Synthesis and aggregation stability of europium oxohydroxide hydrosols

Europium oxohydroxide hydrosols that are resistant to aggregation have been obtained by the condensation method. The density of dispersed phase particles, phase composition and dispersity of the sols, electrokinetic potential of the particles, and its dependence on medium pH have been determined. The effect of dispersion medium pH on the mechanism and reversibility of particle aggregation has been studied. The nature of the aggregation stability of the synthesized europium oxohydroxide hydrosols has been discussed.     

Colloidal properties of CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript> hydrosols

CeO₂-ZrO₂ hydrosols are synthesized and the size, shape, phase composition, density, and electrophoretic mobility of particles are studied. The pH ranges of the stability of hydrosols and the thresholds of their fast coagulation in the presence of some electrolytes are determined. The nature of the aggregation stability of CeO₂-ZrO₂ hydrosols is discussed.     

苯乙烯丙烯酸共聚物分散剂在氟铃脲颗粒界面的吸附性能

利用残余质量浓度法、ζ电位测定、红外光谱和XPS法系统地研究了苯乙烯丙烯酸共聚物(MOTAS)分散剂在氟铃脲颗粒界面的吸附量、吸附状态、ζ电位、吸附作用力和吸附层厚度等性能. 实验结果表明, MOTAS分散剂在氟铃脲界面的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式, 其饱和吸附量和吸附平衡常数k、ζ电位和吸附层厚度均随MOTAS分散剂相对分子量增加而增大, MOTAS分散剂在氟铃脲界面呈多点吸附, 氢键是分散剂分子与氟铃脲界面结合的重要作用力. 分析实验结果发现, MOTAS分散剂在氟铃脲颗粒界面吸附后具有静电排斥和空间位阻双重作用.     

Dispersion stability of a ceramic glaze achieved through ionic surfactant adsorption

The adsorption of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) onto a ceramic glaze mixture composed of limestone, feldspar, quartz, and kaolin has been investigated. Both adsorption isotherms and the average particle zeta potential have been studied in order to understand the suspension stability as a function of pH, ionic strength, and surfactant concentration. The adsorption of small amounts of cationic CPC onto the primarily negatively charged surfaces of the particles at pH 7 and 9 results in strong attraction and flocculation due to hydrophobic interactions. At higher surfactant concentrations a zeta potential of more than +60 mV results from the bilayered adsorbed surfactant, providing stability at salt concentrations < or = 0.01 M. At 0.1 M salt poor stability results despite substantial zeta potential values. Three mechanisms for SDBS adsorption have been identified. When anionic SDBS monomers either adsorb by electrostatic interactions with the few positive surface sites at high pH or adsorb onto like charged negative surface sites due to dispersion or hydrophobic interactions, the magnitude of the negative zeta potential increases slightly. At pH 9 this increase is enough to promote stability with an average zeta potential of more than -55 mV, whereas at pH 7 the zeta potential is lower at about -45 mV. The stability of suspensions at pH 7 is additionally due to steric repulsion caused by the adsorption of thick layers of neutrally charged Ca(DBS)2 complexes created when the surfactant interacts with dissolved calcium ions from the calcium carbonate component.     

The effect of adsorbed carboxymethyl cellulose on the cotton fibre adsorption capacity for surfactant

The research reported in this paper demonstrates that the capacity of cotton fibres to adsorb cationic surfactants as well as the rate of the adsorption process can be increased by adsorbing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) onto the fibre surfaces; in addition, the adsorption can be restricted to the fibre surface. CMC was deposited by means of adsorption from an aqueous solution. The adsorption of N-cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) from an aqueous solution onto the CMC-modified fibres was measured using UV-spectrometric determination of the surfactant concentration in the solution. Adsorption onto the cotton fibres was studied in a weakly basic environment (pH 8.5) where cotton fibres are negatively charged and the CPC ion is positively charged. Modification of the fibres by adsorption of CMC introduces new carboxyl groups onto the fibre surfaces, thereby increasing the adsorption capacity of the fibres for CPC. The initial rate of adsorption of CPC increased proportionally with the amount of charge; however, this rate slowed down at high degrees of coverage on fibres with a high charge. The adsorption of cationic surfactant to the anionic surface groups was stoichiometric, with no indication of multilayer or admicelle formation. It was evident that the acidic group content of the fibres was the primary factor determining cationic surfactant adsorption to these fibres.     

