高功率毫米波辐照对小鼠皮肤组织拉曼光谱的影响

运用显微激光拉曼仪测定了正常小鼠离体皮肤0～300 μm不同深度的拉曼光谱。实验还测定了8 mm辐照一定时间后小鼠受辐照皮肤组织的拉曼光谱。实验结果表明毫米波辐照后皮肤拉曼光谱峰位857,936,1 658 cm-1的相对强度随着辐照时间的增加而减少。这表明由于毫米波热效应皮肤组织中的胶原蛋白构象发生了改变甚至分解,从而进一步表明皮肤组织受到了不可恢复的损伤。     

利用纳米力学方法对皮肤进行超声组织定征的研究

纳米力学方法适用于具有离散特性的材料.利用纳米力学方法,得出声波在多层皮肤组织中的波动方程.分别改变黑素瘤皮肤的泊松比、黑素瘤侵袭厚度(Breslow深度)、节间距离,计算多层皮肤结构模型对垂直入射纵声波的反射系数.同时计算了声速和声衰减系数随组织参数的变化.计算结果表明,可综合利用一定频率段内反射系数最小点数、声速和衰减系数的变化来表征正常皮肤和病变皮肤.     

两种简单的静电电动机

本文介绍根据静电感应和尖端放电现象制作的两种静电电动机演示模型以及它们在教学中的意义。一、感应式静电电动机图1是我们制作的这种电动机的示意图。A_1和 A_2是电动机的定子,A_1是夹角为45°的扇形薄铜片,A_2是金属尖端,A_2与 A_1中心线的夹角约为112°。B 是电     

皮肤含水量对太赫兹光谱参数的影响规律研究

太赫兹时域光谱技术已经用于皮肤癌、皮肤烧伤以及皮肤疤痕治疗效果的诊断和过程监测,通常采用太赫兹时域和频域光谱参数作为区分皮肤组织不同状态的诊断参量。目前最常用的皮肤活体反射式太赫兹测量装置需将皮肤放置于介质窗上来提高测量的准确性,这使得皮肤表层水分含量因为阻塞而发生变化,从而影响太赫兹诊断皮肤的精确性。随着太赫兹生物应用从离体检测到活体测量方向发展,需要分析阻塞情况下皮肤太赫兹光谱参数的变化规律。采用太赫兹反射系统对手臂皮肤在石英介质窗上的阻塞过程进行了连续测量,然后对不同时刻时域波形的峰峰值、半波脉宽等13个特征量进行了分析。结果表明：时域信号和传递函数的峰峰值、最大值与最小值之间的拟合斜率等参量随阻塞时间而呈指数衰减;传递函数的最大值与最小值时间差、最大值与最小值的斜率等随阻塞时间呈指数增加;时域波形的半峰全宽、对数频谱等保持不变。然后用双德拜模型来模拟皮肤组织在0.2～1 THz频段的介电常数,采用遗传算法和Levenberg-Marquardt相结合的优化算法得到了皮肤阻塞情况下不同时刻的双德拜参数,结果表明：ε_∞和ε_s均随着时间呈指数上升,5 min内增幅分别达到了27.8%和12.5%;ε₂、弛豫时间常数τ₁和τ₂基本保持不变。将皮肤组织视为多层媒质结构,基于Bruggeman有效介质模型,将计算得到的太赫兹反射率和测量得到的反射率作为目标函数,再采用上述混合优化算法得出了皮肤含水量随时间的变化规律。结果表明：随着阻塞时间的增加,皮肤角质层中的水分以指数函数的形式增加,5 min的阻塞时间即可增加23.8%。因此,在进行临床应用和研究时,必须谨慎考虑皮肤与介质窗接触阻塞而导致的参数变化。该研究有利于提高太赫兹活体检测的准确性和推动太赫兹时域光谱技术的临床应用。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究肺组织切片

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)仪并借助OMNI采样器直接、快速地测定了正常肺组织及肺癌组织的红外光谱,通过研究表明,正常肺组织与肺癌组织样品的红外光谱在峰位、峰强及峰形等方面均存在明显而有规律的红外光谱差异,这反映了组织中的蛋白质、核酸和脂类等生物分子在不同性质的组织中含量上的差异。研究表明,FTIR可从分子水平上揭示正常肺组织和肺癌组织的特性,能对正常肺组织和肺癌组织的良、恶性的鉴别提供丰富而可靠的结构信息。     

