Synthesis,characterization and catalytic performance of nanosized iron-cobalt catalysts for light olefins production

Nanosized Fe-Co catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method and studied for the conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins.In particular,the effects of a range of preparation variables such as Co/Fe molar ratios of the precipitation solution,pH value of precipitate,temperature of precipitation,promoters and loading of optimum promoter on the structure and catalytic performance are investigated.The optimal nano catalyst for light olefins (C2-C4) production was obtained over the catalyst with Co/Fe molar ratio of 3/1 which promoted with 2 wt% K.The results show that the best operational conditions were GHSV=2200 h-1 (H2/CO=2/1) at 260℃ under atmospheric pressure.Characterization of catalysts were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD),thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA),differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 physisorption measurements such as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods.     

Study on iron-manganese catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Iron-manganese catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method.Characterization of catalysts was carried out by using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),temperature program reduction(TPR),N2 adsorption-desorption measurements.The results from catalytic performance tests in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis showed that the iron-manganese catalysts are supersensitive to catalyst composition and materials source.It was found that C2~4 light olefins increased while CH4 and CO2 decreased by using iron-manganese catalyst prepared from iron(II) sulfate(A catalyst).The activity and selectivity of A catalyst was studied in different operational conditions.The results showed that the best operational conditions for C2~4 light olefins production were H2/CO=1/1(GHSV=2400h-1) at 260℃ under 0.3MPa total pressure.     

Catalytic behaviors of Co-Mn/TiO2 catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

The 15%(Co-Mn)/TiO₂,(Co/Mn=1/6) catalyst was prepared using fusion procedure and studied for the conversion of synthesis gas to C_2~4 olefins. The effects of calcination conditions and operation conditions such as the H₂/CO molar feed ratio at different temperatures, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and total reaction pressure on the catalytic performance of catalyst were investigated. The stability of the catalyst during 150 h at optimal operation conditions (t=250 ℃ H₂/CO=2/1, GHSV=1 500 h^-1 and p=0.3 MPa) has been investigated. It is found that this catalyst is high stable for production C_2~4 olefins. Characterizations of both precursors and calcined catalysts by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area measurement and thermal analysis methods such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) show that the different preparation method influences the catalyst precursor structure and morphology.     

TiO2 supported cobalt-manganese nano catalysts for light olefins production from syngas

Cobalt-manganese nano catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method. This research investigated the effects of different cobalt-manganese (Co/Mn = 1/1) loading, pH and calcination conditions on the catalytic performance of Co-Mn/TiO₂ catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) in a fixed bed reactor. It was found that the catalyst containing 30wt%(Co-Mn)/TiO₂ was an optimal catalyst for the conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins especially propylene. The activity and selectivity of optimal catalyst were studied under different operational conditions. The results showed that the best operational conditions were H₂/CO= 1/1 molar feed ratio at 250 °C and GHSV= 1300 h^?1 under atmospheric pressure. Characterization of catalysts was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements.     

The sol-gel derived Co-Mn/TiO_2 catalysts for light olefins production

In this research work,two 30%(Co-Mn)/TiO2catalysts were prepared using sol-gel(catalyst A)and coprecipitation(catalyst B)methods.The activity and selectivity to C2~4light olefins in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS)has been studied in a fixed-bed reactor under different operational conditions.These operational conditions were:temperature220~280℃,and total pressure from0.1~0.6 MPa.The optimum operating conditions were investigated after steady state.As the results shown,the catalyst A was more selective to C2~4olefins(58.7%in 260℃)and catalyst B was more selective to C5+hydrocarbons.Characterization of both catalysts was carried out by using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and N2adsorption-desorption measurements methods.     

过渡金属氧化物和金属负载型沸石催化剂上合成 纳米碳管及其表征

采用气相催化沉积法催化合成纳米碳管,比较了不同金属氧化物和金属负载型沸石催化剂以及不同分子筛载体对合成纳米碳管的影响,并用TEM,XRD表征其形貌和结晶度,用DTA-TG考察了纳米碳管的热和稳定性。实验结果表明纳米碳管的形成除了与金属种类有关外,还直接与催化剂的颗粒大小和分散状态有关。粒径在20nm左右的不规则形状的纳米粒子是形成纳米碳管的活性组分,非负载和负载型的催化剂均表明活性组分的粒径与纳米碳管的管径有一定的对应关系。化学提纯后能得到高纯度的纳米碳管;其管壁具有较好的石墨化结构,在空气中的热稳定性大于400℃,而在氮气中能维持到1200℃以上。     

