6-O-苯甲酰基苯醌碳糖苷的合成及抗肿瘤活性

通过异亚丙基和苄基的选择性保护和脱保护法,分别方便地合成了6位带有自由羟基的半乳糖和葡萄糖,并进一步选择性地对其进行6位苯甲酰基化修饰从而获得相应糖给体。从6位苯甲酰基化半乳糖和葡萄糖糖给体出发,立体专一性地合成了β-构型的芳香碳糖苷中间体,再经硝酸铈铵(CAN)温和氧化烷氧基苯获得6-O-苯甲酰基苯醌碳糖苷目标化合物,其中4个结构未见文献报道。经1HNMR、13CNMR谱及高分辨质谱测试技术分析确证了目标化合物结构。采用MTT法考察了目标化合物对黑色素肿瘤细胞株A375的体外抑制活性。结果表明,2-(2,3,4-三-O-乙酰基-6-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖)-1,4-苯醌(6)和2-(2,3,4-三-O-乙酰基-6-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖)-1,4-苯醌(15)显示体外抗肿瘤活性。对此类化合物进一步的结构优化,开发高选择性、高活性的抗肿瘤先导化合物提供了信息。     

碳苷研究II.卤代酰化呋喃核糖及阿拉伯糖与取代芳基溴化镁的反应

本文探讨了1-氯-2,3,5-三(O-苯甲酰)-α-D-呋喃核糖及1-溴-2,3,5-三(O-苯甲酰)-α-D-呋喃阿拉伯糖与取代芳基溴化镁的反应,反应产物经旋转薄层层析,用环己烷-乙醚梯度洗脱,成功地分离了端基异构体,得碳苷类化合物三十二个,通过1HNMR指定了它们的构型,结果表明,格氏试剂苯环上的取代基对上述两系列糖基化反应所生成的端基异构产物的相对比例有一致的影响。当苯环上的取代基仅显示电性效应时,产物中α-异构体占优势;当苯环上的取代基既显示电性效应又显示位阻效应时,产物中α-异构体的相对比例下降;当苯环上的取代基的位阻效应足够大时,产物中β-异构体占优势。     

碳苷研究 Ⅱ.卤代酰化呋喃核糖及阿拉伯糖与取代芳基溴化镁的反应

本文探讨了1-氯-2,3,5-三(O-苯甲酰)-α-D-呋喃核糖及1-溴-2,3,5-三(O-苯甲酰)-α-D-呋喃阿拉伯糖与取代芳基溴化镁的反应。反应产物经旋转薄层层析,用环己烷-乙醚梯度洗脱,成功地分离了端基异构体,得碳苷类化合物三十二个,通过~1HNMR指定了它们的构型。结果表明,格氏试剂苯环上的取代基对上述两系列糖基化反应所生成的端基异构产物的相对比例有一致的影响。当苯环上的取代基仅显示电性效应时,产物中α-异构体占优势;当苯环上的取代基既显示电性效应又显示位阻效应时,产物中α-异构体的相对比例下降;当苯环上的取代基的位阻效应足够大时,产物中β-异构体占优势。     

合成重要中间体1,4位官能化化合物的简便方法

5,6-取代环烯醚2在乙腈的单重态氧反应有效的生成一系列1,4位官能化化合物3。1,4位官能化化合物为合成上重要的中间体。环烯醚2可以通过β-二酰基化合物1和1,3-二溴丙烷在稀碱(碳酸钾/丙酮)条件下缩合生成。     

