柱内直接进样技术及其在高温毛细管色谱法中的应用

发展了一种将样品直接注入位于炉箱里的保留间隔柱内的进样技术。样品的汽化、溶质聚焦和分离过程都在炉箱里一次控制完成,减少了沸点歧视效应,改善了定量重复精度,而分离水平与冷柱头柱上进样技术相同或更好。同时还极大地简化了进样器的设计。对进样条件进行了系统考察,并分析了两种石蜡产品,证明柱内直接进样是一种十分可靠而简便的进样方式,适用于高温毛细管气相色谱法。     

A New Monolithic‐Type HPLC Column For Fast Separations

The application of a new silica‐based, monolithic‐type HPLC‐column for fast separations is presented. The column is prepared according to a new sol‐gel process, which is based on the hydrolysis and polycondensation of alkoxysilanes in the presence of water soluble polymers. The method leads to “rods” made of a single piece of porous silica with a defined pore structure, i. e. macro‐ and mesopores. The main feature of silica rod columns is a higher total porosity, about 15% higher than of conventional particulate HPLC columns. The resulting column pressure drop is therefore much lower, allowing operation at higher flow rates including flow gradients. Consequently, HPLC analysis can be performed much faster, as it is demonstrated by various applications.     

The Method for Analysis of Hydrocarbon Mixtures C1‐C5 by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography

This study was carried out to determine low‐boiling point hydrocarbon mixtures C₁‐C₅ using gas chromatography supplied with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a low‐pole capillary column. The temperature of the column reached ?30 centigrade and all components eluted within 4 minutes. Sufficient resolution was available for the components with low retentions. The limits of the relative standard deviations (RSD) were from 0.19% to 2.40%. The method was found to be suitable for the determination of natural gas, petroleum, environmental quality, etc.     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定盐酸特比萘芬中残留溶剂

应用HP-5毛细管柱(25 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm)气相色谱法测定了盐酸特比萘芬药物中乙醚、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺等6种残留溶剂.经烘干的试样溶于二甲替甲酰胺(DMF)中,试样溶液中的残留溶剂经毛细管柱分离后,以苯为内标物,内标法定量测定.6种残留溶剂具有良好的分离效果,整体回收率在92.7%～101.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.5%～2.8%之间,6种残留溶剂检出限(S/N=3)依次为1.5,2.8,2.5,12.0,1.7,1.6 mg·L-1.     

大体积进样–Ag柱除氯–离子色谱法测定水中溴酸盐

建立以大体积进样(250μL)–离子色谱测定水中溴酸盐(BrO_3~–)的方法。采用Ag柱离线去除样品中大量Cl~–以消除Cl~–干扰,同时保证痕量溴酸盐未沉淀,过滤后直接进样测定。BrO_3~–的质量浓度在2.0~25.0μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.999 2,方法检出限为0.8μg/L。自来水和矿泉水样品3浓度水平加标回收率为85.0%~101.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.6%~12.9%(n=6)。该方法样品处理简单,检出限低,准确度和精密度高,满足分析测试的要求。     

Theory of Fast Capillary Gas Chromatography – Part 3: Column Performance vs. Gas Flow Rate

At the high pressure drop required for the fast analysis of complex mixtures, the equations for the column plate height, H, and plate duration, Q, as functions of the carrier gas velocity, u, differ substantially from the equations for the same quantities expressed via the carrier gas flow rate, F. While u as an independent pneumatic variable is more convenient for the theoretical studies, F is a more convenient as a control parameter in practical applications. Equations for H vs. u and for Q vs. u from Parts 1 and 2 are transformed here into expressions for H vs. F and Q vs. F. An efficiency-optimized flow rate (EOF) and a speed-optimized flow rate (SOF) are found. Expressions for these two quantities are considerably simpler than their velocity-based counterparts. In particular, SOF does not depend on column length, film thickness, and pressure drop.     

Fast Separation of Nucleosides by Capillary Electrochromatography on Non‐Endcapped Phenyl‐Bonded Silica Phase Using Short‐End Injection Method

The influence of several experimental parameters (pH, ionic strength, organic modifier content of hydro‐organic buffer) upon EOF, migration time, and retention factor has been studied in CEC with a phenyl‐bonded silica column on a model mixture of five nucleosides. This paper illustrates the current interest in CEC as a method of resolving complex mixtures of neutral and ionic solutes and demonstrates the potential of the short‐end injection method as a means of reducing analysis time.     

Factors influencing chromatographic data in fast gas chromatography with on‐column injection

The use of larger volume injection with on‐column injection and fast GC commercial instrumentation was evaluated with the model mixture of n‐alkanes of a broad range of volatility (C₁₀–C₂₈). The presented configuration allows introduction of 40–80‐fold larger sample volumes without any distortion of peak shapes compared to “usual” fast GC set‐ups using narrow‐bore columns. A normal‐bore retention gap (1–5 m×0.32 mm ID) was coupled to a narrow‐bore (5 m×0.1 mm ID×0.4 μm film thickness) analytical column using a standard press‐fit connector. The connection was tight and reliable, and hence suitable for hydrogen as carrier gas. The effect of pre‐column and analytical column connector, injection volume, pre‐column length, column inlet pressure, and analyte volatility on peak shape, peak broadening, and focusing are discussed. The precision of chromatographic data measurements and peak capacity under optimised temperature programmed conditions for fast separations with large volume injection were found to be very good. The presented fast GC set‐up with on‐column injection extends the applicability of the technique to trace analysis.     