MoO3/C-N复合材料的制备条件对其结构及催化性能的影响

利用直接热插入法制备了MoO₃/十二烷基胺(DDA)插层复合材料并对其进行煅烧处理制备了MoO₃/C-N复合材料. 研究了不同的煅烧条件对该复合材料的结构、组分及形貌的影响, 结果表明在400～800 ℃之间进行煅烧, MoO₃/C-N复合材料的晶态结构发生了有序-无序-有序的变化, 部分Mo的价态由+6降到+4或+2. 当煅烧温度低于600 ℃时, 主要是MoO₃层间十二烷基胺的碳化反应, MoO₃的层状结构仍然存在, 但层间距变小. 当煅烧温度高于600 ℃时, MoO₃与C发生氧化还原反应生成Mo₂C, MoO₃的层状结构被破坏. 在600 ℃煅烧处理时, 随着煅烧时间的延长, 有MoO₂晶体产生. 煅烧升温速率对复合材料的结构影响不大. 将不同煅烧条件制备的MoO₃/C-N复合材料应用于苯甲醇制备苯甲醛的催化研究, 结果发现600 ℃煅烧2 h处理得到的MoO₃/C-N复合材料的催化效果最好, 产物选择性单一, 苯甲醛产率达30%, 比未插层的MoO₃(8%)提高了近4倍, 且该催化剂可多次重复使用.     

以MOFs为前驱体的多孔金属氧化物催化剂研究进展

多孔金属氧化物具有高比表面积、大孔径、特殊的形貌和结构特性,广泛应用于催化、锂离子电池、太阳能电池、气敏传感器等领域。金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)是一类具有周期性网络结构的新型多孔晶体材料,在气体存储、气体分离、催化等领域具有重要的应用价值。近年来,以MOFs为前驱体制备多孔碳和多孔金属氧化物成为MOFs应用领域一个新的研究热点。本文主要综述了以MOFs为前驱体制备的多孔金属氧化物和多孔金属氧化物/碳复合物在CO氧化、催化产氢、异丁烷脱氢、环已烯氧化、醇直接氧化为酯、醛氧化酰胺化反应、光催化降解有机物和氧还原反应等方面的应用。     

Highly active supported catalysts for olefin polymerization: Preparation and characterization of the catalyst

With use of the support prepared by the reaction¹ of a Grignard reagent with reaction mixture of AlCl₃ and CH₃Si(OC₂H₅)₃, an immobilized active stereospecific titanium catalyst was prepared by the three-step treatment of the support, first with TiCl₄, second with ethylbenzoate, and third with TiCl₄ again. The catalyst was also prepared by the two-step treatment of the support, with the mixture of TiCl₄ and ethylbenzoate, and with TiCl₄. Solids obtained in each step of the catalyst preparation were characterized by elemental and IR analysis, and their activities for propylene polymerization were determined with triethylaluminum as a cocatalyst under an atmospheric propylene pressure for 1 h at 60°C. The experimental data support the idea that both TiCl₄ and ethylbenzoate as donors are immobilized on the surface of the active stereospecific catalyst without any interaction between them.     

Combustion synthesis and characterization of porous perovskite catalysts

Porous perovskite-type complex oxides LaCoO₃ and La_0·95Sr_0·05Ni_0·05Co_0·95O₃ were produced by combustion method. The properties of these porous materials such as crystal structures, particle sizes, surface patterns, pore size, surface area and pore volume were characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and BET measurements. The results indicated that all porous materials are of the perovskite-type complex oxides. Doping Sr²⁺ ions on site A and doping Ni²⁺ ions on site B entered the crystal lattices of LaCoO₃ in the place of La³⁺ and Co³⁺, respectively, and the maximum peak of XRD patterns of doping sample was weaken and broaden. Morphological microscopy demonstrated agglomerates involved mostly thin smooth flakes and layers perforated by a large number of pores and its lamella decreased with the introduction of Sr²⁺ and Ni²⁺. Hysteresis loop in the N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm of samples indicated its porous structures and the doping effect on its pore size, surface area and pore volume were improved. The porous catalysts have been tested for methane catalytic combustion and the results showed that these catalysts possessed high catalytic activity.     

New anilinotropone-based titanium complexes: synthesis, characterization and application as catalysts for olefin polymerization

New titanium(IV) dichloride complexes containing 2-anilinotropone ligands have been synthesized and characterized. Bis(ligand)titanium dichloride complexes 1 and 2 were synthesized from reaction of TiCl4(THF)2 with 2 equivalents of the corresponding sodium salts of 2-(2,6-diisopropylanilino)tropone (L1) and 2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoroanilino)tropone (L2), respectively. The mixed cyclopentadienyl-anilinotropone compound 3 was synthesized by reaction of the lithium salt of with CpTiCl3. The Cp-mixed micro-O bimetallic complex 4 was also isolated as a by-product owing to the adventitious presence of moisture. The molecular structures 1-4 of have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Complexes 1 and 2 are isostructural and exhibit a C2-symmetric octahedral geometry, with a trans(N,N), cis(O,O) arrangement in complex 1, but with a trans(O,O), cis(N,N) arrangement in complex 2. The Cp-mixed complex 3 has a distorted square-pyramidal structure with the Cp ligand in the apical position. Bimetallic complex 4 shows a similar coordination geometry for the five-coordinate titanium atom and a pseudo-tetrahedral coordination for the second metallic centre. All new complexes, when activated with methylaluminoxane, are active in the polymerization of ethylene and propene.     