苯并咪唑并氮杂糖的设计、合成及其糖苷酶抑制活性

鉴于前期研究发现的源于D-核糖的苯并咪唑并氮杂糖1和2具有良好的β-葡萄糖糖苷酶抑制活性,通过关键的Mitsunobu反应,设计合成了系列新型L-核糖源和2-脱氧-D-核糖源的苯并咪唑并氮杂糖衍生物6a～6c和7a～7c;并依据电子等排的药物设计方法,设计了系列新的糖环上2位氨基取代的稠合三环氮杂糖13a、13b和17a～17e;以及4位烷氧基取代的氮杂糖28a和28b.化合物13a和13b通过苄胺对甲磺酰化的羟基(OMs)取代合成,化合物17a～17e通过氨基对三元环氧中间体15的开环制备,化合物28a和28b通过4-羟基对卤代烃的亲核取代合成.测试了化合物6a～6c、7a～7c、13a、13b、15、17a～17e、19、28a和28b对α-葡萄糖糖苷酶(黑曲霉)、β-葡萄糖糖苷酶(杏仁)和α-半乳糖糖苷酶(咖啡豆)的抑制活性,结果显示所测化合物在10μmol/L时对α-葡萄糖糖苷酶和α-半乳糖糖苷酶没有或微弱的抑制活性,部分化合物表现出较好的β-葡萄糖糖苷酶抑制活性,其中环氧中间体15和2-氨基化合物17a活性最好,IC50值分别为10.5和11.7μmol/L,但均低于阳性对照品1的活性.结果表明该类稠合三环氮杂糖是一类良好的选择性β-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂.     

一种碱溶性灰树花菌丝体多糖GFM2A的制备和结构表征

以灰树花菌丝体为原料, 经过碱提取和柱色谱分离纯化, 得到一种碱溶性多糖(GFM2A). 经高碘酸氧化、Smith降解、乙酰解并采用GCMS, IR, 2D NMR等方法对该多糖的化学结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 该多糖由葡萄糖(Glc)、甘露糖(Man)和木糖(Xyl)组成, 其摩尔比为9∶2∶1, 其主链由6个α-1, 3-D-Glc和2个α-1,3-D-Man 构成, 且α-1,3-D-Glc残基O-4位有两个分支, 其中一个分支连接3个β-1,4-D-Glc, 另一个分支连接一个α-1,4-D-Xyl.     

两头尖化学成分研究

通过硅胶柱色谱、大孔树脂、反相柱层析及半制备型高效液相色谱等方法,从两头尖根茎中分离得到3种化合物,根据理化性质和光谱分析(ESI-MS、^1HNMR、^13CNMR、HMBC、HMQC、TOCSY、DEFT)鉴定其结构分别为：3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)]-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基齐墩果酸28-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-β-D．吡喃葡萄糖酯(I)、3-O-α-L吡喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→3)-O-α-L吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基齐墩果酸28-α-L吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯㈣和3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→9)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基齐墩果酸28-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯（Ⅲ）,其中化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ为新化合物,分别命名为多被银莲花皂苷14(Rad-deanoside 14),多被银莲花皂苷15(Raddeanoside 15)。化合物Ⅲ为已知化合物常春藤皂苷B。     

苯丙烯酰苯和甲肼反应的研究

α,β-不饱和醛或酮与单取代肼反应生成Δ~2-吡唑啉的反应机理,一般认为是通过1,2加成脱水生成腙,然后闭环而得.分离得到的中间体腙在酸性溶液中加热亦可得到Δ~2-吡唑啉.等人曾报道烯键上无取代基的α,β-不饱和酮与单取代肼反应是经过1,4加成所生成的β-肼基取代的酮闭环而得Δ~2-吡唑啉.我们在研究苯丙烯酰苯和甲肼的反应中,发现用略微过量的甲肼与苯丙烯酰苯(摩尔比     

甘油糖脂的合成工.1,2-二-O-脂酰基-3-O-(α-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-sn-甘油的合成

采用一种有效的方法合成了具有不同链长的二脂酰基α-D-半乳糖型甘油糖脂.将半乳糖烯丙苷化,重结晶得到α-D-半乳糖烯丙苷.随后将糖环的羟基用苄基保护,再利用OsO4/NMO(N-甲基-N-氧吗啉)的二羟基化条件将1-O烯丙基氧化成为邻二羟基,得到3-O-(2＇,3＇,4＇,6＇-四-O-苄基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-sn-甘油.其与不同链长的脂酰氯进行脂酰化反应,然后氢解去掉苄基得到五种二脂酰基α-D-半乳糖苷基甘油.利用1H NMR,13C NMR,2D NMR,IR和MS对化合物的结构进行了确证.     

