Copolymerizations of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropene (HFP) were carried out in homogeneous phase with supercritical carbon dioxide up to complete VDF conversion using conventional peroxide initiators. The HFP monomer feed ratios, fHFP, were varied between 0.65 and 0.20. Depending on fHFP amorphous or semi‐crystalline copolymers were obtained. fHFP also determines the minimum pressure required to allow for homogeneous phase reactions. For example, HFP‐rich copolymerizations in 70 wt.‐% CO2 at 100 °C require a pressure of around 500 bar. Further, bulk copolymerizations in homogenous phase were feasible for fHFP = 0.65 at 900 bar up to complete VDF conversion. Copolymerizations in the presence of perfluorinated hexyl iodide carried out at 75 °C gave access to low dispersity polymers. Due to homogeneous phase conditions the use of any surfactants or fluorinated cosolvent is avoided.
A persistent perfluoroalkyl radical (PPFR), perfluoro‐3‐ethyl‐2,4‐dimethyl‐3‐pentyl, is shown to be a good source of •CF3 radicals and a useful radical capable of initiating the polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF). NMR characterizations of the resulting PVDF homopolymers showed that polymerization of VDF was exclusively initiated by •CF3 radicals. The addition of •CF3 radical onto VDF was regioselective leading to CF3‐CH2‐CF2‐PVDF and the CF3 end‐group acted as an efficient label to assess the molecular weights by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Various [PPFR]0/[VDF]0 initial molar ratios lead to CF3–PVDF–CF3 of different molecular weights. When that ratio decreased, both the molecular weights and the thermostability of these PVDFs increased, showing less defects of chaining and higher crystallinity. 相似文献
1.1.1.2 - Tetrafluoroethane was prepared from isomeric mixture of dichlorotetrafluoroethanes through selective hydrogenolysis of CF3 CCl2F catalyzed by Pd/C. The other isomer CClF2 CClF2 appeared more stable to hydrogenolysis and at most it was converted at a low degree to the monohydrogenated derivative CHF2CClF2.Influence of the three meaningful operating parameters was definided on the basis of a statistical testing program.The mathematical elaboration of the experimental data allowed to define some relations, by which it is possible to foresee conversion of CF3CCl2F, yield in CF3CH2F end concentration of reaction products, such as CF3CH3, CF3CH2F, CF3 CHClF end CClF2CHF2 versus the above reported operating parameters. 相似文献
1.1.1.2 - Tetrafluoroethane was prepared from isomeric mixtures of dichlorotetrafluoroethanes through selective hydrogenolysis of CF3CCl2F catalyzed by Pd/C. The other isomer CClF2CClF2 appeared more stable to hydrogenolysis and was only converted partially to the monohydrogenated derivative CHF2CClF2.The Influences of the three most important operating parameters were defined on the basis of a statistical, testing program.The mathematical elaboration of the experimental data allowed definition of the relationships by which it is possible to foresee conversion of CF3CCl2F, yield of CF3CH2F and concentration of reaction products, such as CF3CH3, CF3CH2F, CF3CHClF and CClF2CHF2 in terms of the above parameters. 相似文献
With eco-friendly and sustainable CO2-derived dimethyl carbonate as the sole solvent, the visible-light-induced cascade radical reactions have been established as a green and efficient tool for constructing various CHF2/CClF2/CBrF2-substituted ring-fused quinazolinones. 相似文献
The influence of electronic and steric effects on the reaction between CO2 and monoethanolamine (MEA) absorbents is investigated using computational methods. The pKa of the alkanolamine, the reaction enthalpy for carbamate formation, and the hydrolytic carbamate stability are important factors for the efficiency of CO2 capture. The steric and electronic effects of CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, F, dimethyl, difluoro, and bis(2‐trifluoromethyl) substituents at the α carbon of MEA on this reaction are investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP, M06‐2X, M08‐HX and M11‐L) and ab initio methods [spin component‐scaled second‐order Møller‐Plesset theory (SCS‐MP2), G3], each coupled with solvent models [conductor‐like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) and universal solvation models (SM8 and SMD)], are