Theory of Gravitational-Inertial Field of Universe

In this paper the basic proposition is a generalization of the metric tensor by introduction of an inertial field tensor satisfying ?_ig_lm ? g_lm;i ≠ 0. On the basis of variational equations a system of more general covariant equations of gravitational-inertial field is obtained. In Einstein's approximation these equations reduce to the field equations of Einstein. The solution of fundamental problems of generl taheory of relativity by means of the new equations give the same results as Einstein's equations. However application of these equations to the cosmologic problem leads to following results: 1. All Galaxies in the Universe (actually all bodies if gravitational attraction is not considered) “disperse” from each other according to Hubble's law. Thus contrary to Friedmann's theory (according to which the “expansion of Universe” began from the singular state with an infinite velocity) the velocity of “dispersion” of bodies begins from the zero value and in the limit tends to the velocity of light. 2. The “dispertion” of bodies represents a free motion in the inertial field and Hubble's law represents a law of motion of free bodies in the inertial field - the law of inertia. All critical systems (with Schwarzschild radius) are specific because they exist in maximal inertial and gravitational potentials. The Universe represents a critical system, it exists under the Schwarzschild radius. In the high-potential inertial and gravitational fields the material mass in a static state or in the process of motion with decelleration is subject to an inertial and gravitational “annihilation”. Under the maximal value of inertial and gravitational potentials (= c²) the material mass is completely “evaporated” transforming into a radiation mass. The latter is concentrated in the “horizon” of the critical system. All critical systems –“black holes”- represent geon systems, i.e., the local formations of gravitational-electromagnetic radiations, held together by their own gravitational and inertial fields. The Universe, being a critical system, is “wrapped” in a geon crown. The Universe is in a state of dynamical equilibrium. Near the external part of its boundary surface a transformation of matter into electromagnetic-gravitational-neutrineal energy (geon mass) takes place. Inside the Universe, in the galaxies takes place the synthesis of matter from geon mass, penetrating from the external part of the world (from geon crown) by means of a tunneling mechanism. The geon system may be considered as a natural entire cybernetic system.     

Picosecond streak camera performance in studies of exciples formation dynamics

Kirchhoff's law has caused confusion in the discussion about the theoretical maximum work from radiation because it permits only infinitesimal or irreversible absorption. With the aid of an optical circulator, non-Kirchhoff behaviour is possible in principle which permits at the same time complete and reversible radiation absorption. The key to overcome Kirchhoff's law seems to be the magnetic field, a condition explicitly excluded by Kirchhoff. The work extracted in complete reversible conversion of radiation is calculated. The irreversibilities connected with the emission process are discussed.     

Theory of Gravitational-Inertial Field of Universe. II. On Critical Systems in Universe

Application of the equations of the gravitational-inertial field to the problem of free motion in the inertial field (to the cosmologic problem) leads to results according to which 1. all Galaxies in the Universe “disperse” from each other according to Hubble's law, 2. the “dispersion” of bodies represents a free motion in the inertial field and Hubble's law represents a law of motion of free body in the inertial field, 3. for arbitrary mean distribution densities of space masses different from zero the space is Lobachevskian. All critical systems (with Schwarzschild radius) are specific because they exist in maximalinertial and gravitational potentials. The Universe represents a critical system, it exists under the Schwarzschild radius. In high-potential inertial and gravitational fields the material mass in a static state or in motion with deceleration is subject to an inertial and gravitational “annihilation”. At the maximal value of inertial and gravitational potentials (= c²) the material mass is being completely “evaporated” transforming into radiation mass. The latter is being concentrated in the “horizon” of the critical system. All critical systems-black holes-represent geon systems, i.e. local formations of gravitational-electromagnetic radiations, held together by their own gravitational and inertial fields. The Universe, being a critical system, is “wrapped” in a geon crown.     