多相催化时空演变的全生命周期表征策略

可持续发展的化学工业需要新型高效的催化材料和催化过程,尤其需要生态友好、本质安全的新催化过程,其本质是提高合适反应器内催化剂的选择性、活性和稳定性.因此,通过原位技术实时表征反应状态下的催化剂结构并同步测试催化性能,有助于全面研究真实反应条件下催化剂及其表面物种随时间的演变过程,深入理解催化剂构效关系的本质,为开发新一代催化技术提供科学依据.迄今,在实际催化体系中实现催化剂从活化、运行到失活的全生命周期表征仍存在巨大挑战.本文综述了分子筛、金属、金属氧化物三类典型催化剂在甲醇制烯烃、费托合成、丙烷脱氢等催化反应中的全生命周期时空演变,分析了所采用的表征研究策略,以期为新型工业催化的应用基础研究提供启示.据文献报道,甲醇制烯烃反应案例主要利用了原位紫外-可见光谱和固态核磁共振光谱等获得SAPO-34分子筛催化剂从诱导期、自催化期到失活期的表面烃池物种性质和动态演变;费托合成反应案例主要利用了同步辐射X射线衍射计算机断层扫描和X射线吸收光谱等技术研究单个毫米级Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂颗粒在还原条件和费托合成条件下的催化剂结构演变;丙烷脱氢反应案例主要结合原位的紫外-可见和拉曼光纤探头分析了CrOx/Al2O3催化剂在700 ml固定床反应器中不同床层积炭的时空演变.这些研究案例表明,因受限于表征仪器的时空分辨率和适用工况,多数重要的催化反应尚未完全实现工业条件下的全生命周期表征;但通过合理简化非关键变量,可以获得近似工业条件下的多相催化时空演变规律,这些原位表征研究拓展了多相催化的新认识新发现.着眼未来,近似工业反应条件的原位表征、多尺度的原位表征装置设计、反应条件下的计算模拟等策略将在催化研发中发挥重要作用.这些全生命周期表征策略反映了催化研究范式的转变,但将其应用于工业实践仍面临许多科学和工程的挑战.从实际应用角度看,还需综合考虑原位表征技术的成本、安全性和准确性,重视催化剂颗粒及反应器尺度的原位表征,不断推进新型催化剂的研发.     

硅纳米管负载的钌基催化剂费-托合成催化性能研究

以模板法合成的硅纳米管（SNT）为载体,用浆态浸渍法制备了钌基催化剂,采用氮气物理吸附、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）和氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）等手段对其进行了表征。在固定床反应器上（503K,1.0MPa）考察了该催化剂的费-托合成反应活性及产物选择性,并与用商业二氧化硅为载体制备的催化剂上的反应结果进行了比较。结果表明,SNT和SiO₂负载的氧化钌在623K可被H₂完全还原;SNT负载的钌基催化剂上,钌氧化物颗粒较小、分散性好,还原后钌颗粒被较好地分散在硅纳米管上,且几乎所有的钌颗粒都分布在管内。与以SiO₂为载体的催化剂相比,以硅纳米管为载体的钌基催化剂具有较高的费-托合成活性。     

焙烧温度对Pt-FeOx/γ-Al2O3催化剂催化甲醛氧化性能的影响

采用胶体沉积法制备了Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,通过XRD、TEM、BET、XPS、H₂-TPR和FT-IR等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了焙烧温度对Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表面结构及其催化甲醛氧化性能的影响。结果表明,焙烧温度对Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的氧化还原性能、Pt物种的化学状态以及表面羟基的数量有较大的影响。在室温下,所有Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂均表现出催化氧化活性,其中,200℃焙烧的Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表现出最好的催化性能,可以将甲醛100%转化为CO₂和H₂O。较低温度焙烧的Pt-FeO_x/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表面Pt物种具有较好的价态分布以及更多的界面活性位,如Pt-O-Fe物种,因而在温和条件下对甲醛的催化氧化活性较高。     

Synthesis and characterization of nickel catalysts supported on different carbon materials

Nickel catalysts supported on various carbon materials such as multiwall carbon nanotubes, shortened length carbon nanotubes, graphite and amorphous carbon were synthesized, characterized and tested in cyclohexene hydrogenation reaction. We have found that carbon nanotube supports are superior to graphite and amorphous carbon both in terms of catalytic activity and stability.     

