Calculation of infrared system operating distance by spectral bisection method

During the transmission of infrared radiation, the atmospheric transmittance could be a complex parameter due to the absorbing and scattering of atmosphere, as well as the influences from the environment and transmission distance. With the help of a spectral bisection method, a new assessing formula and solution is raised by calculating the operating distance of infrared system. In the small segments, MODTRAN can be used to figure out the percentage of penetration, which is called by advanced program, so as to get the infrared radiation in those segments. The calculated data of the segments were summed up and used to calculate the operating distance of the infrared system. Compared with the conventional calculation methods that the transmittance was used as a constant or a average, The calculation precise of the operating distance is highly increased by this method the results of all small segments by comparing with the traditional methods. The whole computing process becomes more clear and effective by taking the influences from visibility of atmosphere, altitude, targets zenith angle and spatial frequency into consideration, and by building an instant monitoring system of the operating distance. The final computing result and real effecting distance are based on the general simulation for penetration rate and the tendency of operating distance in all conditions.     

OPERATING DISTANCE AND COMPREHENSIVE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR INFRARED SEARCHING SYSTEM

The factor of signal processing is not described in detail in the traditional operating distance equation of the infrared searching system. In this paper, operating distance equation is amended, the effect of signal processing on operating distance of infrared searching system is analyzed, and a comprehensive performance factor for infrared searching system is introduced. A mathematics model is advanced as theoretical basis for the system design and performance evaluation.     

激光引信接收光学组件的研究与测试

根据大气激光通信传输方程和黑体辐射理论提出了计算激光引信中接收光学系统接收视场的方法,通过接收视场确定了接收光学系统的初始结构参数,设计了焦距为15 mm,视场角为2ω≮±7°的柱透镜光学系统.采用倒置法,将线阵CCD探测器置于准直物镜的焦面上接收信号,解决了接收光学系统后截距过短无法安置线阵CCD的问题,扩大了测量范围,又保证了精度,测量误差为1%.针对激光引信的结构特点,设计了测量激光引信接收光学系统视场角的自动测试系统.实验测试结果表明该引信的视场角都在合格范围内,重复精度≤5%,满足设计的要求.     

激光引信接收光学组件的研究与测试*

根据大气激光通信传输方程和黑体辐射理论提出了计算激光引信中接收光学系统接收视场的方法,通过接收视场确定了接收光学系统的初始结构参数,设计了焦距为15 mm,视场角为2ω≮±7°的柱透镜光学系统.采用倒置法,将线阵CCD探测器置于准直物镜的焦面上接收信号,解决了接收光学系统后截距过短无法安置线阵CCD的问题,扩大了测量范围,又保证了精度,测量误差为1%.针对激光引信的结构特点,设计了测量激光引信接收光学系统视场角的自动测试系统.实验测试结果表明该引信的视场角都在合格范围内,重复精度≤5%,满足设计的要求.     

基于图像的飞行器红外辐射特性测量

通过将目标在一定波段内的红外辐射等效为红外成像系统前一定距离下黑体在对应波段内的红外辐射,建立了等效辐射方程。根据黑体辐射定标实验数据,利用非线性回归方法确定了在不同的积分时间条件下红外凝视成像系统输出红外图像的灰度值与在一定距离下的黑体温度之间的定量关系,建立了辐射定标方程。在Visual C++6.0平台下,在对红外目标图像进行SUSAN滤波等预处理后,分析了已知目标距离的红外图像的灰度均值。首先根据辐射定标方程计算出目标等效为黑体的温度,然后利用等效辐射方程反推目标的红外辐射强度,以达到根据跟踪的红外图像确定红外目标辐射特性的目的。此项研究不仅可以为目标识别提供目标分类、识别和辨认所必需的光谱数据库,而且还可以为红外预警提供重要的参考数据。     

一种基于离散光谱透过率的红外探测距离模型研究

针对大气透过率是影响红外系统作用距离的重要因素,且随大气环境、波长、距离等因素而复杂变化难以精确描述,研究了大气透过率对红外系统作用距离的影响,提出一种基于离散光谱透过率的红外系统作用距离模型。使用MODTRAN 软件计算出波数间隔为1 cm-1的离散光谱大气透过率,建立大气透过率数据库,计算出波数间隔为1 cm-1的光谱区域内目标的红外辐射功率。应用该模型对实际的战斧巡航导弹进行计算,结果表明该模型具有更高的计算精确度与可行性。     

红外搜索系统的作用距离与综合性能评价

分析信号处理对红外搜索系统作用距离的影响，修正传统的作用距离方程，给出一种作用距离的计算方法，并引入一个用于评价系统总体性能的综合性能因子，为系统设计和性能评估提供了正确的理论依据。     

A real-time infrared radiation imaging simulation method of aircraft skin with aerodynamic heating effect

Real-time infrared radiation simulation technology can provide effective support for rapid design and evaluation of a system which integrates infrared imaging technology. Considering the aerodynamic heating effect, this paper presents a real-time infrared radiation characteristic simulation method of aircraft skin based on the panel element method, which can help to assess the infrared radiation impacts of different environment factors and materials. A 3-D model of an aircraft was established and its surface was divided into different parts and panel element meshes to attach material properties. For each mesh, its heat exchange equation is solved so as to obtain the whole skin’s temperature and infrared radiation distribution. The simulation results reveal the influence of different factors on the skin surface radiation, including environmental radiation, aerodynamic heating and material properties. And the credibility and efficiency of the proposed aerodynamic heating simulation method were confirmed by comparing to the CFD simulation results.     