2,5,6-位正交保护的5-氧-(喹啉-2-甲酰基)-β-D-半乳呋喃糖乙硫苷供体的合成

以D-半乳糖为原料,通过苯甲酰化、硫苷化、异亚丙基化、喹啉-2-甲酰化等10步反应首次合成了2,5,6-位正交保护的5-氧-(喹啉-2-甲酰基)-β-D-半乳呋喃糖乙硫苷供体10,总收率为18.6%,其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR和LC-MS(ESI)确证。在优化化合物5,8,9的合成工艺过程中,首创了用硅胶柱的弱酸性脱除半乳呋喃糖5,6-位异亚丙基的方法。发现在-15℃的低温条件下,通过分批加入叔丁基二甲基硅基三氟甲磺酸酯(TBSOTf),可以得到半乳呋喃糖6-位被叔丁基二甲基硅基(TBS)选择性保护的单一产物。     

Alternative Syntheses of (l→3)-β-D-Galacto-Oligosaccharides

ABSTRACT

Galactosyl halides bearing different substituents at O-3 [i.e. acetyl (15), benzoyl (14), benzyl (3), bromoacetyl (12), and the 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl group (17)] have been prepared, and used to study the stereoselectivity of the coupling reaction to position O-3 of different galactose derivatives [i.e. methyl 2, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-(9) and 2, 4, 6-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (7), l, 2, 4, 6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactose (6) and O-(2, 4, 6-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1→3)-β-D-galactose (33)], as well as to benzoic acid. In more polar solvents, using silver trifluoro-methanesulfonate as the promoter, a higher proportion of β-linked products was formed, whereas with silver perchlorate as the promoter the α-linked product predominated. Under basic conditions, applied to prevent anomerisation of 1-O-benzoylated nucleophiles 6 and 33, no orthoesters were found as end products. Under those conditions, a better overall yield of the β-(l→3)-linked galactotriose 31 was obtained by condensation of die disaccharide glycosyl donor 17 and the monosaccharide glycosyl acceptor 6 than by condensation of 14 and 33. The disaccharide glycosyl chloride 17 was obtained in 75% yield by the cleavage of the corresponding methyl glycoside with dichloromethyl methyl ether.     

Polysaccharides of Algae 71*. Polysaccharides of the Pacific brown alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alaria marginata</Emphasis>

The polysaccharide composition in sporophylls of the brown alga Alaria marginata enriched with laminaran and sulfated polysaccharides was studied. It was shown that laminaran molecules had an average degree of polymerization about 30 and consisted mainly of 3-linked β-D-glucopyranose residues, having no more than 10% of 1→6 linkages. The majority of chains (about 60%) were terminated at "reducing" end by mannitol residue. Alginic acid of sporophylls contained mannuronic (M) and guluronic (G) acids residues distributed along the linear polymer molecules as MM, MG, and GG blocks at a ratio of 4: 1: 1. Fucoidan was found to be composed of fucose, galactose, and sulfate as the major constituents, while xylose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and acetate were the minor components. It was shown that fucoidan contained two major components: fucan sulfate, molecules of which are built up of 3-linked fucopyranose residues with branches and sulfate groups at different positions, and fucogalactan, also containing chains of 3-linked fucopyranose residues with branches at positions 4 together with highly branched galactan chains terminated by fucose residues. The fucoidan contained also sulfated glucuronomannan and sulfated glucuronan as minor components.     