1 319 nm连续激光辐照皮肤组织的光热效应实验研究

实验测定了离体人皮肤组织在1 319 nm连续Nd:YAG激光辐照下径向和轴向不同位置的温度分布,研究了激光辐照功率密度和作用时间对皮肤组织温升分布的影响.结果表明,皮肤组织中的温度分布与探测位置、激光辐照功率密度以及作用时间密切相关;激光输出功率密度15.80 W/cm2时安全辐照时间阈值为120 s,功率密度48.92 W/cm2时安全辐照时间阈值为6 s.     

Si中S~0对、Se~0对和Te~0对的电子结构

利用紧束缚近似下的格林函数方法,讨论了Si中(S~0)_2,(Se~0)_2及(Te~0)_2基态的能级和波函数。分析了几种不同的观点。(S~0)_2,(Se~0)_2及(Te~0)_2均在禁带中引入一个对称性的A_(1g)能级和一个反对称性的A_(2u)能级,二者都是填满的。现有实验观测到的是较高的A_(1g)能级。从理论上指出了对称性的A_(1g)能级反而高于反对称性的能级的原因。而Si中(Se_2)~ 的g因子测量值和(S_2)~ ,(Se_2)~ 的ESR实验结果也支持本文的观点。     

基于腔QED系统的几何量子失谐及其传送（英文）

研究了基于腔量子电动力学(腔QED)系统的几何量子失谐及其传送.该系统包括两个独立的子系统,每个子系统由两个二能级原子与单模腔共振相互作用.结果表明,所有初始存储在原子A_1A_2中的几何量子失谐最终被转移到原子B_1B_2和腔C_1C_2.同时,原子A_1A_2,B_1B_2和腔C_1C_2的几何量子失谐在该量子系统中可以发生猝死(DSD)以及纠缠突然死亡(ESD).但是,在该量子系统中几何量子失谐不能完全由于原子的自发辐射和腔衰减而复活.此外,原子A_1A_2,B_1B_2和腔C_1C_2几何量子失谐的量,取决于其纯度p,并与其成比例,p的值越小,几何失谐越小.它也表明,在原子自发辐射和腔衰减的情况下,原子A_1A_2,B_1B_2和腔C_1C_2的几何量子失谐将经历振荡衰减并最终衰减到零.不过,在没有原子自发辐射和腔衰减的情况下,原子A_1A_2,B_1B_2和腔C_1C_2的几何量子失谐却没有衰减.     

约瑟夫逊结中准周期通向混沌的测量

本文利用约瑟夫逊结电子模拟器测量了由二个外加交流信号源驱动的约瑟夫逊结系统从准周期通向混沌的特性,给出了当外加信号源的二个频率比值w为不同值时所对应的庞卡勒截面图和结电压的波形图;改变信号源的振幅测量了系统从准周期通向混沌的运动过程;在状态图A_1/A_(1c)～A_2/A_(2c)上,一条曲线将平面分为准周期区域和混沌区域;利用实验方法得到二个收敛常数δ和α,其值与理论计算值符合尚好。     

