PSIM催化核苷类化合物3'-酯选择性合成中的底物识别

研究了有机溶剂中酶促核苷类化合物3'-酯高区域选择性的合成反应,探讨了核苷结构中R1位取代基变化对酶促酰化反应的影响.结果表明:来源于Burkholderia cepacia的固定化脂肪酶PS IM在有机溶剂THF中的催化效果最佳,且酰化反应的优势位点均为3'-羟基(90%～>99%);随着核苷中R1位取代基由F变化至CF3或酰基供体链长由C6增加至C14,该酰化反应的3'-区域选择性均呈现逐渐增加的趋势,构效关系分析表明,这主要源于PS IM酶特殊的活性中心结构.     

PS IM 催化核苷类化合物3＇-酯选择性合成中的底物识别

研究了有机溶剂中酶促核苷类化合物3＇-酯高区域选择性的合成反应,探讨了核苷结构中R1位取代基变化对酶促酰化反应的影响.结果表明:来源于Burkholderia cepacia的固定化脂肪酶PS IM在有机溶剂THF中的催化效果最佳,且酰化反应的优势位点均为3＇-羟基(90％～＞99％)；随着核苷中R1位取代基由F变化至CF3或酰基供体链长由C6增加至C14,该酰化反应的3＇-区域选择性均呈现逐渐增加的趋势,构效关系分析表明,这主要源于PS IM 酶特殊的活性中心结构.     

海洋天然核苷Kipukasin D的首次全合成

以廉价易得的β-D-四乙酰核糖为起始原料,经过9步反应,以15.7%的总产率完成了海洋天然核苷KipukasinD的全合成.邻碘苯甲酸酯在Vorbrüggen糖基化反应中作为邻基导向基团,立体选择性地得到β型核苷.合成的关键步骤为Ph3PAu OTFA选择性催化脱除核苷2'和5'位邻炔基苯甲酸酯基团,该方法为温和的中性反应条件,完全避免了核苷2'位和3'位的酯交换副反应.     

核酸化学研究——Ⅱ.N-羧酰咪唑在酰化核糖核苷酸上的应用

N-羧酰咪唑作为酰化试剂单独与核糖核苷酸吡啶盐反应时,主要形成核糖核苷-2',3'-环磷酸或其与羧酸的混合酸酐,但是当有N,N'-二环已基吗福啉碳酰胺亚胺或无水氢氧化四乙基铵存在时,不仅可以抑制核苷酸的2',3'-环磷酰化,而且大大加快了核糖羟基和杂环氨基的酰化反应速度和反应的完全程度.羧酰咪唑试剂已应用于各种核糖核苷酸的乙酰化、异丁酰化、苯甲酰化反应.与羧酸酐和苯甲酰氰相比较,本试剂的优点在于反应速度快,副反应少,产物纯,得率高.根据产物的分离和鉴定以及³¹ P 脉冲核磁共振谱的变化初步证明,当苯甲酰咪唑与3'-尿核糖核苷酸吡啶盐在二甲基甲酰胺中反应时,一般情况下先迅速形成核苷酸-苯甲酸的混合酸酐,然后转化为核苷-2',3'-环磷酸,再进一步完成5'-羟基的苯甲酰化.若有N,N'-二环已基吗福啉碳酰胺亚胺或氢氧化四乙胺存在时,则核糖核苷酸的杂环氨基和核糖部分上的羟基都发生酰化,而且形成混合酸酐但不出现环核苷酸.     

分子量及酰基供体对酶促魔芋葡甘聚糖酰化反应的影响

研究了在有机介质叔丁醇中魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)的分子量及酰基供体对固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435催化KGM乙酰化反应的影响.KGM的分子量对酶促其酰化反应的活性及产物取代度有显著影响.随着KGM分子量的增大,酶催化反应的速率逐渐下降,产物的取代度逐渐减小.KGM分子量对该反应的影响与不同分子量KGM的溶解度、体系粘度、空间位阻及颗粒形态等因素有关.以不同链长的脂肪酸乙烯酯为酰基供体时,随着酰基供体中脂肪酸碳链的增长,酶促KGM酰化反应速率逐渐下降,产物的取代度逐渐减小,且该酰化反应具有高度的区域选择性,反应均发生在C6-OH上.     

专一选择性反应策略合成2′-O-甲基腺嘌呤核苷

2′-O-烷基核糖核苷由于其在赋予寡核苷酸高度的目标特异性、代谢稳定性以及优良的药代动力学和药效动力学特征上所展现的重要作用,成为了反义药物研究领域的热点,尤其是2′-O-甲基腺嘌呤核苷,作为第二代反义寡核苷酸的关键原料药,其的高效合成研究具有重要意义。现有合成方法存在的成本高和选择性不足等问题,本文基于专一选择性反应思路设计了一条新的合成路线,即以腺嘌呤核苷为起始物,经过缩醛化实现2′-和3′-位羟基选择性地保护、环状缩醛保护基可控区域选择性还原开环、2′-位羟基选择性甲基化及氢化脱苄反应,成功实现了2′-O-甲基腺嘌呤核苷的高效合成,单程总产率为36.7%。此策略不仅每一步反应表现出高选择性以及温和的反应条件,而且使用的试剂更加廉价易得,合成步骤也相对简短,为核苷类化合物核糖骨架上羟基的区域选择性功能化提供了新的思路。     

