研磨方式对单晶蓝宝石亚表面损伤层深度的影响

研磨过程中产生的亚表面损伤层深度是影响单晶蓝宝石抛光质量的关键因素.本文开展了游离磨料和固结磨料两种研磨方式研磨单晶蓝宝石的实验研究,采用三维形貌仪观察了加工前后的工件表面质量,运用差动腐蚀法比较了研磨方式对研磨后工件亚表面损伤层深度的影响.结果表明,金刚石磨料粒径分别为W 50和W 14的游离磨料研磨加工蓝宝石晶片的亚表面损伤层深度分别为48.85 μm和7.02 μm,而相同粒径固结磨料加工的亚表面损伤层深度分别为5.47 μm和3.25 μm.固结磨料研磨后的工件表面粗糙度也优于相同粒径的游离磨料加工的工件.固结磨料研磨方式对于蓝宝石单晶表面研磨质量的改善和亚表面损伤层深度的降低具有显著的效果.     

固结金刚石研磨盘加工蓝宝石基片的磨削性能研究

通过蓝宝石基片磨削试验研究了陶瓷结合剂、树脂结合剂和陶瓷树脂复合结合剂制备的固结金刚石研磨盘磨削工件的材料去除率、表面粗糙度和磨盘自锐性能,确定了磨削性能最佳的金刚石研磨盘结合剂,在此基础上,进一步研究了W40、W20、W7和W2.5金刚石研磨盘磨削蓝宝石基片的材料去除率、表面粗糙度、表面/亚表面损伤及其材料去除机理,提出依次采用W40金刚石研磨盘粗磨、W7金刚石研磨盘半精磨和W2.5金刚石研磨盘精磨的蓝宝石基片高效低损伤磨削新工艺.结果表明,陶瓷树脂复合结合剂制备的固结金刚石研磨盘磨削蓝宝石基片的综合性能最好,随着磨料粒径的减小,磨削蓝宝石基片的表面材料去除方式从脆性断裂去除向塑性流动去除转变,同时蓝宝石基片的材料去除率、表面粗糙度和亚表面损伤深度也随之减小.     

磨粒尺寸对FAP研抛工件亚表面损伤层深度的影响

建模分析了固结磨料研抛过程中结构因素与工艺参数对磨粒切入工件深度的影响;采用BOE分步腐蚀法测量了不同磨料粒径FAP研抛后K9玻璃、熔石英玻璃亚表面损伤层深度;建立了亚表面损伤层深度与磨粒粒径之间的相关关系.结果表明:固结磨料研抛条件下,工件亚表面裂纹层深度与工件特性、研抛垫特性及磨粒尺寸相关;基于平均切深的亚表面损伤层模型与实验结果有较好的吻合度.为固结磨料研抛垫的设计与工艺参数的制订提供了理论依据.     

KDP晶体超声辅助磨削的亚表面损伤研究

通过采用角度抛光和逐层抛光法以及择优化学腐蚀,对基于超声辅助磨削的KDP晶体试件进行亚表面损伤形式观察以及损伤深度检测,以便为后续加工提供指导.损伤检测实验表明:在超声辅助磨削工艺条件下,亚表面损伤以与磨粒运动方向平行的中位裂纹为主,且裂纹间距具有一定的规律性;亚表面损伤深度为19～48 μm,磨头形状(有无倒角)较之磨头磨粒粒度对亚表面损伤深度具有更大的影响,使用有倒角的磨头可得最小亚表面损伤.     

固结磨料研磨SiC晶片亚表面损伤截面显微检测技术

本文对采用截面显微检测法检测SiC晶片亚表面损伤时样品的制备、腐蚀液配方及腐蚀环境进行了系统地研究,并重点分析了固结磨料研磨SiC晶片(0001) Si面和(0001)C面亚表面损伤的深度及微裂纹构型.结果表明,采用腐蚀液配方为KOH:K2CO3 =20 g∶1 g,在420℃下腐蚀3min时亚表面损伤观测效果较好.在研磨压力为2 psi、金刚石磨粒粒径14 μm时,固结磨料研磨SiC晶片的亚表面损伤层深度约为2.6 μn,亚表面微裂纹构型有垂线状、斜线状、钩状、叉状、树枝状、人字状以及横线状.在相同的加工条件下,SiC晶片的(0001) Si面和(0001)C面的损伤深度基本相同.     

