca(+).H(2)O + O(2) --> CaO(2)(+) + H(2)O, 294 K) = (4.0 +/- 2.5) x 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The quoted uncertainties are a combination of the 1sigma standard errors in the kinetic data and the systematic errors in the models used to extract the rate coefficients. Rate coefficients were also obtained for the following recombination (also termed association) reactions in He bath gas: k(Ca(+).CO(2) + CO(2) --> Ca(+).(CO(2))(2), 294 K) = (2.6 +/- 1.0) x 10(-29); k(Ca(+).H(2)O + H(2)O --> Ca(+).(H(2)O)(2)) = (1.6 +/- 1.1) x 10(-27); and k(CaO(2)(+) + O(2) --> CaO(2)(+).O(2)) < 1 x 10(-31) cm(6) molecule(-2) s(-1). These recombination rate coefficients, as well as those for the ligand-switching reactions listed above, were then interpreted using a combination of high level quantum chemistry calculations and RRKM theory using an inverse Laplace transform solution of the master equation. The surprisingly slow reaction between CaO(+) and O was explained using quantum chemistry calculations on the lowest (2)A', (2)A' and (4)A' potential energy surfaces. These calculations indicate that reaction mostly occurs on the (2)A' surface, leading to production of Ca(+)((2)S) + O(2)((1)Delta(g)). The importance of this reaction for controlling the lifetime of Ca(+) in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere is then discussed.     

水泥生料的燃烧固硫特性及其微观反应机理研究

采用SC-132定硫仪对水泥生料的燃烧固硫特性进行了评价，利用XRD、SEM对煅烧样品进行矿相组成分析及矿物形态分析，讨论了水泥生料高温固硫的微观反应机理。结果表明，高温段固硫物相的热稳定性是影响水泥生料固硫效率的决定因素。水泥生料在较宽温度范围内具有85%以上的固硫效率。850 ℃时已有CaSO4形成， 1 050 ℃时CaSO4开始分解。1050℃～1250℃生成耐高温的硫硅酸钙、硫铝酸钙等复合矿物。1300℃时铁铝酸盐固熔体等将硫酸盐的表面包裹，抑制其高温分解，使水泥生料在1300℃时仍有较高的固硫效率。     

烧结程度对CaO固硫反应转化率及动力学参数的影响

The conversion and kinetic parameters of desulfurizors of CaO of different particle agglomeration degree are investigated with themogravimetric method (TG). The results showed that the CaO particle agglomeration degree increases when CaO calcined temperature or time increases. The dusulfurizors that have higher particle agglomeration degree have low conversion in the desulfurization reaction. The kinetic behavior of desulfurization can be explained by a grain model. The activity energies of suface reaction (Ea) and of product layer diffusion (Ep) were determined by using the grain model. The overall rates of desulfurization are controlled initially by surface chemical reaction, and then shift to product layer diffusion control. The activity energy of surface reaction (Ea) enhances when the CaO particle agglomeration degree increases.     

Ozone reactions with alkaline-earth metal cations and dications in the gas phase: room-temperature kinetics and catalysis

Room-temperature rate coefficients and product distributions are reported for the reactions of ozone with the cations and dications of the alkaline-earth metals Ca, Sr, and Ba. The measurements were performed with a selected-ion flow tube (SIFT) tandem mass spectrometer in conjunction with either an electrospray (ESI) or an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ionization source. All the singly charged species react with ozone by O-atom transfer and form monoxide cations rapidly, k = 4.8, 6.7, and 8.7 x 10(-10) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) for the reactions of Ca+, Sr+, and Ba+, respectively. Further sequential O-atom transfer occurs to form dioxide and trioxide cations. The efficiencies for all O-atom transfer reactions are greater than 10%. The data also signify the catalytic conversion of ozone to oxygen with the alkaline-earth metal and metal oxide cations serving as catalysts. Ca2+ reacts rapidly with O3 by charge separation to form CaO+ and O2+ with a rate coefficient of k = 1.5 x 10(-9) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). In contrast, the reactions of Sr2+ and Ba2+ are found to be slow and add O3, (k >/= 1.1 x 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1). The initial additions are followed by the rapid sequential addition of up to five O3 molecules with values of k between 1 and 5 x 10(-10) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). Metal/ozone cluster ions as large as Sr2+(O3)5 and Ba2+(O3)4 were observed for the first time.     

The Modulation of Desulphurization Properties of Calcium Oxide by Alkali Carbonates

Kinetics of CaO desulphurization reaction and the effects of alkali carbonates on it have been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. A grain model was applied successfully to describe the kinetic behavior of the reactions. The activation energy of surface reaction and that of the product layer diffusion were determined by using the model. It was found that the overall desulphurization rate was controlled initially by surface chemical reaction and, in a later stage, by product layer diffusion. Addition of alkali carbonates can decrease the activation energy of the surface chemical reaction, with increasing effectiveness in the order of potassium, sodium and lithium. Such a property of alkali carbonates has also been demonstrated on a raw coal. The process is discussed in terms of a working mechanism of solid-state ionic diffusion. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.