借用向量分解定理巧求f(x0)的范围

已知函数 f ( xi) ( i =1,2 ,3 ,… )的范围 ,求 f( x0 )的范围 .笔者在同行们研究的基础上 ,借用向量分解定理 ,使这类问题的解决更加简单、明了 ,可操作性强 ,便于实施 .例 1　已知一次函数 f( x) ,1≤ f ( 1)≤2 ,3≤ f ( 2 )≤ 4,试确定 f( 5 )的范围 .解　设一次函数为 f( x) =ax + b,则　 f( 1) =a+ b,f( 2 ) =2 a+ b,f( 5 ) =5 a+ b.记　 p1→ =a+ b,p2→ =2 a+ b,p=5 a+ b显然 p1→ ,p2→ 不共线 ,根据向量分解定理p=λ1 p1→ +λ2 p2→ 　 (λ1 ,λ2 为实数 ) ,即　 5 a+ b=λ1 ( a+ b) +λ2 ( 2 a+ b…     

奇偶函数性质的延拓

我们知道一个奇函数f(x) ,对于定义域内任一实数x ,都有f(x) + f( -x) =0 .其实质是奇函数f(x) 的图象关于原点对称 .将其图象适当平移 ,可得如下命题 :命题 1　函数f(x) ,对于定义域内任一实数x ,都有 f(a +x) + f(b -x) =c成立的充要条件是函数f(x) 的图象关于点( a +b2 ,c2 )对称 .证　必要性 .若函数 f(x) ,对于定义域内任一实数x ,都有 f(a +x) + f(b -x) =c.设P(x ,y)是函数f(x) 的图象上任一点 ,则P(x ,y)关于点 ( a +b2 ,c2 )的对称点为Q(a +b -x ,c- y) ,从而 f(a + b -x) =c - f[b - (b -x) ]=c- f(x) =c- y .所以Q(a +b -x ,c …     

两题一解正误怎辨

题 1　设函数 y =f( x)的定义域为 R,且满足 f( a + x) =f ( b- x) ,求 y =f ( x)的图像的对称轴方程 .题 2　设函数 y =f ( x)的定义域为 R,求函数 y =f ( a + x)与 y =f ( b - x)的图像的对称轴方程 .解 1　令 a + x =t,则 x =t- a,从而b - x =b + a - t,∴　 f ( t) =f( b + a - t) ,即 f ( x) =f( b + a - x) ,∴　 y =f ( x)的图像是轴对称图形 ,且对称轴方程为 x =b + a2 .解 2　令 a + x =t,则 x =t- a,从而b - x =b + a - t,∴　函数 y =f ( a+ x)与 y =f ( b- x)的图像的对称轴即为 y =f ( t)与 y =f ( b+a - t)的图像的对称轴 ,…     

观察 猜想 验证 反思——从一道课本习题说起

题　设f(x) =x2 - 1x2 +1,求1) f ba ;　2 ) f ab .解　1) f ba =b2a2 - 1b2a2 +1=b2 -a2a2 +b2 ;2 ) f ab =a2b2 - 1a2b2 +1=a2 -b2a2 +b2 .对1) ,2 )的计算结果进行观察,不难发现:f ab +f ba =b2 -a2a2 +b2 +a2 -b2a2 +b2 =0 .由f ab ,f ba 的特点,容易让人联想到f(x) +f 1x 的值有可能为定值,于是进行验证:f(x) +f(1x) =x2 - 1x2 +1+1x2 - 11x2 +1=x2 - 1+1-x2x2 +1=0 (x≠0 ) .通过验证,说明猜想成立,这样就得到了一般性的结论.用此方法可以解决一些高考和竞赛题,下面举例说明.例1　(2 0 0 2年全国高考)己知f(x) =x21+x2 ,求f(1) +f(12 …     

对一类函数不等式的讨论

一、问题的来源例 :已知 :当 |x|≤ 1时 ,有 |ax2 +bx +c|≤ 1 .证明 :当 |x|≤ 1时 ,有 |2ax +b|≤ 4 .以上为一匈牙利奥数竞赛题 ,综观各类文献 ,其典型的证法有以下两种 :证法一 :记f(x) =ax2 +bx+c,g(x) =2ax+b.因函数 g(x)在 [- 1 ,1 ]上单调 ,故只要证明在已知条件下有 |g(1 ) |=|2a+b|≤4且|g(- 1 ) |=|- 2a+b|≤ 4即可 .易知2a+b=32 (a +b +c) +12 (a -b +c) - 2c=32 f(1 ) +12 f(- 1 ) - 2f(0 ) .于是由 |f(- 1 ) |≤ 1 ,|f(0 ) |≤ 1及|f(1 ) |≤ 1 ,知 |2a +b|≤ 32 |f(1 ) |+12 |f(- 1 ) |+2 |f(0 ) |≤32 +12 +2 =4,即 |2a +b|…     