用于金属催化剂表征的微量热研究进展

催化反应过程伴随着气体分子与催化剂活性中心之间键的形成与转化,并以热量的形式表现出来.采用Tian-Calvet型微量热量计测量这些热量,则可能从能量角度研究气体分子在催化剂表面上的吸附与反应行为,为探索催化剂反应性能及机理提供依据.微量热量计与真空系统相结合的吸附量热技术已经广泛用于催化研究.本文总结了近十年来吸附量热技术在金属催化剂研究中的应用,阐述了这种技术在活性中心表征和反应性能关联方面的研究进展.此外,还介绍了我们研究组发展的脉冲量热装置进行催化反应过程研究的最新进展.     

Comparison and characterization of reversed phases

Summary A pragmatic test procedure for comparison and evaluation of reversed phases is described. The differences in retention between RP8 and RP18 can be compensated for by adjustment of the eluent composition. A 10% increase in the water content doubles the k values, as does the exchange of an RP8 with an RP18 column. It is possible to differentiate between the two columns with the pair ethylbenzoate and toluene. Under stand-ard conditions (methanol-water, 55–45, v/v; 49–51, w/w) with RP8 ethylbenzoate is always eluted together or after toluene, whereas with RP18 it is always eluted in front of toluene.With the same eluent composition the suitability of stationary phases for the separation of basic solutes can be evaluated. With good phases—symmetrical peaks for basic solutes—aniline is always eluted before phenol and the peak asymmetry relationship of the aniline and phenol peak is less than 1.3. With such good stationary phases the retention of bases is independent of sample size if the linear capacity of 0.1 mg sample/g stationary phase is not exceeded. The test can also be used to study column stability towards hydrolysis.     

Developments of rare earth metal catalysts for olefin polymerization

This review article describes recent developments in rare earth metal complexes as polymerization catalysts, focusing on the polymerization of ethylene and α-olefins. Most of this kind of catalysts had been based on metallocene type complexes, and their catalytic behaviors are surveyed. Advanced series of half-metallocene and non-Cp type catalyst systems are also summarized.     

FI catalysts: new olefin polymerization catalysts for the creation of value-added polymers

This contribution reports the discovery and application of phenoxy-imine-based catalysts for olefin polymerization. Ligand-oriented catalyst design research has led to the discovery of remarkably active ethylene polymerization catalysts (FI Catalysts), which are based on electronically flexible phenoxy-imine chelate ligands combined with early transition metals. Upon activation with appropriate cocatalysts, FI Catalysts can exhibit unique polymerization catalysis (e.g., precise control of product molecular weights, highly isospecific and syndiospecific propylene polymerization, regio-irregular polymerization of higher alpha-olefins, highly controlled living polymerization of both ethylene and propylene at elevated temperatures, and precise control over polymer morphology) and thus provide extraordinary opportunities for the syntheses of value-added polymers with distinctive architectural characteristics. Many of the polymers that are available via the use of FI Catalysts were previously inaccessible through other means of polymerization. For example, FI Catalysts can form vinyl-terminated low molecular weight polyethylenes, ultra-high molecular weight amorphous ethylene-propylene copolymers and atactic polypropylenes, highly isotactic and syndiotactic polypropylenes with exceptionally high peak melting temperatures, well-defined and controlled multimodal polyethylenes, and high molecular weight regio-irregular poly(higher alpha-olefin)s. In addition, FI Catalysts combined with MgCl(2)-based compounds can produce polymers that exhibit desirable morphological features (e.g., very high bulk density polyethylenes and highly controlled particle-size polyethylenes) that are difficult to obtain with conventionally supported catalysts. In addition, FI Catalysts are capable of creating a large variety of living-polymerization-based polymers, including terminally functionalized polymers and block copolymers from ethylene, propylene, and higher alpha-olefins. Furthermore, some of the FI Catalysts can furnish living-polymerization-based polymers catalytically by combination with appropriate chain transfer agents. Therefore, the development of FI Catalysts has enabled some crucial advances in the fields of polymerization catalysis and polymer syntheses.     

Effect of structural analogy between ZSM-5 and silicalite catalysts on the oxidative methylation of toluene with methane

Summary With ZSM-5 and silicalite (both initial and BaO modified) the yield of styrene, the most desirable reaction product, was highly represented when BaO modified silicalite was used as catalyst for the reaction. The catalytic results fitted the basicity, surface area and structural crystallinity.