轴对称磁透镜设计

以中国科学院近代物理研究所正在研制的轴对称磁透镜为例,设计了两种结构的轴对称磁透镜:带屏蔽铁壳的螺线管透镜和极靴形状为锥形的Glaser透镜。带屏蔽铁壳的螺线管透镜产生的轴对称磁场比较均匀,而极靴形状为锥形的Glaser透镜产生的轴对称磁场比较集中。分别采用了两种物理模型计算磁场,同时应用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行数值模拟,最后从物理和工程角度对这两种透镜作了全面比较,得出带屏蔽铁壳的螺线管透镜结构更符合设计要求。     

Cc,Cs, and parasitic correction in quadrupole probe-forming lenses

Approximate expressions are derived for the second and third order aberrations of a quadrupole doublet, allowing for aberrations intrinsic to fields of perfect symmetry, for parasitic aberrations of imperfect symmetry, and for compensating multipole lenses. Five third-order coefficients are found, and expressed in terms of four octopole strengths and the first-order parameters of the doublet as determined by its dimensions. For compensation of third-order aberrations of achromatic quadrupole/octopole lenses, either skew octopole lenses are required externally, or lenses with more than 8 poles are required coincident with the quadrupoles. If an octopole lens is added between the quadrupoles of the achromatic doublet, the spherical aberration of a condenser lens may be compensated. Such a Cs and Cc compensated quadrupole doublet is suitable for use as a probe-forming lens in focused ion beam systems and ion microscopes.     

Experimental demonstration of free-space optical vortex transmutation with polygonal lenses

Vortex transmutation was predicted to take place when vortices interact with systems possessing discrete rotational symmetries of finite order [Phys. Rev. Lett.95, 123901 (2005)]. Here we report what is believed to be the first experimental demonstration of vortex transmutation. We show that in free space, by simply inserting polygonal lenses into the optical path, the central vorticity of a coaxially incident optical vortex can be changed following the modular transmutation rule. We generate the wavefront at the exit face of the lenses with computer generated holograms and measure the output vorticity using the interference patterns at the focal plane. The results agree well with theoretical predictions.     

双板电极结构X射线变像管数值模拟

对条纹相机所使用的一种具有双板电极结构的变像管(Bilamellar)进行了研究,这种变像管使用平板状电极和电四极透镜等设计,改善了传统轴对称结构变像管存在的不足。通过仿真模拟的方法建立了Bilamellar变像管的工作模型,对其结构构成、工作模式、成像特点等性能作出了分析评估。计算结果表明:根据这一思想设计的变像管结构可以更有效地控制空间电荷效应,并提高时间、空间分辨能力。     

非圆化磨耗激励下高速列车转向架区域噪声边频带产生机理及影响

该文通过对车辆噪声和车轮非圆化磨耗开展跟踪测试和分析,发现存在车轮非圆化磨耗的列车在运行过程中,其转向架区域噪声窄带频谱上会出现了以非圆化磨耗激励频率为中心,以过轨枕频率为间隔等间距分布的噪声峰值(即噪声边频带).这使得车轮非圆化磨耗不仅会影响其激励频率处的列车轨道结构的振动和噪声,还会对其他频段的噪声产生重要影响.为...     

Analytic design of multiple-axis, multifocal diffractive lenses

In this Letter, we introduce an analytic procedure for designing diffractive lenses using the combination of wavefronts aberrated by Zernike polynomials. We show how to design amplitude-only, phase-only, continuous, and binary lenses providing equivalent results. As an example we apply it to the design of a multiple-axis, multifocal lens. The number of foci and their positions can be easily controlled. Theoretical predictions have been experimentally confirmed. The main advantage of this procedure is that, because it is simple and intuitive, it can be used successfully for the design of complex lenses.     

An inverse design approach for magnetic lenses operated under infinite magnification condition

A theoretical-computational investigation has been carried out to describe a synthesis optimization procedure of asymmetrical magnetic lenses with the aid of numerical analysis methods. Where a certain mathematical form for the electron beam is proposed to be a target function. This function has several optimization parameters where the influence of each of them, when the other ones kept fixed, is investigated. Results have clearly shown that some of the optimization parameters have a considerable effect on the first order properties, third order aberrations and the reconstructed polepieces. While the others have no significant influence on these physical and geometrical properties. Furthermore, the results obviously show that there is an excellent ability for producing a conventional magnetic field for the double polepieces lenses.     