一类问题的统一解法

题1方程x+sinx=π2,x+arcsinx=π2的根分别为a,b,则a+b等于.题2方程x+x3=3,x+3x=3的根分别为a,b,则a+b等于.题3方程x+ex=5,x+lnx=5的根分别为x1,x2,则x1+x2等于.由以下定理即可解答以上诸题.定理若f(x)是[a,b]上的增函数,x+f(x)=m,x+f-1(x)=m的根分别为a,b,则a+b=m.证令h(x)=x+f(x),得h(x)为[a,b]上的增函数.由h(a)=a+f(a)=m,h(f-1(b))=f-1(b)+f(f-1(b))=f-1(b)+b=m,得h(a)=h(f-1(b)),a=f-1(b).所以a+b=f-1(b)+b=m.由定理立得,题1,2,3的答案分别是π2,3,5.一类问题的统一解法@甘志国$竹溪县一中!湖北443200…     

探寻均值不等式与2011年高考数学湖北卷21题之间的关系

2011年高考数学湖北卷21题(1)已知函数f(x)=lnx-x+1,x∈(0,+∞),求函数f(x)的最大值;(2)设ak,bk(k=1,2,…,n)均为正数,证明:①若a1b1+a2b2+…+anbn≤b1+b2+…+bn,则a1b1a2b1…anb1≤1;     

二次函数和抛物线不等式

考察二次函数 y =ax2 +bx +c(a≠ 0 ) .为了方便起见 ,记 f(x) =ax2 +bx +c,对它进行配平方 ,可以得到f(x) =a x + b2a2 + 4ac -b24a .由上式 ,我们容易得到以下诸结论 :1)若a >0 ,则当x≤ - b2a时 ,y是单调递减的 ;当x≥ - b2a时 ,y是单调递增的 .因此 ,y =f(x)在全实轴上没有最大值 ,只有x =- b2a是 y在全实轴上的最小值点 ,其最小值为ymin=f - b2a =4ac -b24a .从而有 f(x)≥4ac -b24a (1)2 )若a <0 ,则当x≤ - b2a时 ,y是单调递增的 ;当x≥ - b2a时 ,y是单调递减的 .因此 ,y =f(x)在全实轴上没有最小值 ,只有x =- b2a是 y在全实轴上的最…     

函数对称性与周期性的几个性质

设f(x)是定义在R上的函数,a、b、m为常数. 　　性质1 满足f(x+a)=f(b-x)的函数y=f(x)的图像关于直线x=a+b/2的对称.……     

抽象函数证明中的巧妙“设”法

<正>例1已知函数y=f(x)的定义域为R,且对任意a,b∈R,都有f(a+b)=f(a)+f(b),且当x>0时,f(x)<0恒成立.(1)证明函数y=f(x)是R上的单调性;(2)讨论函数y=f(x)的奇偶性.思路一设元、凑已知.证明任取x_10)(设法为凑形),而f(a+b)=f(a)+f(b),∴f(x_2)-f(x_1)=f(x_1+t)-f(x_1)=f(x_1)+f(t)-f(x_1)=f(t).     

Generalized symmetry of graphs — A survey

Symmetry of graphs has been extensively studied over the past fifty years by using automorphisms of graphs and group theory which have played and still play an important role for graph theory, and promising and interesting results have been obtained, see for examples, [L.W. Beineke, R.J. Wilson, Topics in Algebraic Graph Theory, Cambridge University Press, London, 2004; N. Biggs, Algebraic Graph Theory, Cambridge University Press, London, 1993; C. Godsil, C. Royle, Algebraic graph theory, Springer-Verlag, London, 2001; G. Hahn, G. Sabidussi, Graph Symmetry: Algebraic Methods and Application, in: NATO ASI Series C, vol. 497, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997]. We introduced generalized symmetry of graphs and investigated it by using endomorphisms of graphs and semigroup theory. In this paper, we will survey some results we have achieved in recent years. The paper consists of the following sections.

1. Introduction

2. End-regular graphs

3. End-transitive graphs

4. Unretractive graphs

5. Graphs and their endomorphism monoids.

Moment information for probability distributions,without solving the moment problem,II: Main-mass,tails and shape approximation

How much information does a small number of moments carry about the unknown distribution function? Is it possible to explicitly obtain from these moments some useful information, e.g., about the support, the modality, the general shape, or the tails of a distribution, without going into a detailed numerical solution of the moment problem? In this, previous and subsequent papers, clear and easy to implement answers will be given to some questions of this type. First, the question of how to distinguish between the main-mass interval and the tail regions, in the case we know only a number of moments of the target distribution function, will be addressed. The answer to this question is based on a version of the Chebyshev–Stieltjes–Markov inequality, which provides us with upper and lower, moment-based, bounds for the target distribution. Then, exploiting existing asymptotic results in the main-mass region, an explicit, moment-based approximation of the target probability density function is provided. Although the latter cannot be considered, in general, as a satisfactory solution, it can always serve as an initial approximation in any iterative scheme for the numerical solution of the moment problem. Numerical results illustrating all the theoretical statements are also presented.     

