气相亚硝酸烷基二酯电子轰击电离解离机理研究

亚硝酸烷基二酯(R_2C(ONO)(CH_2)_nC(ONO)R_2)因其双官能团的特殊性而具有极高活性,在大气中极易产生烷氧自由基和氮氧化物,从而导致温室效应和光化学污染。因此研究亚硝酸烷基二酯的解离机理对理解其在大气中的光化学及热化学过程具有重要意义。本文采用气质联用(GC-MS)等方法研究了6种二酯(1,2-、1,3-亚硝酸丙二酯,1,2-、2,3-和1,4-亚硝酸丁二酯和1,5-亚硝酸戊二酯)在70 eV电子轰击下的解离过程,发现断裂碎片对二酯的结构具有特征性指示作用。我们发现除常见O―NO键断裂产生的NO~+碎片离子峰外,同时也观测到因αC―C键断裂产生的R_2C(ONO)~+碎片离子峰。通过对不同产物碎片所对应的解离路径的分析得出亚硝酸烷基二酯不同于其热解及光解的解离机理,即其直接发生O―NO键或C―C键的断裂。     

硫逐磷酸酯和二硫代磷酸酯的电喷雾电离质谱lectrosprayIon

研究了9种硫逐磷酸酯及二硫代磷酸酯的电喷雾电离 (ESI)质谱并归纳了谱图特征。根据碰撞诱导解离 (CID)的结果 ,讨论了其在ESI质谱的规律。     

4,4'-二甲氧基二苯基氮氧自由基调控甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合动力学研究

合成了4,4'-二甲氧基二苯基氮氧自由基(DMDPN)和相应的烷氧基胺引发剂,用于甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的氮氧自由基调控聚合,研究了聚合过程中的动力学机理.通过电子自旋共振(ESR)表征,测定了DMDPN型烷氧基胺引发剂在100~120?C范围内的解离速率常数kd0,结果表明kd0符合阿伦尼乌斯公式(k=Ae-Ea/RT),其活化能Ea为135.2 k J·mol-1,指前因子A为3×1014.测定了末端官能团化聚合物PMMA-DMDPN的解离速率常数kd,由于DMDPN中胺氧基团周围的空间位阻较小,受到前末端效应的影响较弱,kd仅为kd0的6倍.采用间接法测定了110?C时增长自由基和DMDPN的结合速率常数kc,并绘制了该温度下MMA/DMDPN聚合体系的Fischer相图,结果表明该聚合体系对应的kd和kc值处于相图的可控/"活性"区域内.     

二氢硫辛酸抗氧化性机理的理论研究

分别在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)和B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)水平下,对二氢硫辛酸及可能的解离途径中形成的自由基进行结构优化,采用S—H键解离焓(EBD)和分子的电离势(EIP)为理论指标,探讨了二氢硫辛酸可能的抗氧化性机理,并研究了溶剂(水和苯)效应的影响.结果表明,C(1)上S—H断裂形成的自由基b较易形成;以EBD和EIP为理论指标,可以较好的说明分子的抗氧化性及溶剂效应对抗氧化性的影响.随着溶剂的极性增加,EBD变化较小,而EIP则显著减小,表明溶剂效应对清除自由基的电子转移反应机理影响更大.分子最高占据轨道HOMO能级顺序与EIP数值所预测的抗氧化性顺序一致.     

离子速度成像方法研究二溴甲烷的紫外光解动力学

利用二维离子速度成像(Ion-Velocity Imaging)方法对二溴甲烷分子在234和267 nm附近的光解动力学行为进行了研究. 实验中得到了二溴甲烷光解产生的Br^*(²P_1/2)和Br(²P_3/2)在不同波长下的角度和平动能分布. 在平动能分布中发现两个高斯分布, 推测其中主要是C—Br的快速解离, 而高能宽分布则来自于CH₂Br自由基的二次解离过程. 通过角度分布得到了Br^*与Br中来自直接解离和非绝热交叉跃迁两种来源的比例. 结果表明Br^*原子主要来自于B₁态的直接解离, 而Br则绝大部分是从B₁态向A₁的非绝热交叉跃迁得到, 并导致了两种解离通道能量分布的差别.     

