Variations on a Constant Theme

We describe how theories incorporating time-varying coupling constants can drive the Universe to a late-time near-flat attractor in which the cosmological constant is very small. We also discuss some consequences of allowing time-varying constants to vary in space as well.     

基于光谱反演的青藏高原1982年到2014年植被生长趋势分析

植被在陆地碳循环和气候系统中发挥着重要作用 ,近几十年来众多研究集中于分析植被生长状况的动态变化.拥有大面积高海拔区域的青藏高原是"世界的第三极" ,其植被生长状况对全球变暖现象十分敏感.而由光谱的可见光红波段和近红外波段反演产生的NDVI ,则是监测植被生长状况的最有效工具之一.通过一元线性回归模型 ,在青藏高原地区利用2000年到2014年的MODIS资料将GIMMS NDVI数据集从1982到2006年的时间序列扩展至2014年.相比已有的研究 ,因考虑了尺度变化引起的残差 ,NDVI扩展数据集的精度得到进一步提高.该方法可以为今后不同NDVI数据集耦合提供一种新的思路.利用1982年到2014年的NDVI新数据集可以发现以下结果 :青藏高原植被生长季的生长存在明显的增长趋势(0.000 4 yr-1 ,r2 =0.585 9 ,p<0.001) ,春、夏和秋季的增长率分别为0.000 5(r2 =0.295 4 ,p=0.001) , 0.000 3(r2 =0.105 3 ,p=0.065)和0.000 6(r2 =0.436 7 ,p<0.001).因高原植被生长 ,促进该区域碳积累效应 ,故青藏高原植被在1982到2014年间是一个稳定的碳吸收区.结合高原温度和降水资料分析植被生长状况增长的原因 ,虽二者都具有增长趋势 ,不过生长季及春、夏和秋季的NDVI变化状况同温度的相关性显著高于降水.在空间分布上 ,各区域植被增长趋势同温度、降水变化都具有明显的空间异质性.     

2000年—2010年黄淮海平原夏玉米种植时空变化检测

用统计分析与遥感分类技术相结合的方法,进行了较高精度的夏玉米分类。在验证分类结果具有可靠质量的基础上,将分类影像二值化,采用图像叠合法得到了黄淮海平原2000年—2010年夏玉米变化检测图像,并按区域分析了该区域11年间夏玉米的种植变化情况。结果表明,2000年—2010年间,黄淮海平原夏玉米种植面积总体明显增加,其中南部区域种植面积逐年稳步增加,北部、东部和中部区域在2000年—2003年间为减少态势,在2003年—2010年间则持续增加;四大区域中,北部区域变化幅度最大;2000年—2010年间,黄淮海平原中、南部夏玉米种植比例不断加大,整个区域种植比重呈南移趋势。研究结果可为指导农业生产提供依据,具有较高的实用价值和推广性。     

Modelling Spatial Variations of the Speed of Light

We extend a new method to measure possible variation of the speed of light by using Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and the Hubble function onto an inhomogeneous pressure model of the universe. The method relies on the fact that there is a simple relation between the angular diameter distance maximum and the Hubble function (H) evaluated at the same maximum‐condition redshift, which includes the speed of light c. One limit of such a method was the assumption of the vanishing of spatial curvature (though, as it has been shown, a non‐zero curvature has negligible effect). In this paper, apart from taking into account an inhomogeneity, we consider non‐zero spatial curvature and calculate an exact relation between and H. Our main result is the evaluation if current or future missions such as Square Kilometer Array (SKA) can be sensitive enough to detect any spatial variation of c which can in principle be related to the recently observed spatial variation of the fine structure constant (an effect known as α‐dipole).     