表面处理对蓝宝石衬底的影响

蓝宝石衬底是目前最为普遍的一种衬底材料,是生长GaN、ZnO材料最常用的衬底.本文用光学显微镜、原子力显微镜(AFM)和高分辨X射线双晶洐射对蓝宝石衬底进行了分析测试,系统研究了经过机械抛光、化学机械抛光、化学腐蚀等表面处理对蓝宝石衬底表面性能的影响.结果表明经过化学机械抛光随后再经腐蚀后的蓝宝石衬底的表面性能最好.     

蓝宝石晶片加工中的技术关键和对策

传统的粗磨工艺在加工蓝宝石薄片过程中遇到很大挑战,易于产生崩边、隐裂和碎片等问题.双面金刚石研磨、单面金刚石磨削、双面金刚石研磨垫等新工艺可以解决上述这些问题.在蓝宝石精磨工艺中,细粒碳化硼和金刚石颗粒镶嵌的陶瓷研磨盘配合的双面研磨工艺,可以有效地降低粗磨过程中造成的表面损伤;使用细粒金刚石研磨液的单面铜盘工艺亦是一种有效的精磨工艺.本文对二者的优缺点进行了比较.蓝宝石的抛光速率较慢,一般不超过5～ 10 μm/h.蓝宝石抛光的主流仍是使用二氧化硅抛光液.在二氧化硅抛光液中添加其它细粒磨料或采用氧化铝抛光液等其它方法,仍处于试验阶段.轻压抛光对提高蓝宝石的表面质量非常关键.兆声清洗工艺可以减少蓝宝石表面的微小缺陷,兆声单片清洗工艺尤为有效.     

光学元件磨削加工亚表面损伤检测研究

基于氢氟酸刻蚀对光学元件亚表面裂纹影响的刻蚀模型,将化学刻蚀、逐层抛光技术和激光共聚焦扫描技术相结合,提出了一种磨削加工光学元件亚表面损伤的检测方法.实验证实该方法得到的亚表面损伤深度与公认的亚表面损伤预测模型的预测结果吻合性较好,是一种可靠的亚表面深度检测方法.     

TSTGT蓝宝石晶体位错腐蚀形貌分析

采用化学腐蚀-金相显微镜法,利用熔融的KOH对顶部籽晶温度梯度法(TSTGT)生长的直径320 mm的蓝宝石单晶中不同部位的晶片做了位错腐蚀形貌分析.研究表明,(0001)面的位错腐蚀坑呈三角形,腐蚀晶界具有延伸性.对比不同腐蚀时间、不同腐蚀温度和不同表面粗糙度下的腐蚀效果,发现使用KOH腐蚀剂在400℃腐蚀15min时,效果最好.表面粗糙度越小,位错图像越清晰.     

固结磨料研磨镁铝尖晶石的材料去除机理

研磨过程中机械去除作用与化学去除作用的有效分离是实现研磨过程可控调节及提高加工表面质量的前提.本文通过尖晶石在不同介质中的材料去除速率,对其在不同研磨液中化学与机械作用的材料去除率进行了分离和计算;采用微/纳压痕仪测量了不同研磨液作用下工件表面的显微硬度,依此分析了其软化层厚度.结果表明:研磨液对镁铝尖晶石工件具有一定的化学去除作用,研磨过程中材料去除以机械作用下的脆性去除为主;研磨液的化学作用主要体现在工件表面形成了一层软化层,其中乙二醇产生的软化层最厚,三乙醇胺最薄.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.