地表反照光对天基空间目标的成像影响

天基空间目标观测时, 在对空间目标的可见光特性提取的过程中, 随着其姿态的不断变化, 存在太阳光照射不到目标表面、或是在某一特定位置由于目标的强烈反射导致太阳光照度不均匀的情况. 针对这些问题, 分析了在可见光和近红外波段空间目标表面的光照特性, 提出了利用地表反照光作为天基空间目标成像辅助照明光源的思想, 给出了一种精确的建模方法. 基于漫反射模型建立了地表反照光在空间目标表面的照度计算方法, 借助satellite tool kit卫星工具软件获取太阳、目标的坐标, 省去了以往方法中烦琐的矩阵相乘和坐标转换过程; 对任意时刻的地表有效反照区域给出了判断, 引入对地球表面进行网格划分的方法, 对划分后的每一个面元均匀采样, 通过数值积分可计算出整个有效地表反照区域的地表反照辐射. 以某天基成像任务中的太阳同步轨道卫星为例, 就地表反照光对目标的光照情况进行仿真, 计算得出卫星在经过北极上空时可以利用地表反照光作为辅助光源这一重要结论. 仿真结果验证了建模方法的正确性.     

Infrared problem in QED and electric charge renormalization

The electric charge renormalization in quantum electrodynamics is discussed, by taking into account the fact that an “infrared dressing transformation” is needed to go from the local states occurring in the Green's functions, to the (physical) charged states which obey Gauss' law. Apparent difficulties discussed in the literature are resolved. The construction of physical multicharged states is discussed explicitly.     

Zur Greenschen Funktion optisch anisotroper Medien

Green's Function of Optically Anisotropic Media The time-fouriertransformed dyadic Green's function is calculated in the far-field-approximation for optically anisotropic media. To this end the time- and space-fouriertransformed Green's tensor-function is represented by dyadic products of the eigenvectors of the homogeneous Fresnel's equation, and the transformation back into space is done in the asymptotic limit by the stationary phase integration method. As an application the radiation field of an electric dipole in an optically anisotropic medium is evaluated. All results are discussed in the case of uniaxial crystals.     

纳米光学辐射传热:从热辐射增强理论到辐射制冷应用

热辐射作为一种无处不在的物理现象,对于科学研究和工程应用都具有重要意义.传统上对热辐射的理解主要是基于普朗克定律,它描述了物体通过辐射交换能量的能力.而近年来的研究表明,由于微纳光学材料在尺寸上远小于热辐射峰值波长,它们的热辐射性质往往很大程度上有别于传统黑体辐射理论所描述的宏观物体.更重要的是,微纳光学材料的热辐射性质可以通过改变它们的几何尺寸和微观构型进行定量的优化设计与精确调控.纳米光学材料与辐射制冷效应的结合,给热辐射效应在能源和环境等相关领域的应用提供了极具前景的应用价值.本文首先从热辐射的基本原理和规律出发,介绍纳米结构热辐射增强的发展进程和最新进展,包括二维材料间的近场热辐射机理以及尺寸效应导致的远场热辐射增强;其次,介绍了近年来纳米光学材料在辐射制冷应用中的重大进展,包括可以实现高效日间辐射制冷的各种纳米光学材料设计;最后,进一步介绍了日间辐射制冷的各种实际应用,包括建筑物制冷、冷凝水收集、舒适衣物与太阳能电池降温等.此外,展望了纳米光学材料的辐射制冷技术在推动荒漠生态环境的治理与改造方面的广阔未来.     

Beyond Einstein's radiation theory

Einstein's radiation mechanism is generalized to account for the possibility of population inversion by placing a nonlinear bound on the growth of an unstable perturbation. The nonstationary linear mechanism of relaxation to blackbody radiation below threshold is studied. The nonstationary photon distribution is the negative binomial distribution, and casting it as a law of error, for which the most probable value is the mean value, gives the expression for the statistical entropy. The second law yields a nonequilibrium generalization of Planck's radiation law. The nonlinear mechanism leading to the transformation from the negative binomial probability distribution, for chaotic light, to a Poisson probability distribution, for coherent light, is then analyzed. A criterion for lasing is given in terms of the chemical potential of radiation which is compared to the inequality for the transition from quantum to classical statistics.     

Investigation of gain effect of multi-band patch antenna based on composite rectangular SRRs

The paper focus on describing the important influence and physical law of the Split_Resonant_Rings (SRRs) based on Left Handed Material (LHM) on patch antennas. The FDTD method, together with FEM method is used to study the characteristics of patch antenna based on composite rectangular SRRs. A novel composite rectangular SRR system is formed by assembling the conventional patch antenna and SRRs, it is found that electromagnetic wave resonance occurs at several bands: GSM (880–960 MHz), DCS (1710–1881 MHz), and PCS (1850–1990 MHz). The electromagnetic wave's “tunnel effect” and evanescent waves’ enhancing effect are formed, which can improve the localization extent of electromagnetic wave's energy apparently, such effects can improve the antenna's radiation gain and its matching condition. The phenomenon indicates that such composite rectangular patch antennas are promising in wireless communications such as mobile phone, satellite communication and aviation.     