二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯热分解制备二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯的表观动力学研究

在癸二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯溶剂中研究了二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)的分解反应机理,建立了二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯的分解反应动力学模型。通过实验测定,并对不同温度下体系中各物质的浓度数据进行线性拟合得到反应速率方程。结果表明：MDC的热分解分为两个步骤,均为一级反应。两步反应的活化能分别为：138.82kJ/mol,167.78kJ/mol;指前因子分别为：1.51×1012min-1,5.33×1014min-1。     

果糖-1,6-二磷酸盐和硫酸镁在水及血浆中的电导

果糖-1,6-二磷酸镁(monomagnesium fructose-1,6-diphosphate,FDPMg)分子有药效,其保护心肌缺血性损伤的效果优于果糖-1,6-二磷酸钠(trisodium fructose-1,6-diphosphate,FDPNa)和硫酸镁。本文考察FDPMg等在水溶液和血浆中的解离情况。     

二氯二茂钛（锆）／格氏试剂体系在有机合成中的应用

介绍近几年来二氯二茂钛(锆)／格氏试剂体系在有机合成中的应用，特别是使用该体系发展的新反应及其机理的研究情况。     

叠氮二乙基铝三聚体和单体的缔合-解离平衡的研究

尽管叠氮二乙基铝Et₂AlN₃(DEAA)是一个重要的化合物,但人们对它研究还是很少的。本文通过温度-蒸气压关系研究了纯态DEAA的三聚体和单量体之间的缔合-解离平衡;通过相对分子质量测定、核磁共振氢谱和核磁共振铝谱的测定,研究了在苯和甲苯溶液中DEAA的三聚体和单量体之间的缔合-解离平衡。借助温度-蒸气压曲线分别计算了DEAA三聚体和单量体的气化焓和解离焓;通过相对分子质量测定、核磁共振铝谱测定等方法计算得到了溶液中DEAA三聚体和单量体的解离平衡常数、解离焓和解离熵等热力学数据。     

二氯二茂钛(锆)/格氏试剂体系在有机合成中的应用

介绍近几年来二氯二茂钛 (锆 ) /格氏试剂体系在有机合成中的应用 ,特别是使用该体系发展的新反应及其机理的研究情况     

Oil Base Mud. Part I: Synthesis of Some Local Surfactants Used as Primary Emulsifiers for Oil Base Mud and Evaluation of Their Rheology Properties

Six oil soluble nonionic surfactants with different HLBs have been prepared. Their HLBs situate between 3.9 and 6.7. Transesterification was carried out for glycerol and triethanol amine with oleic acid at different moles to obtain six emusilifiers. They named glycerol momooleate (I), glycerol diooleate (II), glycerol trioleate (III), triethanol amine mono-, di- and tri-oleate (IV), (V,) and (VI). The chemical structure was confirmed using; the elemental analysis, FTIR and ¹HNMR. They were evaluated as a primary emulsifiers (PE) for thdrilling fluids (oil base mud) comparing with a currently used primary emulsifier (Fc). The water in oil base mud (w/o emulsions) was prepared. The concentration of emulsifiers and their HLB exhibited interesting rheology properties including shear-thinning behavior, yield value, viscoelastic effects, thixtropy, gel strength, and filtration loss. The rheology properties of such emulsions strongly depended on the average size distribution of the dispersed droplets that could be varied both with the bulk concentration and HLB value of the emulsifiers. The interfacial and surface properties of these emulsifiers suggest that the droplet size of the dispersed phase and bulk concentration are strongly related to the HLB value of emulsifiers. The w/o emulsion (mud formulation) stability is sensitive to the droplet size of the dispersed phase and HLB value of the used emulsifier. The results were discussed on the light the chemical structure of the primary emulsifiers and the emulsion ingredients.     