Exact class of inverse scattering solutions

After presenting a procedure for finding exact solutions to the Gelfand-Levitan equation for inverse scattering, we present explicit solutions for 3- to 6-pole reflection coefficients. The method is applicable to an arbitrarily large number of poles. Here we give the first explicit treatment of 4, 5, and 6 poles.     

Alteration of the profile of ink-jet-deposited UV-cured lenses using applied electric fields

Microlens arrays and microoptical components in general are integral components in a wide range of high-tech products. The ability to fabricate such elements cheaply and with a high degree of accuracy is vital for the development of the next generation of optics-based technologies. There are currently a wide range of microoptical element fabrication technologies. These techniques all have advantages and disadvantages and no one technique is yet sufficient to meet all possible application criteria. One method that has been examined recently is the ink-jet deposition method. This method applies well-established ink-jet printer technology and is thus one possible candidate for large-scale fabrication of inexpensive components. The lenses fabricated using this method are normally found to have spherical profiles. In this paper, we examine the possibility of modifying the profile of these spherical lenses using an applied electric field (E-field). We note that the resulting aspheric lenses have a wide number of applications. These include beam shaping and power transfer applications including fiber coupling. In this paper we describe initial experiments involving single lenses. The single lenses produced using applied E-Fields differ significantly from lenses produced with no applied E-field.     

On the chromatic aberration of magnetic lenses with a field distribution in the form of an inverse power low (B(z) ∝ z)

The chromatic aberration of magnetic lenses with the field distribution in the forms of inverse law have been studied by analytical and digital methods. These aberrations can be expressed in terms of Bessel function of fraction order. Analytical expressions for chromatic aberration coefficients of the spherical field model, which is useful for the study of single-pole magnetic lenses, are given.     

A model of the solar magnetic cycle with a meridian stream closed inside the convective zone

A dynamo model of the solar cycle suggesting a relatively new mechanism for generation of poloidal magnetic fields is studied. This model considers the meridian motion in which the material rises at the equator and sinks at the poles and allows the magnetic fields from the solar surface to be transferred to the generation layer at the base of the convective zone. In addition to the surface stream of material and large-scale magnetic field from the equator to the poles, we assume the looping of a new poloidal magnetic field near the poles. At the base of the convective zone, thin meridian streams transfer the end of that loop from the poles to the equator. The loop consists of poloidal fields on the top and at the bottom of the stream near the base of the convective zone. Thus, new poloidal magnetic fields, which are opposite in sign to the poloidal fields of the current solar cycle, are generated in the depth of the convective zone. New poloidal fields on the top of the stream become the fields of a new 11-year cycle. At the bottom of the meridian stream, the direction of the poloidal magnetic field is the same as the direction of the poloidal field of the current solar cycle. The lifetime of the deep-seated poloidal field is much longer than 11 years, due to the motion of the material which keeps it from rising too rapidly. The meridian loop of the subsequent solar cycle has a poloidal field opposite in direction to the poloidal field at the base of the convective zone. This counterbalances the poloidal field at the bottom of the meridian stream. The numerical model calculates the magnetic fields in the surface and bottom layers of the convective zone.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 1187–1193, October, 1996.This work was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research under Grant No. 93-0217133 and the International Science Foundation under ISF Grant No. JB5100.     

电磁铁摇摆器磁场的二维数值计算

本文根据泊松方程用数值计算给出了电磁铁摇摆器的二维磁场分布,定量地讨论了磁极形状、磁隙大小、周期长短和电流大小等因素对峰值磁场强度的影响,重点讨论了如何根据二维磁场分布选择磁极形状才能提高峰值磁场强度和抑制磁饱和的问题。将计算的二维磁场分布和摇摆器磁场的理想波形相比较,可以帮助我们确定进入摇摆器的束流半径应该控制的范围。在对电磁铁摇摆器磁场二维数值计算的基础上,还探讨了适用ATA电子束的PALADIN摇摆器用于ETA电子束带来的结构设计和材料选择等问题。     

Optimization of the lens-array structure for performance improvement of integral imaging

The seemingly inherent deficiencies of integral imaging systems-in particular, the depth of field limitation-are, in this Letter, partly resolved by using an irregular lens array, where each lens is either rotated or displaced from its original position in the conventional flat lens array. It is shown that having an array of lenses in the integral imaging system has some sort of redundancy that could be exploited to improve the quality of the image formation. The needed rotation or displacement of constituent lenses in the array is found by using a meticulous optimization algorithm, which tries to evenly distribute the optical rays emanating from each of the lenses to form the final image.     