RNA化学合成中的保护基

近几年来, RNA的化学合成有了较大进展, 本文讨论了RNA化学合成过程中的保护基问题,着重介绍了核糖核苷的2'-和3'-位羟基的选择性保护方法。     

L-胞嘧啶异核苷的全合成研究

为了系统研究异核苷嵌杂寡聚核苷酸的生物学效应,对L-胞嘧啶异核苷的全合成工艺进行了详细研究.以L-核糖为起始原料,以尿嘧啶碱基对5-O-三苯基甲基-2,3-O-环硫酸酯-1-脱氧-L-核糖3位的区域选择性亲核取代反应为关键步骤,经过9步反应,以28.5%的总收率合成得到了L-胞嘧啶异核苷.条件优化表明,以碳酸铯为碱可以显著提高N-1核苷键生成的产率和减少副反应的发生,同时分离得到了副产物N-1,N-3双核糖尿嘧啶异核苷.该工艺路线反应条件温和,反应中间体容易纯化,总产率高,可以作为结构类似异核苷的通用合成路线.     

核苷五配位磷化合物的合成及酯交换反应的研究

RNA和DNA是生命体中的遗传物质,RNA由于2'-羟基的存在使它与DNA相比具有不稳定性。一般认为,RNA在水解、自切割和酶解等生命过程中,都经过了一个由2'-羟基进攻磷原子生成的五配位磷中间体^[1][2]。关于该中间体的研究对 了解上述生命过程有着重要的意义。因此近年来,人们合成了许多五配位磷中间体的模型化合物用来研究其反应性质及构象转化的过程^[3][4]。但是,这些模型物一般都只含有一个核苷残基,因此与RNA实际反应中经历的五配位磷中间体还有较大差异。基于以上认识,我们首先合成了含一个核苷残基的三配位磷化合物1a和1b, 然后与联苯甲酰反应生成含核苷残基的五配位磷化合物2a和2b,并通过了³¹P-NMR,³¹H-NMR,¹³C-NMR等手段对它们的结构进行了确认。     

腺嘌呤核苷的环磷酰化反应

腺嘌呤核苷3’,5’-环磷酸(c-AMP)的磷酸衍生物可能作为c-AMP在体内的模拟物或贮存形式,因此研究c-AMP磷酸衍生物的合成及其生物活性,有可能为发现新药开辟途径.作者曾报道c-AMP的磷酯和磷酰胺的合成,并发现这类衍生物对肿瘤细胞的DNA和RNA的合成有较强抑制作用.本文讨论了含有不同离去基团的三价磷试剂与2'-保护的核苷反应,可以直接环合生成各种核苷3’,5’-环亚磷酸衍生物,后者进一步与碘或硫反应可     

Highly Regioselective Synthesis of 3′-O-Acyl-Trifluridines Catalyzed by Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase

3'-O-Acyl-trifluridines were prepared successfully through an enzymatic approach for the first time. Among the ten commercially available lipases tested, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase displayed the highest regioselectivity towards the acylation of 3'-hydroxyl of trifluridine. Furthermore, the effects of some crucial factors on the enzymatic myristoylation of trifluridine were examined. The optimal reaction medium, molar ratio of trifluridine to vinyl myristate and reaction temperature were found to be anhydrous THF, 1:7 and 50 °C, under which the reaction rate, substrate conversion, and 3'-regioselectivity were 63.9 mM/h, >99.0%, and 99%, respectively. Additionally, the enzyme recognition of the chain length of the acyl donors was investigated. The results showed that 3'-regioselectivity of the enzyme maintained 99% with the increment of acyl chain length (C6, C10, and C14). The reason might derive from the strong hydrophobic interaction between 5-CF(3) group of the base moiety and Leu 287 located in the medium-sized pocket of the active site.     

Regioselective enzymatic acylation of beta-L-2'-deoxynucleosides: application in resolution of beta-D/L-2'-deoxynucleosides

[reaction: see text] A practical synthesis of beta-L-3'- and beta-L-5'-O-levulinyl-2'-deoxynucleosides has been described for the first time through enzymatic acylation and/or hydrolysis processes. It is noteworthy that the different behavior exhibited by Pseudomonas cepacia lipase in the acylation of D- and L-nucleosides allows the parallel kinetic resolution of D/L-nucleosides.     

Rational control of enantioselectivity of lipase by site-directed mutagenesis based on the mechanism

The enantioselectivity of a Burkholderia cepacia lipase toward secondary alcohols could be both increased and decreased rationally by introducing only a single mutation on the basis of the mechanism proposed previously.     

