壳聚糖及其衍生物溶液浇铸膜的结构研究

用偏光显微镜小角光散射、扫描电镜和大角度X-光衍射技术研究了壳聚糖及其衍生物丁酸壳聚糖、苯甲酸壳聚糖的溶液浇铸膜的结构。用低于液晶临界浓度的稀溶液能制备具有液晶织构的膜。观察到指纹状织构、正光性滴状织构和负光性滴状织构．后两种滴状织构内分子自组织构型分别为辐射型和双极型。     

甲壳素类液晶高分子的研究：Ⅱ.侧基长度和取代度对羧酰化壳聚糖的？…

五种羧酰化壳聚糖即乙酰化、丙酰化、丁酰化、己酰化和庚酰化壳聚糖在二氯乙酸溶液中均呈现胆甾型致液晶相。临界浓度随侧基长度的增加而增加，但取代度（从０．２１变化到０．９４）对临界浓度没有影响。在两相共存浓度区内，均呈现典型的滴状织构。从两相共存到完全液晶相的转变浓度也随侧基长度的增加而增加。     

壳聚糖液晶溶液的性能

制备了聚糖液晶溶液,并采用偏光显微镜(POM)、流变仪、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)等分别对液晶织构、黏度、相转变性能进行了研究.结果表明:壳聚糖呈现典型的胆甾相液晶织构;其溶液黏度随浓度及剪切力的变化规律符合高分子液晶溶液的变化规律;在DSC升、降温曲线上分别存在吸热峰和放热峰.     

一种新的液晶高分子——丁酸壳聚糖的合成与表征

甲壳素几乎不溶于任何溶剂,由于其脱乙酰化产物壳聚糖含自由氨基,能被酸质子化而溶解,所以壳聚糖的应用领域远多于甲壳素.但是壳聚糖也仅能溶于酸性介质中,并不能溶于纯水和普通有机溶剂,因而人们对甲壳素或壳聚糖进行各种化学改性[1,2],寻求溶解性更好尤其能溶于水的衍生物,以扩大其应用范围.本文按文献[2～4]方法合成了O-丁酰化壳聚糖(简称丁酸壳聚糖),首次报道它具有溶致液晶性.     

氰忆内基壳聚糖的溶致和热致液晶性研究

从壳聚糖出发先羟丙基化再氰乙基化,合成了氰乙基羟丙基壳聚糖,氰乙基羟丙基壳聚糖（ＣＨＮＨＰＣＳ）和羟丙基壳聚糖（ＨＰＣＳ）两者都有胆甾型溶致液晶性,浓溶液 纹太织构,在二氯乙酸中,前者的临界浓度２９％,质量分数,下同）高于后者（１７％）,这一结果可以用引入氰乙基增加了分子间作用力从而使得链刚性增加来解释,ＣＮＨＰＣＳ在熔点１９３℃和分解温度２２０℃之间很窄的温区内观察到有热致溶液晶胆寻相,ＣＮＨＰ     

氰乙基羟丙基壳聚糖的溶致和热致液晶性研究

从壳聚糖出发先羟丙基化再氰乙基化,合成了氰乙基羟丙基壳聚糖(羟丙基的摩尔取代度为3.2,氰乙基的取代度为1.0).氰乙基羟丙基壳聚糖(CNHPCS)和羟丙基壳聚糖(HPCS)两者都有胆甾型溶致液晶性,浓溶液呈现指纹状织构.在二氯乙酸中,前者的临界浓度(29%,质量分数,下同)高于后者(17%).这一结果可以用引入氰乙基增加了分子间作用力从而使得链刚性增加来解释.CNHPCS在熔点193℃和分解温度220℃之间很窄的温区内观察到有热致液晶胆甾相.CNHPCS固体膜的胆甾相螺距采用激光小角光散射法测定,结果与偏光显微镜测得的数值一致.     

甲壳素——一类新的液晶性多糖

"将甲壳素的结构与纤维素进行了比较, 并根据结构和链刚性指出其形成液晶态的可能性。简要介绍了制备液晶性甲壳素衍生物所必须的一些主要的化学修饰途径。叙述了15 种甲壳素衍生物的溶致液晶行为以及结构因素对它们液晶临界行为的影响。介绍了甲壳素衍生物形成的主要液晶态织构, 如指纹状织构、交替偏振场织构、条带织构和滴状织构, 以及甲壳素衍生物? 二氯乙酸溶液的热致相转变。综述了甲壳素的成纤性和液晶纺丝。     

甲壳素类液晶高分子的研究Ⅱ-侧基长度和取代度对羧酰化壳聚糖的液晶性的影响

五种羧酰化壳聚糖即乙酰化、丙酰化、丁酰化、己酰化和庚酰化壳聚糖在二氯乙酸溶液中均呈现胆甾型溶致液晶相．临界浓度随侧基长度的增加而增加,但取代度（ 从０－２１ 变化到０－９４） 对临界浓度没有影响．在两相共存浓度区内,均呈现典型的滴状织构．从两相共存到完全液晶相的转变浓度也随侧基长度的增加而增加．     

丁酸壳聚糖液晶的临界行为研究

用偏光显微镜法测定了丁酸壳聚糖在四种酸性溶剂中的临界浓度值．发现临界浓度值（ｖ／ｖ％）与溶剂的酸性无关，都是１６％～１７％．在以二氯乙酸为溶剂时，不同丁酰化程度的丁酸壳聚糖有相同的临界浓度．用ＤＳＣ法测定了丁酸壳聚糖／二氯乙酸体系的临界温度，并绘制了相图．结果表明，浓度达６０％（ｗ／ｗ％）后，临界温度基本不再变化，稳定在３９℃左右．     

甲壳素类液晶高分子研究--低分子量壳聚糖溶致液晶性及分子量对液晶临界浓度的影响

研究了两种用酶降解法得到的低分子量壳聚糖样品(CS1和CS2)的溶致液晶性.用GPC并辅以质谱法确定了两样品的数均相对分子质量为622和2311 g/mol.在相对分子质量低至622的低分子量壳聚糖(相当于四糖)水溶液中仍发现了溶致液晶现象,并确定出相对分子质量为622和2311的低分子量壳聚糖液晶临界浓度为73%和36%(W/W%),这些结果与已报道的中、高分子量壳聚糖液晶临界浓度随分子量升高而降低的基本规律是一致的.实验结果与经典的KS理论预测值不符,因为低分子量壳聚糖的相对分子质量超过了KS理论对高分子临界浓度的预测范围.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.