Aggregation stability of a positively charged γ-Al2O3 sol prepared from an air-dry nanopowder

Photometric data on the aggregation stability of Al₂O₃ hydrosols prepared from Aeroxide Alu C nanopowder in NaCl solutions at pH 4.5 and 5.5 have been discussed within the framework of the generalized Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. Analysis of the pair interaction potentials in an ensemble of particles of a sol primordially containing both primary nanoparticles and their aggregates has led to the conclusion that the coagulation proceeds via the barrierless mechanism in the secondary potential minimum.     

Interaction of PLGA nanoparticles with human blood constituents

When nanoparticles are injected into the blood for drug delivery or drug detoxification, detrimental interaction of these particles with blood constituents must be avoided. In previous studies, the adsorption of albumin immunoglobulin G, and fibrinogen from blood plasma to a model hydrophobic polymer like polystyrene was investigated as was decreasing surface hydrophobicity, which quantitatively leads to decreasing amounts of adsorbed proteins on latex particles. However, the uptake of other blood constituents, such as inorganic blood electrolytes, by particles and the dispersion/coagulation characteristics of these particles in the blood stream have not been fully studied. Most importantly, the effect s of these particles on blood coagulation and hemolysis are not well known. In the present study, the poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid(PLGA) nanoparticles were synthesized by using nanoprecipitation. The uptake of blood electrolytes from simulated blood fluid (SBF) and the stability (dispersion/aggregation) of nanoparticles in SBF was examined by using different loading amounts of PLGA and different contact time between PLGA nanoparticles and SBF. The interaction of particles with the organic components of blood was also studied by using the measurement of red blood cell hemolysis and blood clotting with raw PLGA, surfactant modified PLGA, and PEGylated PLGA.     

Fe~(2+)/H_2O_2对脲醛树脂胶ζ电位及其稳定性的影响

采用胶体化学的方法对Fe2+/H2O2影响脲醛树脂(UF)胶ζ电位及其稳定性的因素进行了研究。结果表明,在pH=8.0时,脲醛树脂胶粒的ζ电位平均值约-32.5mV,粒子带负电,并以单分散形式存在。随着Fe2+离子或H2O2加入量的增加,脲醛树脂胶ζ电位的绝对值迅速减小,从而使胶粒间排斥势垒降低,胶粒发生聚集,体系粘度随之增大并最终产生凝胶。其中,Fe2+离子对脲醛树脂胶粒的ζ电位和粘度η变化的影响幅度比H2O2更为明显。pH值对胶体稳定性的影响主要表现在,pH值约为9时,体系具有最大的ζ电位,除此之外,pH值增大或减小ζ电位的绝对值均迅速减小,其中pH9时ζ电位的绝对值下降幅度更为明显。采用胶体的双电层理论对Fe2+/H2O2影响脲醛树脂胶稳定性的机理进行了探讨。     

A model for the cooperative adsorption of surfactant mixtures on solid surfaces

Adsorption of surfactant mixtures on solids is of considerable theoretical and practical importance. In this study, cooperative adsorption of surfactant mixtures of nonyl phenol ethoxylated decyl ether (NP-10) and n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside (DM) on silica and alumina has been investigated as a function of the distribution of individual surfactants between solution and solid surface. In the mixed adsorption process, DM is identified to be the "active" adsorbing component and NP is the "passive" co-adsorbing one in the process of adsorption on alumina, while their roles are reversed on silica. A modified model has been proposed to quantify the adsorption behavior of surfactant mixtures and to obtain information in terms of aggregation number and standard free energy for surface aggregation. This model is the first model applied to the aggregation of the surfactant mixture at the solid/solution interfaces.     