基于红外光谱环类锻件内壁状态监测方法研究

考虑到环类锻件内壁状态对于保证工业的生产安全具有重要作用,而基于红外光谱的测温方法可以大大提高测温精度,因此研究基于红外光谱的环类锻件内壁状态监测方法具有重要的意义。为了实时掌握环类锻件的内壁状态,提出一种红外光谱环类锻件内壁状态监测方法。首先利用红外光谱构建了三级FP型LCTF的测温系统,通过获取锻件表面辐射的两个单一光谱运用红外双色测温原理实现锻件表面温度的测量。相比传统的测温方法大大提高了锻件表面的测温精度。其次在拉普拉斯导热微分方程的基础上,运用分离变量法建立了环类锻件内壁状态监测模型;结合红外光谱测温系统测量的温度数据和锻件自身参数信息,实现了环类锻件的内壁状态监测;最后通过仿真实验验证了所提出方法的可行性,实现了环类锻件的内壁状态监测,为保证环类锻件的正常运行提供了理论依据。     

水面航行潜艇红外特征模拟研究

潜艇的红外辐射特征是红外探测系统发现潜艇并进行跟踪的依据,研究潜艇红外特征模拟方法对潜艇探潜和修正对敌潜艇制导数据具有一定参考价值。从潜艇的外部环境出发,分析了影响水面航行潜艇红外特征的多种复杂因素,建立了传热模型,给出传热边界方程,模拟了潜艇表面红外特征,估算了探潜距离。     

单、双站被动定位技术在军事探测中的应用

根据红外辐射在大气中的传输特点,导出了利用消光系数对空中目标进行定位的公式,给出了空中目标在有相对运动时的单站无源定位,和目标在无相对运动时的双站交叉定位方法,即:利用两台相同的红外告警器对来袭目标进行定位的方法.这两种被动定位方法可以应用于二炮阵地系统的红外告警.     

真空条件下低温红外辐射测量技术研究

针对红外载荷在轨服役期间低温目标的红外辐射探测需求,提出一种真空条件下的低温红外辐射测量方案,并研制了测量装置。测量装置主要由低温红外光学系统、低温机械结构、低温红外探测系统及微弱信号处理系统构成。低温红外辐射经过光学系统会聚到探测器像面,锁相放大器利用相干检测技术将目标信号提取,完成低温红外辐射的测量。测量装置研制完成后,在真空仓内使用标准黑体辐射源,在198 K～423 K温度范围内进行了低温红外辐射定标试验,取得了有效的试验数据,测量不确定度在5%以内。该文提出的真空条件下低温红外辐射测量技术可为在轨空间红外载荷低温红外目标探测设计提供重要数据支撑。     

红外系统作用距离实时计算系统

鉴于复杂大气条件下的红外系统作用距离难以精确、实时地计算,提出一种建立红外系统作用距离实时计算系统的方法。通过将MODTRAN软件与基于光谱等分法建立的红外系统作用距离模型有机地结合起来,实现对于MODTRAN软件自动写入配置及调用计算,简化了大气模型的配置方法,并能够自动读取MODTRAN生成的结果输出文件。对某探测目标在不同海拔高度（1 km~6 km）及不同降雨强度(0 mm/h~4 mm/h)下红外系统作用距离进行计算,结果表明:探测高度的变化对于红外系统作用距离有比较明显的影响,其中在1 km~3 km探测高度范围内,探测距离变化尤为明显。降雨对于红外系统作用距离影响巨大。降雨强度为1 mm/h时,红外系统作用距离衰减为无降雨时的50%。当降雨强度大于3 mm/h时,作用距离趋于稳定。     

Infrared imaging characteristics of space-based targets based on bidirectional reflection distribution function

A modeling method of infrared imaging characteristics of a space-based target was presented. Background radiation environment of a space-based target was analyzed and the background radiation mainly consists of direct radiation of the sun, thermal radiation and reflected radiation of the earth. The target surface was divided into regions based on geometrical shape and surface material characteristics and a surface equation of each region was built based on its body coordinate system. Each region was divided into meshes supposing that each mesh is a micro-plane. A bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) model considering the characteristics of surface Gauss statistics and self-shadow was introduced to describe reflected infrared of each mesh of the target surface. The emitted infrared radiation of each mesh of the target surface was described according to its thermal equilibrium temperature. Then a mathematical model on infrared radiation imaging characteristics of the space-based target was built in terms of the given infrared detector. The relative positions of the space-based target, the background radiation sources and the detector are determined by orbital parameters based on coordinate conversion. Visual surfaces of the target to observation system were determined by vector coordinate method. Simulation of optical imaging characteristics of the target in orbit was achieved according to its given geometrical dimensions and physical parameters. The results show the method is feasible and robust for infrared characteristics of the space-based target when single reflection is considered and its surface is regular and can be described in a surface equation. It can provide a facility to real-time analysis of infrared imaging characteristics of the space-based targets.     