皮肤组织容积脉搏波400~1000 nm光谱特性仿真研究

根据皮肤组织解剖结构特性建立了六层层状模型,并给出了皮肤组织各层的特性参数;考虑了氧合血红蛋白和还原血红蛋白的吸收特性,依据皮肤组织各层的水、血、脂肪、血氧饱和度含量以及血管大小给出了皮肤组织各层的光谱吸收系数;对不同波长散射系数做了适当简化,给出了皮肤组织各层的光谱散射系数。利用蒙特卡罗方法仿真血管组织在收缩与舒张两种状态下, 400~1 000 nm波长光在皮肤组织多层模型中的传输过程,并通过统计大量光子的分布特性,获得了皮肤组织光谱反射系数,并利用模拟所得的两种状态下的反射系数计算得到了光谱容积脉搏波幅度。仿真结果表明,当入射光强一定时,绿光的容积脉搏波幅度优于红光和蓝光。通过计算不同波长光沿皮肤组织深度方向光能流率衰减为1/e时对应的皮肤组织深度,获得了皮肤组织光谱穿透深度。结果显示,血管舒张状态下蓝光和绿光的穿透深度较小,蓝光大部分只能达到表皮层,绿光能到达微循环层,红光可直达真皮层。考虑到光在皮肤组织中传播包含了一个从收缩到舒张的动态过程,基于此,根据穿透深度定义了脉搏波信号产生深度,利用血管舒张与收缩两种不同状态下的穿透深度计算得到了光谱产生深度。结果表明,不同波长光产生深度大于其穿透深度,蓝光产生深度较浅,且其受到的血液吸收调制较小,因而其获得的脉搏信号易受噪声干扰;红光的容积脉搏波产生深度较大,但是相比于绿光其受血液吸收调制较小,且绿光产生深度足够达到真皮血管层,因而红光容积脉搏波的幅度小于绿光。上述仿真结果明确了皮肤组织部分光谱特性,为皮肤组织多光谱容积脉搏波的精确获取及其他相关研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

利用原子吸收光谱法分析盐胁迫对野生披碱草矿质元素吸收和积累的影响

应用原子吸收光谱法测定了两份耐盐性不同的野生披碱草种质材料在不同盐浓度胁迫条件下根组织和叶组织中的大量元素(Na,K,Ca,Mg)和微量元素(Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn)含量,并对野生披碱草种质材料矿质元素吸收和积累的选择性与耐盐性的关系进行了分析,结果表明：随着盐胁迫浓度的升高,野生披碱草种质材料叶和根组织中Na含量不断增加,耐盐材料HS叶组织中的Na含量显著低于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05);而K和Ca含量呈下降的趋势,在高浓度盐胁迫下,耐盐材料HS中两种元素的含量显著高于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05);微量元素Fe和Zn在野生披碱草材料根、叶组织中的含量升高,Cu在根组织中的含量没有变化,但是在叶组织中升高,而Mn在根、叶组织中的含量都呈下降的趋势,耐盐材料HS叶组织和根组织中Zn和Fe含量低于敏盐材料LS,Mn含量显著高于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05)。     

The diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis: Other techniques

Pathologically, hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is characterized by neuronal loss and gliosis affecting particularly the pyramidal neurons of CA1, CA3, and CA4 with relative sparing of the CA2 neurons. This can be identified in vivo with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques that can reveal both morphological and signal abnormalities. The morphological changes are atrophy and loss of the normal internal architecture of the hippocampus as seen in coronal section. There is also T₁- and T₂-weighted signal abnormality in the hippocampus. Quantitative techniques are very good at measuring any single one of these features, but the spectrum of HS includes cases in which a single feature can occasionally be misleading. Also, quantitation focuses entirely on the hippocampus, and it is becoming clear that HS may exist in the presence of other brain pathology that may affect proper management of the patient. Therefore, quantitative measures should always be interpreted in the context of optimised imaging sequences and visual inspection. For routine clinical purposes, the relative reliance on quantitation (hippocampal volume or T₂ measurements) depends entirely on the yield of visual inspection in any institution. This, in turn, depends on whether optimised imaging is performed and on the familiarity of the reporting specialist with the MRI features of HS. A technique which approaches 95–100% compared with pathology is essential in any epilepsy centre, and optimised visual analysis can achieve this. There are some cases where quantitation of a single feature can be misleading, so visual analysis should always be performed, and complements any quantitative study.     