Molecular detection of Burkholderia cepacia in toiletry, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed and compared with standard methods for rapid detection of Burkholderia cepacia, a major industrial contaminant, in cosmetic and pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products. Artificially contaminated samples were incubated for 24 h in trypticase soy broth containing 4% Tween 20 and 0.5% soy lecithin. DNA was extracted from each sample using a proteinase K-tris-EDTA-Tween 20 treatment at 35 degrees C. The extracted DNA was added to Ready-To-Go PCR beads and specific DNA primers for B. cepacia. The B. cepacia DNA primers coded for a 209-base pair (bp) fragment of the 16S rRNA ribosomal gene. No DNA amplification was observed in samples that were not spiked with B. cepacia. However, all contaminated samples showed the specific 209-bp fragment for B. cepacia. There was a 100% correlation between standard methods and the PCR assay. Standard microbiological methods required 5-6 days for isolation and identification of spiked microorganisms, whereas PCR detection and identification was completed in 27 h. PCR detection of B. cepacia allows for rapid quality evaluation of cosmetic and pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products.     

1H and 13C assignments of cyclo[N-(Lys-Phe)-Orn-Val], a semicyclic imide tetrapeptide from Burkholderia cepacia

The rhizobacteria Burkholderia cepacia biosynthesized the new tetrapeptide Cyclo[N-(Lys-Phe)-Orn-Val] (1), a 2,5-diketopiperazine, and the known siderophore azurechelin (salicylic acid). The structure of 1 was established by means of IR, UV, 1H and 13C NMR, double dimension experiments and MS.     

En route to a carbohydrate-based vaccine against Burkholderia cepacia

We report a very high yielding first total synthesis of trisaccharide 5, alpha-D-Rhap-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-Rhap-(1 --> 4)-alpha-D-Galp, corresponding to the repeating unit 1 of an O-polysaccharide present in the lipopolysaccharide of clinical isolate of Burkholderia cepacia. The approach included two successive glycosylations, based on D-rhamnosyl trichloroacetimidate donors 12 and 14. The oligosaccharide 5 has been further functionalized by photochemical coupling or cross-metathesis with non-natural amino acid derivatives. Trisaccharidylamino acids 16 and 17 are now available, with the aim of preparing a novel synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine.     

Enzymatic approach to enantiomerically pure 5-alken-2,4-diols and 4-hydroxy-5-alken-2-ones: application to the synthesis of chiral synthons

Enantiomerically pure 1,3-diols 1-3 were obtained by a chemoenzymatic approach (lipase PS from Burkholderia cepacia). These diols were converted into useful chiral synthons, which could be considered homologues of glyceraldehyde and glyceric acid acetonides. Applications of these synthons to the de novo synthesis of sugars and preparation of conagenin carboxylic moiety were shown. Hydroxy ketone 4 was chosen as a model system for another synthetic evolution: it was obtained in enantiomerically pure form by enzymatic resolution and converted into chiral tetrahydropyranes, such as the stereoisomers of the commercial fragrance Gyrane.     

Redesign of enzyme for improving catalytic activity and enantioselectivity toward poor substrates: manipulation of the transition state

Secondary alcohols having bulky substituents on both sides of the hydroxy group are inherently poor substrates for most lipases. In view of this weakness, we redesigned a Burkholderia cepacia lipase to create a variant with improved enzymatic characteristics. The I287F/I290A double mutant showed a high conversion and a high E value (>200) for a poor substrate for which the wild-type enzyme showed a low conversion and a low E value (5). This enhancement of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of the variant resulted from the cooperative action of two mutations: Phe287 contributed to both enhancement of the (R)-enantiomer reactivity and suppression of the (S)-enantiomer reactivity, while Ala290 created a space to facilitate the acylation of the (R)-enantiomer. The kinetic constants indicated that the mutations effectively altered the transition state. Substrate mapping analysis strongly suggested that the CH/π interaction partly enhanced the (R)-enantiomer reactivity, the estimated energy of the CH/π interaction being -0.4 kcal mol(-1). The substrate scope of the I287F/I290A double mutant was broad. This biocatalyst was useful for the dynamic kinetic resolution of a variety of bulky secondary alcohols for which the wild-type enzyme shows little or no activity.     

Uncialamycin, a new enediyne antibiotic

[structure: see text] Laboratory cultures of an undescribed streptomycete obtained from the surface of a British Columbia lichen produce uncialamycin (1), a new enediyne antibiotic. The structure of uncialamycin (1) has been elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. Uncialamycin (1) exhibits potent in vitro antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogens, including Burkholderia cepacia, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis.     

Enantiomeric scaffolding of α-tetralone and related scaffolds by EKR (enzymatic kinetic resolution) and stereoselective ketoreduction with ketoreductases

Stereochemically pure compounds containing an all carbon quaternary stereocenter based on 1-tetralone, 1-indanone and 4-chromanone scaffolds have been synthesized by employing Lipase PS (Burkholderia cepacia) catalyzed kinetic resolution. These scaffolds are further functionalized by microbial ketoreductase enzymes (Geotrichum candidum, Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus niger) to access stereochemically pure diols which, on further synthetic manipulation, yield novel cyclic compounds.