Determination of zinc O,O′-dialkyl dithiophosphate lubricant additives via the corresponding methyl and p-nitrobenzylic ester derivatives using GC-MS, GC-NPD and HPLC-MS

 A quantitative fingerprinting of automotive lubricants with respect to zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDP), major anti-wear/antioxidant additives, is presented. ZDPs in lubricant solutions are converted into the corresponding methyl and p-nitrobenzylic esters, respectively. After removal of the lubricant matrix the methyl esters are submitted to gas chromatography (GC). Mass spectrometric detection (MS) and comparison with reference methyl esters enable the characterisation of practical ZDP mixtures with respect to alkyl chain length and isomery of the single components. Overall recovery rates are higher than 90% and phosphorus-selective detection (NPD) allows a quantitative determination down to 0.1 pg/μl. The p-nitrobenzylic esters may be analysed by HPLC. Identification and quantification is performed by on-line HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS (APCI) with a determination limit of 20 pg/μl. The ZDP quantification via the methyl esters is applied to seven lubricants from the German market. The method is applicable to used oils allowing the monitoring of ZDP consumption during engine operation. Received: 22 March 1996/Revised: 19 June 1996/Accepted: 21 June 1996     

X射线荧光光谱法测定石化产品中的总氯

采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定石化产品中的总氯含量。采用钛靶X射线管及高分辨率硅漂移半导体检测器,在管电压10 kV、管电流0.3 mA的最佳实验条件下,氯含量在30~1 000 mg/L范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,检出限为6.24 mg/kg。利用该法对90#石油醚、120#溶剂油、润滑油、基础油等中的氯含量进行测试,测定结果与GB/T 18612–2011方法相一致。该方法可以作为测定石化产品总氯含量的新的试验方法。     

油酸修饰CuS纳米颗粒的原位合成及其摩擦学性能

利用原位合成法室温下直接在基础油中成功制备了油酸修饰CuS 纳米颗粒, 将其长时间静置, 不会发生纳米颗粒的团聚. TEM 研究表明, 该方法制备的纳米颗粒粒径大约为30 nm. 红外光谱结果表明, 由于油酸的羧基与无机CuS纳米颗粒表面发生了化学吸附,使无机纳米颗粒的表面有一层有机修饰层, 从而增强了其油溶性.摩擦磨损试验结果表明,该添加剂在基础油中能起到抗磨减摩的效果.随着添加剂浓度的增大, 摩擦系数和磨斑直径都呈现下降趋势,当添加剂浓度为0.1%(w)时, 摩擦系数和磨斑直径都达到最小值,但是进一步增加添加剂浓度, 摩擦系数与磨斑直径又都开始增大. SEM 研究结果表明, 油酸修饰CuS 纳米颗粒能起到抗磨减摩作用的原因是因为其有利于在摩擦副表面形成牢固的润滑膜.     

Synthesis of Hyper-Dispersant Based on the Application of Nano-Lubricants

A new type of hyper-dispersant was designed and successfully synthesized by free radical solution polymerization method to improve the dispersing performance of nano-copper in base oil. The microstructures of the product were characterized by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hyper-dispersant as modifier was chemically bonded to nano-copper via strong chemical interaction. The influences of nano-copper modified by hyper-dispersant on the lipophilic degree and wettability were investigated. It was found that the modified nano-copper had the best dispersion performance in base oil, and the optimum amount of hyper-dispersant was 8 wt%. The tribological behavior showed that modified copper nanoparticles possessed excellent friction-reduction and antiwear properties. Meanwhile, the extreme pressure property of the base oil was also improved strikingly. And the maximum non-seizure load (P_B) of base oil was improved by 27% at the point of 0.1 wt%.     