Polysaccharides of algae 67. Carrageenan from Pacific red alga Turnerella mertensiana (Gigartinales,Rhodophyta)

A sulfated galactan composed of nearly equimolar amounts of d-galactose, 3,6-anhydro-d-galactose, and sulfate was isolated from the red alga Turnerella mertensiana collected in the Sea of Japan. The structures of native polysaccharide and its alkaline modification products were studied by NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide molecules were shown to contain a linear carbohydrate chain consisting of alternating 3-linked β-d-galactopyranose 4-sulfate and 4-linked 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactopyranose residues (known as к-carrageenan), which is typical of carrageenans, but the regularity of polymer structure is masked by the presence of some 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactose 2-sulfate (ι-carrageenan units) and α-D-galactose 6-sulfate (µ-carrageenan units) instead of 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactose. Upon addition of potassium chloride (up to 4%) to a solution of the native polysaccharide, about half of the substance transforms into gel. The gel-forming fraction is к-ι-µ-hybrid carrageenan with the ～65 : 15 : 20 ratio of к-, ι-, and µ-units. The non-gelling fraction contains the к-, ι-, and µ-units at the ratio of ～46 : 12 : 42. The gel-forming carrageenan product free of µ-units can be otained in ～30% yield (based on the dry biomass) by alkaline treatment of the alga prior to extraction of the polysaccharide.

     

Conformational Analysis of Neocarrabiose and its Sulfated and/or Pyruvylated Derivatives using the MM3 Force-Field

ABSTRACT

The adiabatic conformational surfaces of neocarrabiose (3,6-An-α-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp) and of nine sulfated and/or pyruvylated derivatives were obtained using the MM3 force-field. These maps indicate greater flexibility of the glycosidic linkage than found for similar compounds that are based on α-D-galactose instead of 3,6-anhydrogalactose units. Sulfation of the β-D-galactose unit on position 2 shifts the global minimum to negative Ψ_H (θ_C1'-03-C3-H3) angles, whereas sulfation at either position 4 of the same unit or at position 2 of the 3,6-anhydro-α-D-galactose unit has less effect. The results are consistent with the X-ray diffraction data on crystalline neocarrabiose and carrageenan fibers. Free energy calculations show that entropy is not uniformly distributed among confomers.     

Sulfated Galactans of Champia indica and Champia parvula (Rhodymeniales,Rhodophyta) of Indian Waters

Sulfated galactans of the red seaweed species Champia indica and Champia parvula of Indian waters were extracted and purified by ion exchange chromatography. These were characterized by infrared and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy as well as by GC-MS analysis of alditol acetate derivatives produced by reductive hydrolysis/acetylation of sulfated and desulfated and their methylated samples. The sulfated galactans of these Champia species contained alternating β-(1→3)-linked galactopyranosyl units with sulfation at the 2-position and α-(1→4)-linked galactopyranosyl units having sulfation at both the 2- and 3-positions. Other minor substitutions included 6-O-methyl ether of the β-(1→3)-linked galactose residues only in Champia parvula.     

Isolation and structural characterisation of okara polysaccharides

Okara is a byproduct generated during tofu or soymilk production processes. Crude polysaccharide (yield 56.8%) was isolated by removing fat, protein and low molecular weight carbohydrates from initial okara. Crude okara polysaccharide was further divided into four soluble fractions and an insoluble residue fraction by extracting with 0.05 M EDTA + NH(4) oxalate, 0.05 M NaOH, 1 M NaOH and 4 M NaOH, with yields of 7.7%, 3.6%, 20.7%, 16.0% and 27.9%, respectively. Arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid, xylose and glucose (only for the insoluble fraction) were the major constituent sugars. The primary sugar residues of okara polysaccharides were 1,4-linked β-galactopyranose, 1,5- and 1,3-linked α-arabinofuranose, 1,5-linked α-xylofuranose, 1,2-linked, 1,2,4-linked and terminal α-rhamnopyranose (or fucopyranose), and 1,4-linked β-glucopyranose (only for the insoluble fraction), indicating okara polysaccharides might contain galactan, arabinan, arabinogalactan, xylogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan, xylan, xyloglucan and cellulose.     

Enzymatic sulfation of polyphenols related to tannins by arylsulfotransferase.