Underlying probability distributions of Planck's radiation law

The derivation of Planck's radiation law can be considered as a transformation of a thermodynamic relation for black-body radiation into a fundamental relation in which the error law is the negative binomial distribution. In both limiting frequency ranges it transforms into Poisson distributions; in the Wien limit, it is the distribution of the number of photons, whose most probable value is given by Boltzmann's expression, while in the Rayleigh-Jeans limit, it is the distribution of the number of Planck oscillators. In the general case, they are Bernoullian random variables. In the Rayleigh-Jeans limit, the probability of determining the number of oscillators in a given frequency interval for a fixed value of the energy can be inverted to determining the probability of the energy for a fixed number of oscillators. The probability density is that of the canonical ensemble.     

Conformal transformations and conformal invariance in gravitation

Conformal transformations are frequently used tools in order to study relations between various theories of gravity and Einstein's general relativity theory. In this paper we discuss the rules of these transformations for geometric quantities as well as for the matter energy‐momentum tensor. We show the subtlety of the matter energy‐momentum conservation law which refers to the fact that the conformal transformation “creates” an extra matter term composed of the conformal factor which enters the conservation law. In an extreme case of the flat original spacetime the matter is “created” due to work done by the conformal transformation to bend the spacetime which was originally flat. We discuss how to construct the conformally invariant gravity theories and also find the conformal transformation rules for the curvature invariants R², R_abR^ab, R_abcdR^abcd and the Gauss‐Bonnet invariant in a spacetime of an arbitrary dimension. Finally, we present the conformal transformation rules in the fashion of the duality transformations of the superstring theory. In such a case the transitions between conformal frames reduce to a simple change of the sign of a redefined conformal factor.     

Radiation of a charge moving over the diffraction grating

The states of a charged particle with a finite free path are determined in the field of a resonant electromagnetic wave. The exact resonance conditions, the modulation and beam instability mechanisms, the charge and current densities (Ohm's law) are obtained for the collisionless beam of resonance particles. Quantum theory of radiation is developed for the resonant adiabatic interaction between a particle and a wave taking into account the interaction with a constant magnetic field induced at the grating surface by the charge and nonresonant waves. The radiation power, the spectrum, and the range of generated frequencies are determined. The results obtained can be used in the plasma and solid-state theories and in electronics.     

Effective hamiltonians

Non-linear equations, generalizing those determining Bloch's transformation to an effective hamiltonian, are set up in a very simple way. It is shown how they immediately determine the results of Van Vleck, Bloch and Soliverez. Treating the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation as a special case of the Van Vleck transformation, sixth-order expressions are obtained by means of the non-linear equations. The transformations of Soliverez, Roussy and Kvasnicka are shown to be strictly identical—because they all have a simple property which is proven to be unique for that of Soliverez. Kvasnicka relates his transformation to that of Primas'. We shall see that it is also very closely related to that of Van Vleck's. A certain non-hermitian effective hamiltonian also given by Roussy is proven to be identical to that of Bloch's. Primas' level shift transformation gives an effective hamiltonian for each level in zeroth order. This effective hamiltonian is seen to be identical to that of Soliverez's up to and including third order—and to all orders if one makes a simple change in ‘normalization’. Computer treatment of finite matrices is discussed. The sixth-order Van Vleck hamiltonian recently given by Jørgensen and Pedersen in terms of commutators is derived in a more simple way.     