Study of the Preparation of a Modified Lubricant Using a W/O Microemulsion Reactor and a Cyclic Voltammetry Study of Rubbing Steel S45C with Lubricants

A successful preparation of a Schiff base copper complex was carried out directly in rap oil, using a W/O microemulsion reactor. The prepared Schiff base copper complex dispersed equably and spontaneously in the oil. Owing to a modification of the rap oil, by addition of 2%wt of Cu (II) chelate of bissalicylaldehyde-ethylenediamine, the friction coefficient decreased by 80% compared to that of the original one. It was verified by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses that steel/steel rubbing pairs underwent a selective transferring process with such modified lubricants. It was suggested that the mechanism for the improvement in the tribological characteristics of the modified lubricants was due to a selective transferring effect. The Cu (II) chelate of bissalicylaldehyde-ethylenediamine not only served as an additive in the rap oil, but also self-assembled on the surface of the 100Cr6 steel. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was examined using SEM techniques. The SAM was characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV). It indicated that the SAM could activate the rubbing surface of 100Cr6 steel, which benefited the tribological chemical reaction.     

Synthesis of ricinoleate anion based ionic liquids and their application as green lubricating oil additives

Ricinoleate anion based ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized from four different nitrogen containing cationic counterparts such as tetrabutylammonium, tetrapropylammonium, cetyltrimethylammonium, imidazolium. Tribological performance of synthesized ILs were evaluated using four ball tribo tester by blending with two lubricant base oils namely epoxy2-ethylhexyl esters of karanja fatty acids (EKE) and dioctyl sebacate (DOS). Antiwear behaviour was explored by varying different factors including concentration, applied load and rotation speed. It was found that the synthesized ILs in base oil significantly reduced the wear scar diameter by 17–25% at 0.8 wt% and a remarkable reduction in wear scar diameter was observed for all the tested applied load (40 to 80 kg) and rotation speed (1200 to 1742 rpm). Further, the load carrying capacity of base oil was improved by 25–43% at 1.25 wt% of IL dosage. The imidazolium cation containing IL outperform tribological performance among all the ILs being studied. The morphology of worn surface after the wear tests and deposition of elementals on the worn surface lubricated with neat base oil and IL blended base oil was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).     

Fungicidal properties of the essential oil of Hesperozygis marifolia on Aspergillus flavus link

The chemical composition of the essential oil from Hesperozygis marifolia was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and fourteen compounds were identified. (R)-pulegone (40.75%), isomenthone (30.34%) and menthone (4.46%) were found to be the main components of the oil. The essential oil at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL and (R)-pulegone at concentration of 0.8 mg/mL completely inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus Link. The fungicidal effects of this essential oil warrant further research into its potential for commercial use.     

应用分子电距矢量对地笋中挥发油化学成分色谱保留值分析

采用分子电性距离矢量(MEDV)表征地笋中挥发油化学成分的分子结构,并对其气相色谱保留时间进行了系统的定量结构-色谱保留关系(QSRR)研究。在变量筛选的基础上建立了多个挥发油化学成分QSRR模型,相关系数均在0.90以上。通过严格的统计检验表明所建模型具有良好的稳定性与预测能力。     

油页岩干酪根化学键浓度与能量密度研究

以抚顺、茂名油页岩干酪根13C NMR、XPS与元素分析数据为基础,构建了油页岩干酪根分子结构模型,同时以化学键为标准对抚顺、茂名干酪根结构模型进行了修改,构建的干酪根结构模型与实验化学键浓度匹配良好,从化学键角度验证了模型的准确性与合理性。以自建及文献中九个不同变质程度的油页岩干酪根结构模型为基础,研究了油页岩干酪根变质程度与各类化学键浓度及能量密度关系。结果表明,随油页岩干酪根变质程度的提高,芳香碳分别与芳香碳、脂肪碳、氢原子等原子形成的化学键浓度升高,脂肪碳与脂肪碳、氢原子等原子形成的化学键浓度下降,其中,芳香碳之间、脂肪碳与氢原子之间的化学键浓度变化最明显。组成油页岩干酪根势能的价电子能密度及非键能密度随干酪根变质程度的提高总体上呈现上升趋势,成为组成油页岩干酪根稳定的化学能。