This report discusses a novel type of arylsulfotransferase (AST) which was derived from human intestinal bacterium sulfated polyphenolic compounds when p-nitrophenyl sulfate (PNS) was taken as a donor substrate. (+)-Catechin, (+/-)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin gallate were better substrates than tyramine. (-)-Epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate were slightly worse substrates than tyramine. Although gallic acid was a bad substrate, alkyl gallate esters were better substrates than tyramine. The degree of acceptor specificity increased in proportion to the length of the alkyl group up to the carbon number of five. Pedunculagin, geraniin and corilagin were less effective than tyramine. Rosmarinic acid and penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose were similarly well sulfated. Two products, 4'-monosulfate and 4',5-disulfate of (+)-catechin, were detected at a two-fold molar excess of PNS over (+)-catechin. When (+)-catechin-4'-monosulfate as an acceptor was enzymatically sulfated with PNS as a donor, only the 4',5-disulfate was produced. Thus, arylsulfotransferase was useful for the convenient preparation of sulfate esters of polyphenols at their specific hydroxyl groups.     

Synthése totale d'α-disaccharidyles de tridésoxy-2,5,6-streptamine apparentés aux aminosides à partir du maltose et du lactose

Total synthesis of α-disaccharidyl-2,5,6-trideoxy-streptamines related to aminoglycoside antibiotics derived from maltose and lactose The synthesis of the hitherto unknown 4-O-substituted α-linked pseudo-tri-saccharides 1,2 and 3 is described. The key intermediates required in the reaction sequence are the glycals 12, 13 and 14 , prepared from maltose, lactose and the chiral ditosyloxy-cyclohexanol 15 , readily accessible from quinic acid. The pivotal step in the reaction's scheme - a stereospecific α-glycosylution procedure -, is an acid-catalyzed addition of the alcohol 15 to the glycals 12, 13 and 14 leading to the corresponding 2,3-unsaturated trisaccharides. The latter compounds were transformed to the target α-glycosides of 2,5,6-trideoxystreptamine 1, 2 and 3 which were devoid of significant antibacterial activity. These results indicate that the presence of an ether linkage at the position 4′ is probably critical for antibacterial activity.     

MALDI-MS analysis of sialylated N-glycan linkage isomers using solid-phase two step derivatization method

Sialic acids usually locate at the terminal of many glycan structures in either α(2,3) or α(2,6) linkage, playing different roles in various biological and pathological processes. Several linkage specific carboxyl derivatization methods have been reported to discriminate between α(2,3) and α(2,6)-linked sialic acids by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Among them, ethyl esterification was recently reported to achieve linkage specific derivatization between α(2,3) and α(2,6)-linked sialic acids with good selectivity. However, the method suffered from the instability of the generated lactones and byproducts of the derivatives. To overcome these shortcomings, a solid-phase two step derivatization method was introduced to convert the α(2,6)-linked sialic acid into ethyl esters and the α(2,3)-inked counterparts into N-methyl amides, respectively. Under the optimized derivatization conditions, our method was able to achieve accurate relative quantification of N-glycan as well as their corresponding sialylated linkage types, superior to the ethyl esterification method. The solid phase derivatization strategy was further applied to investigate N-glycans from biosimilar antibody drug and human serum from patients and healthy volunteers. This method has the potential to be used in the biomarker discovery and pharmaceutical industry.     

Etherification of dimethylbutene with methanol over clay-based acid catalysts

Etherification of a typical C₆ olefin, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene, with methanol was investigated over commercial ion-exchange resins and several clay-based acid solids prepared by sulfuric acid treatment or impregnation of sulfated zirconia and Nafion. The commercial resin catalyst Amberlyst 15 is effective but nonselective to ether production, while Nafion is less active. For two clay systems, montmorillonite-based catalysts generally exhibit higher activities than bentonite and MT-H₂SO₄will be a highly active and selective catalyst than the supported sulfated zirconia and Nafion.