shown to yield accurately calculated pKa values of the substituted MEAs. Specifically, G3, SCS‐MP2, and M11‐L methods coupled with the SMD and SM8 solvation models perform well with a mean unsigned error (MUE) of only 0.15, 0.24 and 0.25 pKa units, respectively. SCS‐MP2 is used to calculate the reaction enthalpy for carbamate formation and the carbamate stability towards hydrolysis. With the introduction of β‐fluoro substituents (especially the CH2F moiety) the reaction enthalpy for the formation of carbamates can be fine‐tuned to be less exothermic than that using the unsubstituted MEA. This implies a reduced energy requirement for the solvent‐regeneration step in the post‐combustion carbon‐capture method, which is currently the energy‐limiting step in efficient CO2 capture. β‐Fluoro‐substituted MEAs are also shown to form less stable carbamates than MEA. Thus, β‐fluoro‐substituted MEAs display a great potential for the use in the post‐combustion carbon‐capture process. Finally, a clear correlation is observed between the gas‐phase basicity and the tendency to form carbamates. This allows for the rapid prediction of which species will be formed experimentally, and thus the CO2‐absorbing capacities of alkanolamines can be estimated. 相似文献
Alkene metathesis with directly fluorinated alkenes is challenging, limiting its application in the burgeoning field of fluoro‐organic chemistry. A new nickel tris(phosphite) fluoro(trifluoromethyl)carbene complex ([P3Ni]=CFCF3) reacts with CF2=CF2 (TFE) or CF2=CH2 (VDF) to yield both metallacyclobutane and perfluorocarbene metathesis products, [P3Ni]=CF2 and CR2=CFCF3 (R=F, H). The reaction of [P3Ni]=CFCF3 with trifluoroethylene also yields metathesis products, [P3Ni]=CF2 and cis/trans‐CFCF3=CFH. However, unlike reactions with TFE and VDF, this reaction forms metallacyclopropanes and fluoronickel alkenyl species, resulting presumably from instability of the expected metallacyclobutanes. DFT calculations and experimental evidence established that the observed metallacyclobutanes are not intermediates in the formation of the observed metathesis products, thus highlighting a novel variant of the Chauvin mechanism enabled by the disparate four‐coordinate transition states. 相似文献
The quantum mechanics (QM) method and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations are used to study the effect of lithium cation doping on the adsorption and separation of CO2, CH4, and H2 on a twofold interwoven metal–organic framework (MOF), Zn2(NDC)2(diPyNI) (NDC=2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate; diPyNI=N,N′‐di‐(4‐pyridyl)‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxydiimide). Second‐order Moller–Plesset (MP2) calculations on the (Li+–diPyNI) cluster model show that the energetically most favorable lithium binding site is above the pyridine ring side at a distance of 1.817 Å from the oxygen atom. The results reveal that the adsorption capacity of Zn2(NDC)2(diPyNI) for carbon dioxide is higher than those of hydrogen and methane at room temperature. Furthermore, GCMC simulations on the structures obtained from QM calculations predict that the Li+‐doped MOF has higher adsorption capacities than the nondoped MOF, especially at low pressures. In addition, the probability density distribution plots reveal that CO2, CH4, and H2 molecules accumulate close to the Li cation site. The selectivity results indicate that CO2/H2 selectivity values in Zn2(NDC)2(diPyNI) are higher than those of CO2/CH4. The selectivity of CO2 over CH4 on Li+‐doped Zn2(NDC)2(diPyNI) is improved relative to the nondoped MOF. 相似文献
The phase behavior of polypropylene (PP) in n-pentane and n-pentane/carbon dioxide solvent mixtures has been studied using a high-pressure variable volume view cell. Cloud point pressures for polypropylene (Mw=50,400) in near-critical n-pentane were studied at temperatures ranging from 432 to 470 K for polymer concentrations of 1 to 15 mass%. Furthermore, cloud point pressures for polypropylene (Mw=95,400) in near-critical n-pentane were studied at temperatures ranging from 450 to 465 K for polymer concentrations of 1 to 8 mass%. Cloud point pressures were also measured for PP (Mw=200,000, 3 mass%) in n-pentane at temperatures ranging from 450 K to 465 K. The cloud point pressures for PP (Mw=50,400) in n-pentane/CO2 mixtures were determined for PP concentrations