Simultaneous Determination of Palladium and Platinum by On‐Line Enrichment Followed by Rapid Column High Performance Liquid Chromatography

In this paper, a new method for the simultaneous determination of palladium and platinum ions was developed using a rapid column high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with an on‐line enrichment technique. The palladium and platinum ions were pre‐column derivatized with 5‐(p‐aminobenzylidene)‐thiorhodanine (ABTR) to form colored chelates. The Pd‐ABTR, Pt‐ABTR chelates can be absorbed onto the front of an enrichment column when they were injected into the injector and sent to the enrichment column [ZORBAX Stable Bound, 4.6 × 10 mm, 1.8 μm] with a buffer solution of 0.05 mol/L sodium acetate‐acetic acid buffer solution (pH 3.5) as mobile phase. After the enrichment had finished, by switching the six‐ports switching valve, the retained chelates were back‐flushed by mobile phase and traveled towards the analytical column. These chelates separation on the analytical column [ZORBAX Stable Bound, 4.6 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm] was satisfactory with 65% methanol (containing 0.05 mol/L of pH 3.5 sodium acetate‐acetic acid buffer salt and 0.01 mol/L of tritonX‐100) as mobile phase. The palladium and platinum were separated completely within 2 min. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of palladium and platinum are 1.4 ng/L and 1.6 ng/L, respectively. This method was applied to the determination of palladium and platinum in water and urine samples with good results.     

离子色谱快速柱检测简单基质样品中的无机阴离子

为实现简单基质样品中常规阴离子的快速分析,选用Dionex IonPac AS22-fast(4mm×150mm)离子交换色谱柱,通过优化流速、淋洗液浓度等色谱条件,使F-、Cl-、NO3-、NO2-、Br-、PO43-、SO42-7种常规阴离子在3.5min内分离完全,实现简单基质样品中常规阴离子的快速测定。     

Capillary Column Gas Chromatography of Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

Abstract

The methodologies are described for isolating clean fractions of polycyclic aromatic compounds from diverse environmental samples such as air particulate matter, sediments, and fish tissue. The common step in all procedures is the separation of the polycyclic aromatic compound fraction into well-defined chemical classes by adsorption chromatography on an alumina column. These procedures greatly facilitate the detailed characterization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur heterocycles, and nitrogen heterocycles by capillary column gas chromatography.     

Simple Analysis of Amphetamines in Human Whole Blood and Urine by Headspace Capillary Gas Chromatography with Large Volume Injection

Summary A very simple method for the analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human whole blood and urine by headspace gas chromatography (GC) has been presented. It neither needs solid-phase microextraction nor cryogenic trapping devices, but only a conventional capillary GC instrument with flame ionization detection (FID). The two special points to be mentioned in this method are the in-matrix derivatization of amphetamines for vaporization and the capability of injection of as large as 5 mL of the headspace vapor into a GC instrument in the splitless mode for sensitive detection. After heating a whole blood or urine sample containing amphetamines, -methylbenzylamine (internal standard, IS) and heptafluoro-n-butyryl chloride under alkaline conditions in a 7.0-mL vial at 90 °C for 20 min, 5 mL of the headspace vapor was drawn with a glass syringe and injected into the gas chromatograph. During injection the column was at 40 °C to trap the analytes, and then the oven temperature was programmed up to 320 °C. Sharp peaks were obtained for each analyte and IS, and only a relatively small number of background impurity peaks for the whole blood and urine samples. The detection limits for each amphetamine were estimated to be 0.1 g mL^–1 for whole blood and 0.03 g mL^–1 for urine. Precision and linearity were also tested to confirm the reliability. Methamphetamine and amphetamine could be determined from whole blood and urine obtained at autopsy in three methamphetamine poisoning cases. The identity of each peak appearing in the gas chromatograms was confirmed by GC/mass spectrometry.     

快速毛细管气相色谱用于香料混合物的分析

通过GC Method Translation软件转化分析条件,建立了快速毛细管GC分析香料混合物的方法,并将该方法用于甜橙油(植物精油)和烟用香精的分析。结果表明,在保持相同分离效果的前提下,香料混合物样品、甜橙油和烟用香精的分析时间分别由76 min,91 min和52 min缩短至6.87 min,8.62 min和4.95 min。     

Fast Capillary Gas Chromatography: Comparison of Different Approaches

Savings in analysis time in capillary GC have always been an important issue for chromatographers since the introduction of capillary columns by Golay in 1958. In laboratories where gas chromatographic techniques are routinely applied as an analytical technique, every reduction of analysis time, without significant loss of resolution, can be translated into a higher sample throughput and hence reduce the laboratory operating costs. In this contribution, three different approaches for obtaining fast GC separations are investigated. First, a narrow-bore column is used under conventional GC operating conditions. Secondly, the same narrow-bore column is used under typical fast GC conditions. Here, a high oven temperature programming rate is used. The third approach uses a recent new development in GC instrumentation: Flash-2D-GC. Here the column is placed inside a metal tube, which is resistively heated. With this system, a temperature programming rate of 100°/s is possible. The results obtained with each of these three approaches are compared with results obtained on a column with conventional dimensions. This comparison takes retention times as well as plate numbers and resolution into consideration.     