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering study of human serum on PVA?Ag nanofilm prepared by using electrostatic self‐assembly

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐protected silver nanoarchitecture (PVA Ag nanofilm) on the surface of the glass substrate was prepared by using electrostatic self‐assembly at a proper voltage. The two‐dimensional morphology of the PVA Ag nanofilm has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of human serum (HS) on PVA Ag nanofilms were recorded. The results show that the Raman scattering of HS can be enhanced efficiently based on these PVA Ag nanofilms. However, it also can be seen that the effect of sodium citrate (SC) acting as anticoagulant on the SERS spectrum of HS is unnegligible, which has not been discussed adequately in the previous reports. To discuss the effect of SC on the SERS spectrum of HS, we have studied the normal Raman spectra of solid SC and the SERS spectra of 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol/l aqueous solution of SC adsorbed on the PVA–Ag nanofilms. Meanwhile, Raman wavenumbers of the SC molecule were calculated by using the method of DFT‐B3LYP/6‐31G*, and the dominant assignations of the calculated wavenumbers were performed. It was found that the density functional theory (DFT) calculation of SC Raman spectrum matches well with the experimental results. With the perfect reproducibility and high SERS activity, this method will be useful in the development of HS detection methods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

T1ρ mapping improvement using stretched-type adiabatic locking pulses for assessment of human liver function at 3 T

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of stretched-type adiabatic spin lock pulses for homogeneous spin locking with a flexible spin lock time (TSL) setting.MethodsT_1ρ values were obtained from 61 patients and five normal volunteers who were categorized using the Child–Pugh classification and scanned using each spin lock pulse type. The pulses used were the block and two kinds of hyperbolic secant (HS); HS8_10, and HS8_5. Visual scoring was categorized using a four point scale (1:Severe, 2:Moderate, 3:Mild and 4:None) to evaluate the homogeneity of the T_1ρ map and the source images obtained by each spin lock pulse. Mean T_1ρ values among the patient groups with different Child–Pugh classification were compared.ResultsThe visual assessment scores were 1.98 ± 1.05 for block pulse locking, 3.87 ± 0.39 for HS8_10 pulse locking, and 3.83 ± 0.45 for HS8_5 pulse locking, respectively. The scores between block pulse and HS8_10 were significantly different (p < 0.001), as were those between block pulse and HS8_5 (p < 0.001).The median T_1ρ values of normal liver function, Child–Pugh A, and Child–Pugh B or C were 37.00 ms, 40.77 ms, and 42.20 ms for block pulse, 46.75 ms, 50.78 ms, and 55.60 ms for HS8_10, and 48.80 ms, 55.42 ms, and 57.80 ms for HS8_5, respectively.ConclusionThe spin locking sequence using stretched-type adiabatic pulses provides homogeneous liver T_1ρ maps with reduced artifact and is necessary for a robust evaluation of liver function using T_1ρ.     

癌变与正常直肠组织的核磁共振氢谱差异的研究

核磁共振(NMR)波谱法是一种表征分子结构、组成变化的有效手段,能够得到生物组织中的核酸、蛋白质、脂类和糖类等生物大分子的含量、分子的空间排列和结构特征等信息,可以从分子水平上研究肿瘤与对照组织之间的差别,更深入地揭示肿瘤的发生、发展中产生的各种分子水平变化。文章对9例直肠癌组织及癌旁正常组织进行了核磁共振氢谱的测定。结果表明,直肠正常和癌变组织的核磁共振氢谱存在显著的差异,这可以通过对谱图特征峰区域积分面积相对比值的差别看出来。直肠正常组织核磁共振氢谱中A0.9/A3.0,A1.3/A3.0,A2.0/A3.0,A1.3/A0.9及A4.1/A3.0值较相应的癌组织偏大,直肠癌组织核磁共振氢谱中A3.2/A3.0值较相应正常直肠组织偏大。通过这些差异核磁共振氢谱技术有可能发展成为早期诊断直肠癌组织的一种方法。     

Heparan sulfate is the main sulfated glycosaminoglycan species in internal organs of the male cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were isolated and characterized in thoracic muscle, fat body, whole digestive tract (stomach+intestine) and reproductive tract of adult male cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. Heparan sulfate (HS) was the predominant sulfated GAG species in the tissues analyzed, corresponding to more than 90% of the total sulfated GAG content. In both the thoracic muscle and fat body it was the only sulfated GAG species detected. We also determined the location of sulfated GAGs in most of these organs by histochemical analysis using 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue. In the thoracic muscle, sulfated GAG metachromatic staining was detected only in the connective tissue that surrounds the muscle bundles or fascicles. In the intestinal tract, metachromatic staining was observed in both epithelial and lining columnar cells. Only spermatozoa presented metachromatic material in the male reproductive tract. Since, HS corresponds to 90-100% of total sulfated GAGs in these tissues, the metachromatic staining specifically reflects the location of this particular sulfated GAG in these organs. In conclusion, the present study extends previous observations on the GAG composition in cockroaches providing new information on the tissue distribution and location of HS in several internal organs of adult males of the cockroach P. americana.     