Concentration-dependent surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering of a porphyrin derivative adsorbed on colloidal silver particles

Surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-decylpyridium-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphintetrabromide or Por 10 (H(2)Tdpyp) adsorbed on silver hydrosols are compared with the FTIR and resonance Raman spectrum (RRS) in the bulk and in solution. Comparative analysis of the RR and the FTIR spectra indicate that the molecule, in its free state, has D(2h) symmetry rather than C(2v). The SERS spectra, obtained on adsorption of this molecule on borohydride-reduced silver sol, indicate the formation of silver porphyrin. With the change in the adsorbate concentration, the SERS shows that the molecule changes its orientation on the colloidal silver surface. The appearance of longer wavelength band in the electronic absorption spectra of the sol has been attributed to the coagulation of colloidal silver particles in the sol. The long wavelength band is found to be red-shifted with the decrease in adsorbate concentration. The excitation profile study indicates that the resonance of the Raman excitation radiation with the original sol band is more important than that with the new aggregation band for the SERS activity. This indicates a large contribution of electromagnetic effect to surface enhancement.     

Synthesis and Some Properties of Sols Prepared by Hydrolysis of Lanthanum Nitrate

The procedure for synthesis of hydrosols by hydrolysis of lanthanum nitrate was developed. The range of pH values was established corresponding to the maximum aggregation stability of sols. The photon-correlation spectroscopy was applied to determine the average hydrodynamic radius of sol particles, equal to 50 nm. The thresholds of fast coagulation of sol in the presence of sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate were determined.     

Experimental study of electrostatically stabilized colloidal particles: colloidal stability and charge reversal

We consider the interaction of colloidal spheres in the presence of mono-, di-, and trivalent ions. The colloids are stabilized by electrostatic repulsion due to surface charges. The repulsive part of the interaction potential Ψ(d) is deduced from precise measurements of the rate of slow coagulation. These "microsurface potential measurements" allow us to determine a weak repulsion in which Ψ(d) is of the order of a few k(B)T. These data are compared to ζ potential measured under similar conditions. At higher concentrations both di- and trivalent counterions accumulate at the very proximity of the particle surface leading to charge reversal. The salt concentration c(cr) at which charge reversal occurs is found to be always above the critical coagulation concentration c(ccc). The analysis of Ψ(d) and of the ζ potential demonstrates, however, that adsorption of multivalent counterions starts far below c(cr). Hence, colloid stability in the presence of di- and trivalent ions cannot be described in terms of a DLVO ansatz assuming a surface charge that is constant with regard to the ionic strength.     

Stability of tungsten(VI) oxide dispersions in electrolyte solutions

The aggregation stability of tungsten oxide hydrosols is studied by the photometric and electrooptical methods. Coagulation thresholds determined in solutions of 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 3 : 1 electrolytes obey the Schulze-Hardy rule. The coagulation is shown to occur by the barrier mechanism predominantly through adhering of small particles to large ones without considerable changes in the sizes of the latter.     

Stability of silicon and titanium carbide suspensions in electrolyte, poly(ethylene oxide), and PEO-surfactant solutions

It has been shown that the coagulation values of counterions for SiC and TiC suspensions with particle radius from 0.5 to 5 microm obey a z(2.5-3.5) law and there is an insufficient change in the critical concentration of 1-1 electrolytes (CCE) when the surface potential of particles increases more than two times. Also, the CCE values hardly depend on the position of counterions in the lyotropic sequence. This is explained by aggregation of SiC and TiC particles at a secondary minimum, which is proved by calculations of the potential curves of interparticle interactions using the DLVO theory. The adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide) on the surfaces studied does not cause--in contradiction to dispersions with smaller particles--an unlimited growth in the stability of suspensions. This is due to the aggregation of large particles with adsorbed PEO, as in polymer-free dispersions, under barrierless conditions in which the coordinates of the secondary minimum are determined by superposition of molecular attractive forces and steric repulsive forces of adsorbed polymeric chains, without a contribution from the electric repulsion term. PEO-anionic surfactant complexes possess higher stabilizing capacity compared to the individual components of the mixture. Our results show that the adsorbed polymer layers may hinder the aggregation both in the primary and in the secondary minimum for not very large particles only, the critical size of which depends on the dispersed phase nature and the molecular mass of the polymer.     