毛细管色谱直接进样法测定白酒中高碳脂肪酸乙酯的研究

介绍了采用ＦＦＡＰ键合毛细管柱直接进样测定白酒中５种高碳脂肪酸乙酯的方法，操作简捷，定量准确，检测限低达０４ｍｇ／Ｌ。用该法测定了各种香型近９０个白酒样品。改变色谱条件后，在一次直接进样分析中除能测定高碳脂肪酸乙酯外，而且还能对白酒中醇、酯、醛、酮以及有机酸等５２种香味组分进行定量测定，结果重现性良好。     

Pressure‐Tunable Dual‐Column Ensembles for High‐Speed GC and GC/MS

A series‐coupled ensemble of two capillary GC columns of different selectivity with an adjustable pressure at the column junction point is used to obtain tunable selectivity for high‐speed GC and GC/TOFMS. An electronic pressure controller with a 0.1‐psi step size is used to obtain numerous computer‐selected unique selectivities. System configurations for conventional, atmospheric‐pressure outlet operation with flame ionization detection and for vacuum‐outlet operation with photoionization detection are described for GC‐only experiments. Polydimethylsiloxane is used as the non‐polar column and polyethylene glycol (atmospheric outlet) or triflouropropylpolysiloxane (vacuum outlet) is used as the polar column. For GC/TOFMS experiments, 5% phenyl polydimethylsiloxane was used as the non‐polar column, and polyethylene glycol was used as the polar column. The time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer can acquire up to 500 complete mass spectra per second. Since spectral continuity is achieved across the entire chromatographic peak profile, severely overlapping peaks can be spectrally deconvoluted for high‐speed characterization of completely unknown mixtures. For mixture components with significantly different fragmentation patterns, spectral deconvolution can be achieved for chromatographic peak separations of as little as 6.0 ms. This can result is very large peak capacity for time compressed (not completely resolved) chromatograms. The use of columns with tunable selectivity allows for precise peak‐position control, which can result in more efficient utilization of available peak capacity and thus further time compression of chromatograms. The limits of tunability and deconvolution are tested for near co‐elutions of different classes of hydrocarbon compounds as well as for more multi‐functional mixtures.     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定食品中甜蜜素

应用毛细管柱气相色谱法测定了食品中甜蜜素。选择弱极性的DB-5型毛细管色谱柱(0.53mm×30m,1.0μm)作为分离柱,采用氢火焰离子化检测器。对固体样品的处理方法改用粉碎机打碎,并按样品的类别分别用水或经石油醚提取去脂后,再用水超声提取,离心分离并过滤后取其滤液供色谱分析。甜蜜素的质量浓度在0.01~1.0g·L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性相关,检出限(3S/N)为1ng。在3个浓度水平进行加标回收试验,回收率在90.9%~99.5%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.9%~6.8%之间。按此法测定了30个食品样品中甜蜜素的含量,所得测定值与欧盟标准方法(EN 12857)测定值相符。     

Solid‐phase Extraction Coupled Simple On‐line Derivatization Gas Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Benzophenone‐type UV Filters in Aqueous Samples

The rapid determination of three benzophenone‐type UV filters: 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐benzophenone (BP‐3), 2,4‐dihydroxybenzophenone (BP‐1) and 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐benzophenone (BP‐8), in aqueous samples is described. The method involved the extraction of an aqueous sample using an Oasis HLB solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, followed by on‐line derivatization gas chromatography ‐ tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) with a trimethylsilylating (TMS) reagent. This eco‐friendly, injection‐port derivatization method, is sensitive, rapid, and provides reproducible results for these hydroxylated benzophenones in aqueous samples. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were determined to be 1.0 to 2.5 ng/L for samples in 100 mL of water. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), proved to be less than 11% for both intra‐ and inter‐day analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction yield, was between 80 and 106%. The method was then applied to some environmental water samples, river water and samples of effluents from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), having the potential to contain BP‐3 and BP‐1.     

毛细管电泳大体积进样在柱复合富集技术

提出场放大进样和酸堆积结合的大体积样品复合富集方法,实现了毛细管电泳对高盐样品中阳离 子的有效富集和分离。向样液中添加70%(V/V)乙腈,场放大进样600s后,电动注入强酸做酸堆积,预富集 样品带用毛细管区带电泳分离仍能获得满意的分离度。此法的富集倍数约为常规电动进样的800倍。普萘 洛尔和美托洛尔的检出限分别达到1×10-4mg/L和7×10-4mg/L