of 3.0 mass% and 9.7 mass% with CO2 solvent concentrations ranging from 12.6 mass% to 42.0 mass% at temperatures ranging from 405 K to 450 K. All of the experimental cloud point isopleths were relatively linear with approximately the same positive slope indicating LCST behavior. The experimental cloud point pressures were relatively insensitive to the concentration and molecular weight of polypropylene. At a given temperature, the cloud point pressure of the PP/n-pentane/carbon dioxide system increased almost linearly with increasing carbon dioxide solvent concentration (for carbon dioxide concentrations less than 30 mass%). The Sanchez–Lacombe (SL) equation of state was used to model the experimental data. 相似文献
In this report, we focus our attention on the characterization of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol(TFE)/H2O mixtures and describe their intrinsic parameters; i.e., solvent acidity (SA), solvent basicity (SB), and solvent dipolarity/polarizability (SPP), by the probe/homomorph‐couple method for a range of mixtures from 0–100% (v/v) TFE. Variation of these parameters is not linear and has a singular and unpredictable behavior depending on the precise composition of the mixture. Based on these parameters, we describe the TFE‐induced changes in some physical properties; i.e., viscosity (η), partial molar volume (V?), density (ρ), dielectric constant (ε), vapor pressure (pv), and spectroscopic properties; i.e., NMR chemical shifts (δ(1H)) of TFE Me group for all molar fractions studied. In addition, by means of CD studies, we report that formation of the secondary structure, as percentage of helical content, θ, of a polypeptide, poly(L ‐lysine), in several TFE/H2O mixtures is adequately described by these mixture parameters. SA, SB, and SPP of TFE/H2O mixtures provide an excellent tool for the interpretation of formation and stability of intramolecular H‐bonds, and, thus, of secondary structures in polypeptides. 相似文献
Decomposition mechanism of HFC-134a, HFC-32, and CF4 in water plasmas at atmospheric pressure has been investigated. The decomposition efficiency of 99.9% can be obtained up
to 3.17 mol kWh−1 of the ratio of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) feed rate to the arc power and 1.89 mol kWh−1 of the ratio of perfluorocarbon (PFC) feed rate to the arc power. The species such as H2, CO, CO2, CH4, and CF4 were detected from the effluent gas of both PFC and HFC decomposition. However, CH2F2 and CHF3 were observed only in the case of HFC decomposition. The HFC and PFC decomposition generate CH2F, CHFx (x:1–2), and CFy (y:1–3) radicals, then those radicals were subsequently oxidized by oxygen, leading to CO and CO2 generation in the excess oxygen condition. However, when there is insufficient oxygen available, those radicals were easily
recombined with fluorine to form by-product such as CH2F2, CHF3, and CF4. 相似文献
Recently, Clyburne and co‐workers [Science, 2014 , 344, 75–78] reported the novel synthesis of the elusive cyanoformate anion, NCCO2?. The stability of this anion is dependent on the dielectric constant of the local environment (polarity‐switchable solvent): it is stable in low‐polarity media and unstable in high‐polarity solvents; hence, capturing and then releasing CO2. The possibility of extending such behaviour to other anions is explored herein. Specifically, the CO2 capture process is studied for 26 anions in the gas phase and 3 distinct solvents (water, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene) by using the polarisable continuum model. Calculations are performed with the M06‐2X and B3LYP‐D3 density functionals and the aug‐cc‐pVTZ basis set. The design of new CO2 complexes with the anion, which can be formed or destroyed on demand by changing the solvent, is possible; the results for the alkoxylate and thiolate anions are especially promising. The nature of the substituents connected to the atom that bonds to CO2 in the anion is crucial in modulating the relative stability of the products—a key point for reversibility in the CO2 capture process. A moderate interaction for the anion–CO2 adduct—about 10 kcal mol?1 relative free energy with respect to the isolated reactants in the gas phase—and a relevant effect in the dielectric constant of the local environment are also key ingredients to achieve solvent dependency. 相似文献