Synthesis of hydrosols of oxygen-containing cobalt compounds

A procedure is developed for the synthesis of hydrosols of oxygen-containing cobalt compounds. The hydrosols are stable to aggregation for several weeks in the absence of additional stabilizers. It is established that the synthesized hydrosols contain crystalline particles formed from a mixture of CoO(OH) and Co₃O₄. According to transmission electron microscopy data, the most probable diameter of the particles is about 30 nm. The hydrosols are stable to aggregation at pH 6.2?C8.0. In this pH range, the particles are positively charged and the values of their electrokinetic potential are no higher than 10 mV.     

Synthesis and Some Colloidal Properties of Hydrosols Prepared by the Hydrolysis of Copper(II) Nitrate

The synthesis of hydrosols of copper(II) basic salts by the hydrolysis of copper(II) nitrate in the presence of ammonia was developed. A pH range and an optimal molar ratio [Cu²⁺] : [OH^–] = 1.1 : 1.0, at which hydrosols stable with respect to sedimentation were formed, were determined. The average hydrodynamic radius of dispersed phase particles ranging from 220 to 280 nm was measured by the photon correlation spectroscopy. It was shown that the hydrosols can be stabilized by poly(vinyl alcohol), and its optimal concentration providing their aggregation stability was determined. The thresholds of fast coagulation of the initial and stabilized hydrosols in the presence of potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate were found.     

pH dependence of adsorption of n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside on solids

Adsorption of surfactants on solids plays an important role in industrial operations such as separation, lubrication, flotation, dispersion, chemical mechanical polishing, and enhanced oil recovery. In this work, adsorption of a typical biodegradable nonionic surfactant, n-dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside, on solids was studied to explore its potential applications. Even though it is a nonionic surfactant, significant pH-dependence was revealed for the adsorption on alumina in the range from pH 4 to 7. The adsorption density was found to be proportional to the concentration of surface AlOH group among Al(OH(2))(+) and AlO(-) groups. The equilibriums among the surface species are governed by pH through surface ionization reactions. The surface AlOH group evidently determines the formation of hydrogen bonding between the surfactant molecules and the solid surface and thus the adsorption. Similar correlation was also found in the case of hematite. The results help to understand the mechanism of adsorption of sugar-based surfactant on solids.     

Electrokinetic behavior and colloidal stability of polystyrene latex coated with ionic surfactants

This work is focused on analyzing the electrokinetic behavior and colloidal stability of latex dispersions having different amounts of adsorbed ionic surfactants. The effects of the surface charge sign and value, and the type of ionic surfactant were examined. The analysis of the electrophoretic mobility (mu(e)) versus the electrolyte concentration up to really high amounts of salt, much higher than in usual studies, supports the colloidal stability results. In addition, useful information to understand the adsorption isotherms was obtained by studying mu(e) versus the amount of the adsorbed surfactant. Aggregation studies were carried out using a low-angle light scattering technique. The critical coagulation concentrations (ccc) of the particles were obtained for different surfactant coverage. For latex particles covered by ionic surfactants, the electrostatic repulsion was, in general, the main contribution to the colloidal stability of the system; however, steric effects played an important role in some cases. For latices with not very high colloidal stability, the adsorption of ionic surfactants always improved the colloidal stability of the dispersion above certain coverage, independently of the sign of both, latex and surfactant charge. This was in agreement with higher mobility values. Several theoretical models have been applied to the electrophoretic mobility data in order to obtain different interfacial properties of the complexes (i.e., zeta potential and density charge of the surface charged layer).     

表面活性剂和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮在ZrO2上的吸附对其悬浮体稳定性的影响

研究了水溶液中十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＳＤＢＳ）、溴代十四烷基吡啶（ＴＰＢ）和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（ＰＶＰ）在ＺｒＯ２上的吸附及对ＺｒＯ２水悬浮体稳定性的影响。结果表明：ｐＨ＝２．４时ＳＤＢＳ在ＺｒＯ２上的吸附等湿线为ＬＳ型，ｐＨ＝７．０时ＴＰＢ的吸附等温线为Ｓ型，吸附等温线与ＺｒＯ２粒子ζ电势变化同线有大体一致的关系。在最大吸附量时ＺｒＯ２粒子ζ电势较大，且吸附的表面活性剂离子形成大部分亲水基朝向水相的表面