Parameters of the electron beam in a betatron with radial comb-type poles

Expressions for the vector potential and components of the magnetic field induction vector of a betatron with radial comb-type poles are derived. The dynamics of the electron beam in the electromagnetic betatron field is investigated in the process of electron injection and acceleration. It is demonstrated that the azimuthally varying field engender beam beats. However, the amplitudes of beam particle oscillations during acceleration do not exceed their values estimated from the symmetric azimuthal component of the betatron magnetic field induction. The energy spectrum of accelerated electrons is not described by a normal law. In the electron energy spectrum, the relative number of electrons whose energy exceeds the average value is large. Application of poles with radial combs improves the efficiency of electron capture in acceleration. Results of investigations can find application in the development and adjustment of electron beam accelerating systems. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 27–34, October, 2005.     

Finite size disc gradient coil set for open vertical field magnets

A new analytical approach is used in the design of disc-like gradient coils suitable for magnet geometries with main field direction perpendicular to the surface of the disc. An inverse procedure is used to optimize the coil's characteristics, subject to the restrictions imposed by the desired field behavior over a certain set of constraint points inside a predetermined imaging volume. Excellent agreement between the expected values of the gradient magnetic field and the numerical values generated by applying the Biot-Savart law to a discrete current pattern of the perspective disc coil was found. A Finite Element Analysis package was used to predict the fringe gradient field levels for a non-shielded axial disc coil and for a self-shielded transverse disc coil in the vicinity of the magnet poles. The numerical results indicate that for the self-shielded design the gradient fringe field is 1000 times smaller than the corresponding fringe field for the non-shielded disc case. Also no significant spatial dependence was noticed for the shielded coil's fringe field.     

Techniques for recording holographic lenses for infrared wavelengths

Three approaches for recording holographic lenses for infrared wavelengths are discussed. For long wavelengths such as the 10.6 μm line from CO₂ lasers holographic lenses are best made as computer-generated holograms. For the near infrared holographic lenses can be made using visible wavelengths with a computer-generated hologram to provide aberration correction. Finally a two step procedure is described which can be used to make holographic lenses for most infrared wavelengths.     

Pattern of the induced magnetic field in high-temperature superconducting ceramics

Our experiments performed earlier have shown that, when an external magnetic field is absent, the transport critical current in 3-d superconducting ceramics is a homogeneous function of the sample transverse sizes. The transport critical current density and magnetic field induced by the current are homogeneous functions of a point on the sample cross-section. Using these experimental results equations describing the induced magnetic field pattern in ceramic sample have been derived. The distributions of the transport critical current density and induced magnetic field in the samples having polygonal, diamond-shaped cross-sections illustrate the results.     

Modified nodal point method for the measurement of the large focal length of lenses

Some modifications have been suggested to the nodal slide and microscope method to suit the focal length measurement of large focal length lenses. In this procedure, the experimental set-up has to be accommodated on the two usual optical benches in line, and the position of the nodal point of the lens under test is easily located by introducing an extra lens of comparatively shorter focal length between the test lens and microscope. The results of the measurement of ‘f’ for a few lenses, and the experimental parameters, are presented.     

周期场透镜的成象特性

由三个或五个透镜元素组成的周期场,可以作为离子透镜使离子束成象。通常它具有比单个透镜元素强得多的聚焦能力(在相同的电压比下)。这种周期场透镜曾用于静电加速器离子源初聚系统中,但它的成象特性尚未有详细的分析。本文提出一种研究这类透镜特性的方法。将周期场看作由若干个透镜元素合成的组合透镜,然后以Ferraris特征行列式求它的基点表示式。作为普遍情况,以浸没透镜作为透镜元素,导得了三个和五个透镜元素的周期场透镜基点表示式。式中只包含透镜元素的基点参量和电极系统的几何参量。式子十分简洁,便于计算,并有足够的精确度。通过解析表示式中各个因子的分析,可以方便地掌握透镜的特性。由短磁透镜组合的周期磁场是上述普遍情况的一个特例。文中以等径小间隙双圆筒透镜为浸没透镜元素,对周期场透镜的特性用导得的基点表示式进行了计算和分析。     

Bifurcation resulting in self-focusing of the electric field near the poles of a conducting microgranule

The experimentally found phenomenon of self-focusing of an electric field and the concentration of ions near the poles of an ion-selective granule in an electrolyte solution under the action of an external electric field is theoretically justified. An asymptotic solution of the problem is obtained, and it is shown that the solution found loses stability at high field strengths and, after the corresponding bifurcation, passes into a new solution in which there is a sharp local amplification of the electric field and the ion concentration.