落体偏离铅垂线位移的惯性系计算

一、引言 因地球自转的影响,落体相对于地面观察者产生偏离铅垂线的位移和表现重力加速度的减小。理论力学中关于地球自转对落体的影响一般都从非惯性系角度出发进行分析,至于共惯性系计算并未提及。其实,对同一运动现象从惯性系与非惯性系两种不同的角度出发都给予分析有助于对其运动实质的了解。本文对落体偏离铅垂线位移进行了惯性系计算,并对有些力学教材中关于落体偏东位移的惯性系定性解释提出了一些看法。 二、落体偏离铅垂线位 移的惯性系计算 1.惯性系落体方程 略去地球公转影响,取如附图所示的球坐标(o’,r,4,0)为惯性参考系。设…     

用于绝对重力仪的落体旋转评估方法

介绍了一种自主搭建的测量落体在自由下落过程中旋转角速度的装置,评估了不同落体旋转角速度引入的旋转误差对重力测量的影响。针对具有旋转初速度的落体在真空腔内自由下落的运动模型,该装置采用光杠杆原理,将高精度位置传感器(PSD)作为光跟踪设备,研究并推导出落体由旋转所导致的反射光位移与下落时间的关系。然后,对PSD采集记录的时间位移曲线进行拟合,求解落体单次下落的旋转角速度值。在调整真空腔垂直度后,最大旋转角速度值可减小为16.88 mrad/s,引入的重力测值不确定度为0.57μGal,即该状态下落体的释放更加平稳。实验表明,该装置不仅可以进一步提升绝对重力仪中落体传动机构的装调精度,还可以对光学干涉绝对重力仪工作过程中的落体姿态进行监测,进一步降低落体旋转所引入的测量不确定度。     

含物质纯重力场部分贡献的静态和稳态重力场研究

给出了包含重力场贡献在内具有宇宙因子项最普遍形式的重力场方程为Rμν-gμνR/2+λgμν=8πG(T(Ⅰ)μν+T(Ⅱ)μν)/c4，这里λ为Einstein宇宙常数，Ｔ（Ⅰ）μν，Ｔ（Ⅱ）μν分别代表物质纯物质部分和纯重力场部分的能量-动量张量.物质纯重力场部分的能量-动量张量表述为T(Ⅱ)μν=(DμρＤρν-gμνＤαβＤαβ/4)/4πG，式中Dμν的定义为Ｄμν＝ωμ／xν-ων／xμ，ωμ≡-c2gμ0/g00.并用重力场贡献在内最普遍形式的重力场方程分别研究了几个大家所熟悉的静态和稳态重力场，像带有Einstein宇宙因子λ项球对称纯物质球外部静态度规、静态荷电球外部度规、匀速转动星体外部度规及理想纯物质星体内部静态平衡等,并进行了讨论. 关键词： 能量动量张量 重力场方程 静态重力场 稳态重力场     

落体运动观：演变、分析及讨论

亚里士多德的落体运动观运动是万物的本性。西方有一句谚语：“对运动无知,也就是对大自然无知”。物体从空中下落的运动,自古就引人注意。例如,花瓣、果实和枯叶等从树上掉下。正是基于对日常现象的观察,古希腊哲学家亚里士多德凭感性经验直觉地认为,物体下落得快慢与其重量有关,他说：“正如一块铅或金或其他任何有重量的东西的下落速度正比于它的大小一样”,“如果一物体比另一同体积物体更重的话,也会落得更快”。亚里士多德在他所著的《物理学》第四卷第八章中进一步指出：“我们看见一个己知重物或物体比另一个快,有两个原因：或者由于穿过的介质不同（如在水中、土中或空气中）,     

阻尼落体运动的分析力学研究

应用分析力学理论和方法,研究了两种情况下的阻尼落体运动:1)阻力大小与速度成正比;2)阻力大小与速度平方成正比.对两种运动分别给出了等效的Lagrange函数和Hamilton函数,并应用第一积分法、点变换法、正则变换法和Ham-ilton-Jacobi方程法等不同的求解方法进行了求解.     

用改进的落体法测量重力加速度

提出了一种改进的测量重力加速度的自由落体方法,该方法只采用一组光电门,下落距离由精密加工在落体上的缺口控制并被光电门感知.通过理论计算表明:在理想状态下,(1)初速度越小,重力加速度g的测量结果的相对不确定度越小;(2)g的测量结果的相对不确定度随距离s2的增大而减小;(3)在s2固定条件下,s1取s2的五分之一至三分...     

我们的答复

编辑部转来仇浩、张淳民的文稿 ,该文指出《新概念物理教程·力学》(下称原书 )中关于高速运动物体视觉形象中阴影问题的错误 ,为此我们对两位作者表示感谢 .原书的错误在于疏忽了如下情况 :K系 (观察者参考系 )中沿 - y方向的光线在K′系 (以速度v运动的球体的参考系 )转过了一定角度 ,是否与球面法线成锐角应以K′系中光线的这个方向为准 .用相对论速度变换公式不难求得角度 :(vx,vy,vz) =(0 ,-c,0 )→ (v′x,v′y,v′z) =(-v ,c 1- β2 ,0 )其中 β =v/c .由此得sin =β在K′系中与此光线相切的点A′ ,B′也从x′轴转过同一角度…     

如何正确理解氢原子的能量──折合质量的物理意义

当考虑原子核的运动，引进折合质量μ以后，氢原子的能量Ｅ＝μｖ２＋Ｕ（ｒ）表示电子相对于原子核运动的能量呢？还是表示氢原子在其质心参考系 中的能量？这显然是一个重要的问题，然而却存在不少混淆．本文证明：上式是整个氢原子在其质心参考系中的能量，并非电子相对于原子核运动的能量．一．三种不同的相对运动的能量     

荧光法直接测定环境水中痕量苯酚

研究了荧光分光光度通过控制酸度直接测定环境水中苯酚的新方法。在pH＝1时，直接测定苯酚的含量，波长为λex／λem＝270／297nm，检出限为4．0g/mL，线性范围为0－3．2μg/mL。回收率为99％－101％。     

北半球自由落体南偏的一种精确解法

当考虑地球自转影响时，北半球的自由落体不仅有东偏而且存在南偏。根据地球球形模型，我们假调地球的自转角速度ω恒定，从牛顿动力学方程求出了北半球自由落体的南偏和东偏的精确解。结果表明：南偏值仅与ω的二次方有关，而东偏值与ω的一次方和三次方有关。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.