并联双阀双向进气单级脉管制冷机研究

并联双阀双向进气模式是采用了两个并联排列、箭头指示方向相反的阀门来替代单一阀门的双向进气模式,可对脉管制冷中的直流进行有效控制,是使脉管制冷机单级情况下达到低于20 K温区的有效手段。本文介绍了一台自行研制的采用并联双阀双向进气模式的单级脉管制冷机,该制冷机在6 kw压缩机的驱动下可获得19．6 K的无负荷制冷温度, 在39．2 K时有20．1 W的制冷量,同时给出了并联双阀和频率等参数对脉管制冷机性能的影响。     

小孔型脉管制冷机的二维数值研究

本文建立了小孔型脉管制冷机的物理和数学模型,开发了描述小孔型脉管制冷机内二维可压缩交变流动与传热耦合计算的模拟程序,并对制冷机内的流场和温度场特性及其他一些重要的热力参数进行了详细的分析.通过对小孔型脉管制冷机的数值分析,直观地刻画了脉管制冷机内的工作过程和复杂流动现象,如二次质量流动和速度环形效应等.另外还得到了最佳小孔阀半径,对所研究的小孔型脉管制冷机,最佳小孔阀半径约为0.3 mm,当小孔阀开度为此最佳值时,制冷机的制冷量最大.     

大冷量斯特林脉管制冷机中的损失

介绍了高温超导中使用的斯特林型大冷量脉管制冷机的发展,分析了大冷量脉管制冷机回热器和脉管中损失产生的机理,并对实验中针对降低大冷量脉管制冷机损失的方法进行了总结。建立合理的数学模型,通过计算机仿真深入研究回热器和脉管中损失,进行精细化的改进设计成为发展大冷量脉管制冷机所面临的重要挑战。     

脉管制冷机内流场与温度场的时空特性

为了进一步探究脉管制冷机内部流场与温度场的复杂时空特性,采用数值模拟方法,详细研究和分析了基本型、小孔型和双向进气型脉管制冷机的关键部件—回热器和脉管组件内流场与温度场的时空变化持性,得到了相应的时空分布图,有助于直观地理解回热器与脉管组件内热力参数的动态变化情况。与此同时,通过分析小孔阀和双向进气阀对脉管冷热端温度波动的影响规律,进一步指出:小孔阀和双向进气阀均会导致脉管冷热端的温度波动,且小孔阀造成的温度波动幅度要大于双向进气结构,因此,小孔阀是导致脉管冷热端温度不规则变化的主要因素。     

U型脉管制冷机冷头连接管的实验研究

设计了一台U型脉冲管制冷机,并对直线连接管和U型连接管两种不同的冷头连接管进行了实验研究。对冷头连接管与脉管之间的各种导流结构进行比较,找到了最佳的导流方式,并在此基础之上,研究了连接管管径对制冷机制冷性能的影响。结果表明,存在一个连接管最佳直径使得U型脉管制冷机获得最高的制冷效率;U型连接管相比较直线连接管会引起弯管损失,当输入声功越大时,损失越大;本实验中,最佳的U型脉管制冷机性能相对直线型脉管制冷机情况下降了18%。     

温度回路-小孔脉管制冷中的新现象

一台可工作在双向进气模式和小孔模式下的单级脉管制冷机,当双向进气方式采用并联双阀双向进气时,最低制冷温度为19.3K,50K以下的制冷量变化约为2W/K;当双向进气阀门关闭时,制冷机就工作在小孔模式下,最近的研究工作发现,当制冷机工作在小孔模式下时出现了一个新的现象-脉管冷端温度存在温度回路,该特点与脉管冷端的热负荷及小孔开度的调节方法有关,该现象的发现对于理解双向进气模式下温度不稳定问题提供了一个新的思路。     

室温推移活塞脉管热机的四种运行模式

脉管制冷机可看作是是斯特林制冷机的变种,带室温推移活塞的脉管制冷机是一种可逆脉管制冷机,与斯特林制冷机一样可工作于四种模式。本文采用数值分析的方法阐述了脉管热机的四种工作模式,即热发动机,热泵,制冷机和冷发动机。     

渐缩型锥形脉管制冷机的二维数值研究

本文开发了二维可压缩交变流动的SIMPLEC计算程序,对渐缩型锥形脉管制冷机进行了二维数值研究,研究了锥度对脉管制冷机性能的影响。数值计算结果表明,对渐缩型锥形脉管,存在一最佳锥度,此时的制冷效果最好,当锥度大于最佳锥度时,制冷效果反而变差。另外本文还从脉管内流场的分布及二次流的角度揭示了锥形脉管能提高制冷机性能的原因及内在机理。一定锥度下的锥形脉管不但可以改变脉管内二次流的大小,还改变了脉管内二次流的分布情况,使脉管冷热端的二次流分布变得不均匀。这是一定锥度下的锥形脉管可以改善脉管制冷机制冷效果的主要原因。     

液氦温区回热器高频损失特性研究

回热器是回热式低温制冷机的核心部件,如何有效地减小回热器中的损失是提高脉管制冷机性能的关键。在不同的温区以及不同工况下,回热器中的主导损失是不一样的。随着温度的不断下降(尤其是20 K温区以下),实际气体损失所占的比例越来越大。本文基于回热器数值模拟程序REGEN3.3着重研究了液氨温区回热器在高频下的各种损失特性,并指出了减小各种损失的方向。基于一台带预冷的4 K斯特林型脉管制冷机,开展了液氨温区高频脉管制冷机回热特性的实验研究。     

脉管制冷机整机的数值优化分析

在1-2混合模型的基础上,对小孔型和双向进气型脉管制冷机的性能及其内部流场的演化过程进行了数值分析.结果发现,膨胀过程中脉管内会出现气体分流现象,而压缩过程中脉管内会出现气体集合现象,分流界面和集合界面的速度均为零,统称为零界面;在一个周期内,零界面会从脉管一端向另一端移动,称其为零界面效应.零界面效应是制冷机性能提高的重要因素,一个周期内零界面存在的时间越长,制冷机性能越好.在模拟结果的基础上,对零界面效应存在的原因进行了机理性分析,发现小孔阀的引入是脉管中产生零界面的原因,而双向进气阀的引入可以进一步强化零界面效应.小孔型脉管制冷机中零界面存在的时间约为1/6周期,双向进气型脉管制冷机中零界面存在的时间约为1/2周期.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.