Spatial Temporal Analysis of Electrically-Addressable Phase-Only Spatial Light Modulator

An optically addressed parallel-aligned nematic-liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (PAL-SLM) has been studied as a dynamic phase-only modulation device. A computer control feature of the spatial light modulator is strongly desired for practical applications. For those demands, an electrically-addressable phase-only spatial light modulator has been developed to combine a liquid crystal display (LCD) with a PAL-SLM (LCD-coupled PAL-SLM) and its performance has been reported. However, a temporal characteristic especially two-dimensional (2D) response has not been discussed before. In this paper, 2D response analysis system has been constructed by using a high-speed complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) camera (1000 frames/sec) and the 2D-modulation characteristic of the LCD-coupled PAL-SLM has been observed. As a result, the LCD has a spatially non-uniform modulation characteristic due to a scanning addressing. It has the potential to cause problems in high speed switching for a computer generated hologram. On the other hand, the spatial non-uniformity has not been observed with the LCD-coupled PAL-SLM.     

Higher-Order Temporal and Spatial Plasma Wave Echoes

The collisionsless Boltzmann equation is solved in two ways by the method of characteristics. The solution is used for an exact treatment of higher-order temporal and spatial plasma wave echoes in the absence of steady external fields. The second-order spatial echo is treated separately and analyzed numerically.     

Simultaneous Spatial and Temporal Focusing in Nonlinear Microscopy

Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF), when combined with nonlinear microscopy, can improve the axial excitation confinement of wide-field and line-scanning imaging. Because two-photon excited fluorescence depends inversely on the pulse width of the excitation beam, SSTF decreases the background excitation of the sample outside of the focal volume by broadening the pulse width everywhere but at the geometric focus of the objective lens. This review theoretically describes the beam propagation within the sample using Fresnel diffraction in the frequency domain, deriving an analytical expression for the pulse evolution. SSTF can scan the temporal focal plane axially by adjusting the GVD in the excitation beam path. We theoretically define the axial confinement for line-scanning SSTF imaging using a time-domain understanding and conclude that line-scanning SSTF is similar to the temporally-decorrelated multifocal multiphoton imaging technique. Recent experiments on the temporal focusing effect and its axial confinement, as well as the axial scanning of the temporal focus by tuning the GVD, are presented. We further discuss this technique for axial-scanning multiphoton fluorescence fiber probes without any moving parts at the distal end. The temporal focusing effect in SSTF essentially replaces the focusing of one spatial dimension in conventional wide-field and line-scanning imaging. Although the best axial confinement achieved by SSTF cannot surpass that of a regular point-scanning system, this trade-off between spatial and temporal focusing can provide significant advantages in applications such as high-speed imaging and remote axial scanning in an endoscopic fiber probe.     

Experimental Evaluation of the Influence of the Seawater Characteristics on Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Sound Speed in the Southern Abyssal,Intermediate and Shelf Zones of the Caspian Sea

Acoustical Physics - The results of the evaluation on the spatial and temporal changes of the underwater sound speed in the southern abyssal zone of the Caspian Sea are investigated. Experimental...     

The Spatial and Temporal Evolution of the Glow in an RF Discharge

The temporal and spatial evolution of the glow in a 1.0- and 2.6-MHz radio-frequency (RF) excited discharge has been photographed with a high-speed framing camera. Evidence is presented showing electrons with a ballistic behavior in the body of the glow and a time delay between the maximum optical intensity of the glow and the maximum RF voltage. The effect of the dc self-bias on the glow is also shown. The implications of these observations on the dynamics of the ion motion in the plasma are discussed.     

Dynamic Spatial and Temporal Structures on the Surface of Solids under Load

Physics of the Solid State - A model and a method are proposed to explain the origin and main specific features of the dynamic patterns of different types, which were previously observed on the...     

开路低振幅空间光伏孤子的时间分析

理论分析了一维光折变空间孤子在低振幅开路条件下的传输特性和强度宽度的演化特性.研究表明,开始阶段所形成的强度宽度较宽的孤子, 其宽度随着时间演化单调递减到一个最小值,直到稳态形成;对于不同的孤子峰值强度与暗辐射比值,整个过程所需要的时间接近于无照明场时介质的介电驰豫时间.在时间趋于无穷的情况下,系统趋于稳定,得到了暗孤子和亮孤子的解析解.     