采用多种红外视距模型的子弹辐射探测系统作用距离分析

本文基于子弹飞行过程中的红外辐射特性和热成像模型,结合大气对红外辐射吸收和散射衰减,在不同距离处将子弹热成像模型视为扩展源目标和点源目标,利用最小可探测温差(MDTD)、最小可分辨温差(MRTD)和噪声等效功率(NEP)分别给出了相应红外视距模型的估算方法。根据红外热像仪常用参数以3种蒙皮温度给出了3种不同模型下子弹辐射作用距离的计算实例及结果:MDTD模型下得到的作用距离最长,MRTD模型计算所得的作用距离约为MDTD模型的2/3,由NEP模型计算所得的作用距离最短,不到MDTD模型视距的1/2。研究表明,实际设计时应根据不同的系统性能选择作用距离模型。     

空中目标多波段红外辐射特性描述与仿真分析

针对空中目标在复杂背景下的探测需求,根据实际目标的运动特性,分析目标在飞行高度、飞行姿态角改变时的辐射特点,基于MODTRAN计算得到大气辐射和衰减数据,建立目标的三维模型、热辐射和反射模型,搭建空中目标的红外成像仿真系统.分析和仿真结果表明:在中波波段,目标尾焰的红外辐射比蒙皮强很多,在长波波段,蒙皮的红外辐射比较强,仿真图像的细节比较多,尾焰的红外辐射虽然有所减弱,红外成像效果依旧很好;相同探测条件下,由于位置越高大气越稀薄,探测器的可探测距离会变得比较远.目标红外辐射特性的分析和红外仿真系统的搭建对缩短红外探测器的研制周期和进一步确定探测器波段和系统分辨率等指标提供了参考依据.     

深空背景下空间目标红外特性建模方法研究

针对空间目标红外特性提出了一种精确建模方法.根据空间目标的背景辐射环境,充分考虑到目标表面间的热传导及内热源的影响,建立了空间目标的热平衡方程.基于目标的结构特性和材料特性,利用节点网络法求解了目标表面的温度分布.根据光辐射定律、光散射定律建立了空间目标红外特性的数学模型.结合具体的参数,对深空目标资源一号卫星和风云三号卫星的温度场分布和辐照度分布进行了数值计算,仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性.     

基于大气氧光谱吸收特性的单目单波段被动测距

根据目标红外辐射在大气中传输衰减的特性探测传感器与目标的距离, 隐身无源, 难于被敌方探测, 发展了一种基于大气氧组分光谱吸收特性的单目单波段被动测距方法.引入视线路径的概念, 将氧物性分布场离散化, 寻找辐射积分路径; 利用离散传递法基本思想, 得到目标窄带辐射强度分布.基于氧分子吸收发射谱独立、吸收系数恰当, 饱和可测范围大等特性, 分析氧吸收波段内谐振频带和远谐振频带辐射强度谱线分布的相对关系, 得到其与积分路径(即距离)的关联. 采用分辨率为0.75 nm半高宽的窄带高分辨率光谱仪, 实地校准氧物性分布场, 实现了测距实验范围75–200 m, 模型测算相对误差最大为7.56%的样机. 关键词： 被动测距 单目测距 单波段测距 氧光谱     

地表发射率的机载傅里叶变换红外光谱反演方法研究

介绍了利用机载傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪测量地球、大气辐射的实验过程,并对由光谱仪测得的辐射与地表光谱发射率、大气透过率等参数的关系进行了深入的分析,给出了理论表达式。提出了一种基于梯度搜索的优化方法,即由机载FTIR光谱仪测得的辐亮度光谱反演得到方差最小的光谱发射率最优解。反演结果表明,在中红外波段,沙地平均光谱发射率为0.70,裸土地表平均光谱发射率为0.95。     

室内多波段光轴一致性测试系统的设计

介绍用于室内检测多波段光电设备光轴一致性的测试系统。该系统采用准直平行光管为测试系统提供无穷远目标。为满足全波段测试，光束无中心遮拦，系统选用离轴抛物面全反射光学系统。采用多光谱分光镜为激光光斑提供瞄准基准，带温控热十字丝的高斯目镜为红外和可见光波段提供瞄准基准，实现了光电设备之间可见与红外、可见与激光、激光与红外光轴的一致性测试。系统具有测试精度高、测试结果可靠等特点。根据初步估算，可见与红外、可见与激光、红外与激光之间的光轴一致性测试精度分别达到了4.01″， 1.08″和 4.05″的水平。该系统有效解决了多波段光测设备光轴间的一致性测试问题。