Splitting up value: A critical review of residual income theories

This paper deals with the notion of residual income, which may be defined as the surplus profit that residues after a capital charge (opportunity cost) has been covered. While the origins of the notion trace back to the 19th century, in-depth theoretical investigations and widespread real-life applications are relatively recent and concern an interdisciplinary field connecting management accounting, corporate finance and financial mathematics (Peasnell, 1981, 1982; Peccati, 1987, 1989, 1991; Stewart, 1991; Ohlson, 1995; Arnold and Davies, 2000; Young and O’Byrne, 2001; Martin, Petty and Rich, 2003). This paper presents both a historical outline of its birth and development and an overview of the main recent contributions regarding capital budgeting decisions, production and sales decisions, implementation of optimal portfolios, forecasts of asset prices and calculation of intrinsic values. A most recent theory, the systemic-value-added approach (also named lost-capital paradigm), provides a different definition of residual income, consistent with arbitrage theory. Enfolded in Keynes’s (1936) notion of user cost and forerun by Pressacco and Stucchi (1997), the theory has been formally introduced in Magni (2000a,b,c; 2001a,b; 2003), where its properties are thoroughly investigated as well as its relations with the standard theory; two different lost-capital metrics have been considered, for value-based management purposes, by Drukarczyk and Schueler (2000) and Young and O’Byrne (2001). This work illustrates the main properties of the two theories and their relations, and provides a minimal guide to construction of performance metrics in the two approaches.     

关于群中乘积元素的阶

讨论群中两个元素a,b的阶不相等时其乘积ab的阶的一类计算问题.设ㄧaㄧ=m,ㄧ bㄧ=n,若(m,n)=1,且存在k∈N使a=bk,则有ㄧabㄧ=mn/d1d2,其中d1=(m,k+1),d2=(n,k+1).若m≠n,ab=ba,且(m,n)ㄧm/(m,n),或(m,n)ㄧn/(m,n),则有ㄧabㄧ=[m,n].     

The permanence and extinction of a nonlinear growth rate single-species non-autonomous dispersal models with time delays

In this paper, we consider the effect of diffusion on the permanence and extinction of a non-autonomous nonlinear growth rate single-species dispersal model with time delays. Firstly, the sufficient conditions of the permanence and extinction of the species are established, which shows if the growth rate and dispersal coefficients is suitable, the species is permanent, on the contrary, it is extinction. Secondly, an interesting result is established, that is, if only the species in some patches even in one patch is permanent, then it is also permanent in other patches. Finally, some examples together with their numerical simulations show the feasibility of our main results.     

互连网络的向量图模型

n-超立方体,环网,k元n超立方体,Star网络,煎饼(pancake)网络,冒泡排序(bubble sort)网络,对换树的Cayley图,De Bruijn图,Kautz图,Consecutive-d有向图,循环图以及有向环图等已被广泛的应用做处理机或通信互连网络.这些网络的性能通常通过它们的度,直径,连通度,hamiltonian性,容错度以及路由选择算法等来度量.在本文中,首先,我们提出了有向向量图和向量图的概念;其次,我们开发了有向向量图模型和向量图模型来更好地设计,分析,改良互连网络;我们进一步证明了上述各类著名互连网络都可表示为有向向量图模型或向量图模型;更重要的是该模型能够使我们设计出了新的互连网络---双星网络和三角形网络.     

A Sequent Calculus for Propositional Dynamic Logic for Agents with Interactions

We consider a propositional dynamic logic for agents with interactions such as known commitment, no learning, and perfect recall. For this logic, we present a sequent calculus with a restricted cut rule and prove the soundness and completeness for the calculus.__________Published in Lietuvos Matematikos Rinkinys, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 261–269, April–June, 2005.     

城市老旧居住小区交通环境评价指标与评价方法

定量的评判城市老旧居住小区整体交通环境质量并进而科学有效的提出老旧小区交通环境更新与改善措施,对城市老旧居住小区交通环境进行了调查,明确了老旧居住小区存在的突出交通问题,并提出了城市老旧居住小区交通环境评价的指标体系,包括行人跨路出行指数、无人行道路段长度占比、停车泊位供需比、路内非法停车占比、平均停车步行距离、泊位数量户数比、人均步行空间、无障碍通道、盲道设置比例、非机动车泊位供需比、地面停放车辆数小区面积比、外部穿行交通周转量小区面积比等。并给出了具体指标的计算方法与获得办法。以长沙市四个典型老旧居住小区为例,对评价方法进行了论证,并得到城市老旧居住小区存在的一般问题,包括人车混杂、人车交织现象严重,停车泊位短缺、车辆乱停乱放,交通设施、特别是弱势群体交通设施缺乏。给出的评价指标、评价方法与结论可为城市老旧小区改造更新,特别是其中很重要的交通环境更新提供决策依据。