Optical Observation of Lung Cancer With Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared Microscope (ATR-FTIR) and Confocal Raman Microscope

ABSTRACT

Optical observation of lung cancer tissues using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared microscope (ATR-FTIR) and confocal Raman microscope were performed. A total of six malignant tissues, seven tissues adjacent to cancer, and nine normal tissues from nine patients with known lung cancer were studied. High-quality spectra from human tissues were obtained only in a few seconds. The results revealed that some of the spectral characteristics varied significantly between normal and malignant tissues, that is, IR peak positions, Raman shift, and the spectral intensities. Differences in positions of 10 main peaks in IR shifts and 13 main peaks in Raman shifts were listed, and the intensity changes were also studied between the malignant and normal tissues. The ratios of 1453-cm^?1/1645-cm^?1 intensity in IR spectrum and 1245-cm^?1/1571-cm^?1 intensity in Raman spectrum were found with the most significant difference (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05 separately) in statistics and may be used in combination to differentiate the normal and malignant tissues. ATR-FTIR spectrum and Raman spectrum were mutually complementary in the observation of many materials and were both found with high sensitivities and spatial resolutions in the observation of human tissues. This study will be helpful to developing rapid and accurate cancer detection techniques in future clinical diagnosis.     

人体肿瘤组织的光谱识别

本文对人体胃肿瘤组织和正常组织的激光诱导荧光光谱进行了研究。结果表明：对于肿瘤组织，其光谱的强度和形状都不同于正常组织，对肿瘤组织区分的符合率为８９％，对正常组织区分的符合率为９１％。另外，还对病人的胃肿瘤组织进行了光谱实时测定。     

Altered hemispheric symmetry found in left-sided mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE/HS) but not found in right-sided MTLE/HS

Purpose

The purpose was to investigate the altered hemispheric asymmetry in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral hippocampus sclerosis (MTLE/HS).

Materials and methods

This study examined the hemispheric asymmetry of regional gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume among a group of 13 patients with left-sided MTLE/HS, a group of 10 patients with right-sided MTLE/HS and a group of 21 age- and gender- matched healthy controls by optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) based on magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Compared to healthy controls, abnormal asymmetries were detected in the left-sided MTLE/HS patients. The left-sided MTLE/HS patients had more GM asymmetries (L<R) in the temporal lobes, including the inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. There was significant asymmetry (L<R) in subcortical WM of the mesial temporal lobe in left-sided MTLE/HS patients. However, no significant difference was detected in terms of GM and WM asymmetry between the group with right-sided MTLE/HS and normal controls.

Conclusion

We should approach hemispheric asymmetry in left- and right-sided MTLE/HS patients differently. The study also demonstrates potential future use of VBM in detecting hemispheric asymmetries and lateralization of brain functions.     

Differentiation between human normal colon mucosa and colon cancer tissue using ToF-SIMS imaging technique and principal component analysis

Human normal colon mucosa and colon cancer tissue were studied using the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques. The surfaces of the tissues were successfully cleaned by C₆₀²⁺ cluster-ion beams before the ToF-SIMS images were obtained. A PCA on the spectra and images were performed to compare differences in the peaks and images of normal and cancer tissues. Significant differences in principal component 1 (PC 1) score values for normal and cancer tissues were observed, and each PC 1 loadings had a specific peak profile of proteins. In addition, the PC images obtained from the ToF-SIMS images for normal and cancer tissues were clearly distinguishable, and the amino acid fragments associated with normal and cancer tissues were found to have originated from the lamina propria region and the epithelium cells, respectively. Based on the PCA results, structural distortion of the crypts in the cancer colon tissue could be attributed to the proliferation of the cancerous epithelium cells. This work shows that the application of the ToF-SIMS imaging technique with PCA could be a useful method of obtaining valuable information for cancer analysis.