Spatial and Temporal Properties of a Nonlinear Optical Feedback System

We experimentally investigate the spatial and temporal properties of a nonlinear optical system composed of an optically addressed spatial light modulator and a two-dimensional optical feedback. The system property is examined using fringes with only one spatial wave vector. The fringes are spontaneously generated using a spatial frequency filter in the optical feedback. We also experimentally investigate the properties of the spatial light modulator in the system using ordinary interference fringes in order to compare with the system property. We demonstrate that the spatial frequency response of the nonlinear optical system is identical to that of the spatial light modulator. We also demonstrate the distinctive temporal behavior of diffraction lights from the fringes generated in the system.     

中国地区氧化亚氮浓度时空变化特征分析

氧化亚氮是一种重要的温室气体和臭氧损耗物。利用热红外反演大气温湿廓线,由于大气氧化亚氮含量较少且变化幅度不大,一般都当作常量处理。但是在反演氧化亚氮时,由于大气温湿廓线和地表温度等参数相对氧化亚氮变化较大,可能很小的扰动就会覆盖掉氧化亚氮的吸收信号。因此有必要在上千个通道中,选取信噪比最高的通道,反演分析氧化亚氮浓度的时空变化特征,进而掌握我国氧化亚氮浓度的变化规律,为研究我国氧化亚氮排放对气候变化的贡献,制定合理的氧化亚氮减排政策等,提供可靠数据支撑。采取一种优化后的最优敏感廓线通道选取法,利用AIRS数据,基于最优估计法反演氧化亚氮浓度,与TCOON观测网中加拿大站点进行比对,结果显示卫星遥感与地面观测结果一致性较好,相关系数r为0.73,该算法可以推广到IASI和CrIS等热红外高光谱数据,使对氧化亚氮的观测数据增加到20多年,这种长时间序列的产品是对目前地面观测的有效补充。在氧化亚氮反演验证的基础上分析了我国氧化亚氮的年均值变化和月均值变化情况,以及它的空间分布特征。时空变化结果显示,我国氧化亚氮浓度在低纬度地区浓度相对较高,每年在华南地区的夏季达到峰值,月度间变化幅度较大,相比于月度变化,年度之间的变化幅度相对较小。监测结果同时显示,印度、巴基斯坦等国在紧邻我国地区,夏季氧化亚氮浓度较高,因此我国氧化亚氮浓度的时空变化特征除本地排放贡献外,也有一定的外部区域传输影响。     

开环系统中灰光伏孤子的时间及演化特性分析

分析了开环系统中一维灰光伏孤子的时间特性.基于与时间相关的演化方程,用数值方法得到了准稳态和稳态的灰孤子解,分析了形成准稳态灰孤子的物理机制.结果显示准稳态灰孤子的宽度是与光强无关的,并且它们的形成时间和孤子的峰值与背景辐射强度比成反比.这些性质与开环系统中的亮、暗孤子的性质很相似.同时采用波传播的数值解法,分析了它们的传播特性,结果显示它们在小于10％的扰动下是相对稳定的.     

增强谐波辐射的一种新途径

提出用MOPA构型来增强谐波辐射。通过这个构型，人们可以用低能量电子束获得多种短波长和高功率相干光源，而且它可以避免镜子损伤和保持比较好的光束质量。     

类氟离子基态的精细结构

以多电子精细结构哈密顿的球张量形式为基础,借助不可约张量理论,建立了类氟离子基态精细结构能量的解析表达式.完成了所有角向积分和自旋求和计算,使精细结构能量表示为若干个径向积分之和.在此基础上对类氟体系(Z=9～13)基态的精细结构能量进行了具体计算,计算结果与实验数据符合得较好.     