On acoustic radiation by a rigid object in a fluid flow

A problem of sound radiation by an absolutely rigid object, moving with respect to the surrounding fluid, is considered on the basis of the Lighthill's equation for aerodynamic sound. An integral representation of the radiated acoustic field is utilized, where the field is characterized as the sum of three fields, generated by a volume distribution of monopoles and by distributions of monopoles and dipoles on the surface of the rigid object. It is shown that, due to a discontinuity of Lighthill's stress tensor on the rigid boundary, a layer of surface divergence of hydrodynamic stresses on the boundary must be taken into account when evaluating the volume integral over Lighthill's quadrupole sources. When the contribution of the surface divergence is included in the solution of Lighthill's equation, amplitudes of the monopole and dipole sound radiated by the rigid object are shown to depend on the potential components of the normal velocity and the pressure on the rigid surface. The obtained solution is compared with Curle's solution for this problem, which establishes that the sound radiation by a rigid object is determined by the force exerted by the object upon the fluid. Both solutions are applied to two known problems of sound scattering and radiation by a rigid sphere in variable pressure and velocity fields. It is shown that predictions based on the obtained solution are equivalent to the results known from literature, whereas Curle's solution gives predictions contradicting the known results. It is also shown that the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation, which coincides with Curle's equation for an immoveable rigid object, does not lead to the correct predictions as well.     

Free convection flow of nanofluid over infinite vertical plate with damped thermal flux

In this article, the unsteady free convection flow and heat transfer of nanofluid past over an infinite vertical plate is considered. The fractional generalized Fourier's law with Caputo time derivatives with power-law model to describe the influence of memory on the nanofluid behavior. The analytical solutions for dimensionless temperature and velocity fields and dimensionless thermal flux are obtained by means of Laplace transformation. The fluid is water based nanofluid containing nanoparticles of CuO or Ag. The effects of fractional and physical parameters are discussed graphically.     

Theory of Gravitational-Inertial Field of Universe. III. The Structure of Critical Systems

Application of gravitational-inertial field equations to all critical systems, including the Universe, results in conclusion that Hubble's law represents a general law for all critical systems. According to it, inside the critical systems in the absence (or under neglection) of local fields, each material point serves as a center of “dispersion” of bodies. Because of this principle and because of the phenomenon of gravitational and inertial annihilation of mass, all the mass becomes concentrated with time on a surface of horizon of events in form of electromagnetic-gravitational radiation-the geon mass. It means that critical systems are actually geon crowns. On basis of these results a conclusion is also made that the quasistellar objects should be just such kind of objects which are in a zone of intensive “combustion” of mass.     

Large numbers hypothesis. II. Electromagnetic radiation

This paper develops the theory of electromagnetic radiation in the units covariant formalism incorporating Dirac's large numbers hypothesis (LNH). A direct field-to-particle technique is used to obtain the photon propagation equation which explicitly involves the photon replication rate. This replication rate is fixed uniquely by requiring that the form of a free-photon distribution function be preserved, as required by the 2.7 K cosmic radiation. One finds that with this particular photon replication rate the units covariant formalism developed in Paper I actually predicts that the ratio of photon number to proton number in the Universe varies ast ^1/4 precisely in accord with LNH. The cosmological red-shift law is also derived and it is shown to differ considerably from the standard form ofνR = const.     

Leaky-ray theory of optical waveguides of circular cross section

The methods and most important results required to study light transmission within optical waveguides are given. Only those techniques that are simple and that lead to concise analytic expressions are presented. Special emphasis is given to the importance of leaky modes on the fiber of circular cross section and to the use of rays for the analysis of multimode fibers. It is shown thatunlike the slab, the radiation field within the circular fiber propagates for enormous distances. Both coherent and incoherent illumination are treated.Radiation loss and mode conversion due to scattering from irregularities are found by a method much simpler than coupled mode theory. A generalized Fresnel's law is presented to account for radiation loss due to boundary curvature. This loss is shown to be caused by electromagnetic tunnelling.     

Electromagnetic Field Theory Without Divergence Problems 2. A Least Invasively Quantized Theory

Classical electrodynamics based on the Maxwell–Born–Infeld field equations coupled with a Hamilton–Jacobi law of point charge motion is partially quantized. The Hamilton–Jacobi phase function is supplemented by a dynamical amplitude field on configuration space. Both together combine into a single complex wave function satisfying a relativistic Klein–Gordon equation that is self-consistently coupled to the evolution equations for the point charges and the electromagnetic fields. Radiation-free stationary states exist. The hydrogen spectrum is discussed in some detail. Upper bounds for Born's “aether constant” are obtained. In the limit of small velocities of and negligible radiation from the point charges, the model reduces to Schrödinger's equation with Coulomb Hamiltonian, coupled with the de Broglie–Bohm guiding equation.