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of an Excimer Laser-Induced Lead Plasma Emission

A laser-induced plasma was generated from a lead target using an ArF excimer laser (λ = 193 nm) and characterized by time-resolved and time-integrated spatially resolved spectrometry. The ambient atmosphere (gas composition and pressure) influenced the emission intensity for both atomic and ionic lines. The emission of laser-induced lead plasma varied with time as well as the location in the plasma. Lead ion emission decayed more rapidly than lead atomic line emission. High excitation temperatures and nonlinear optical phenomena were observed in the laser-induced lead plasma. Gas breakdown and the subsequent shielding effect of the incident laser beam in different ambient gas compositions and pressures were discussed to explain the different efficiency of metal ion for matioa in the plasma. The experimental results show that spatial discrimination of the laser-induced plasma emission is desirable for direct spectrochemical analysis.     

再加热双脉冲激光诱导等离子体的时空演变特性研究

为了研究再加热双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)对信号的增强机制,分别采用单脉冲LIBS和再加热双脉冲LIBS两种方式烧蚀合金钢样品产生等离子体,利用高分辨率的中阶梯光栅光谱仪采集等离子体发射光谱信号,同时用快速成像ICCD相机观测等离子体形态的变化,研究了两种烧蚀方式下等离子体的时空演变特性。通过比较两种烧蚀方式下等离子体产生初期光谱信号和图像的时间演变规律,发现再加热双脉冲LIBS提高了等离子体温度,且当信号采集延时等于再加热双脉冲的脉冲间隔时,等离子体温度的衰减速率发生变化;再加热双脉冲LIBS使等离子体图像强度增加,等离子体的中心区域高度和宽度分别增大了23.5%和15.1%。空间分布的研究结果表明,与单脉冲LIBS相比,当到样品表面的距离大于0.6 mm时,等离子体中的Fe Ⅱ和N Ⅰ谱线强度有较明显的增强,而Fe Ⅰ谱线在空间不同位置处的增强程度都较小,局部区域有减小的现象;再加热双脉冲LIBS使等离子体温度增加了约2 000 K,等离子体中产生了一个较大的高温区域。综合时空演变的实验结果说明再加热双脉冲对光谱信号增强的机制主要是由于第二束激光对第一束激光烧蚀样品产生的等离子体再次激发,使等离子体温度增加,进而引起等离子体辐射强度增加。     

对流湍流池光学湍流的空间和时间结构分析

分析了用于自适应光学波前补偿实验的对流湍流池折射离和光强起伏的空间、时间结构,建立了平均速度很小或等于零时的相关函数,讨论了速度起估对相关的扩散作用。数值计算和实测的结果表明：速度起估不仅使时间相关减小,而且使频谱的内尺度减小。     

Rb-He光学碰撞中精细结构分支比的测量

脉冲激光激发Rb＋He混合系统, 激光频率（ν）调离Rb（5Ｓ1/2）→Rb（5PJ）共振频率（νres）Δ（Δ＝ν-νres）。研究了光学碰撞Rb（5S1/2）＋He＋hν→Rb（5PJ）＋He转移过程。激光激发RbHe分子态。RbHe激发态解离到5P1/2或5P3/2态,其布居数密度分别为n1和n2,定义分支比为n1/n2。为得到分支比,在-180 cm-1＜Δ＜200 cm-1范围内测量了I（D1）（5P1/2→5S1/2）与I（D2）（5P3/2→5S1/2）的相对时间积分强度比R,解速率方程组,得到一个与气压成线性关系的直线方程,从该直线的截距及斜率得到5P1/2→5P3/2的碰撞转移截面及分支比, 在D2线蓝翼,分支比随失谐量Δ的增加而增加到0.2。在D1线红翼分支比近似为40而与失谐量无关。从翼激发测量得的精细结构碰撞转移截面为（1.1&#177;0.3）&#215;10-17 cm2, 与从共振激发得到的截面值是一致的。测量结果表明, 原子相互作用势和非绝热效应在分子解离动力学中起关键作用。