Cyclocopolymerization: a mechanistic probe for dual-site alternating copolymerization of ethylene and alpha-olefins

The copolymerization of ethylene with 1,5-hexadiene or 1-hexene was studied with the series of ansa-metallocenes Me2Si(Cp)(9-Flu)ZrCl2 (1), Me2Si(1-Ind)(9-Flu)ZrCl2 (3), and Me2Si(9-Flu)2ZrCl2 (4). 1,5-Hexadiene, a monomer which requires two insertion events to be cyclopolymerized, when copolymerized with ethylene using 3/MAO, gave a copolymer with a novel architecture. When compared with the copolymerization of 1-hexene with ethylene, the observed striking differences between the two copolymers provided compelling evidence for a dual-site alternating copolymerization mechanism in both cases. The copolymerization results from 1/MAO and 4/MAO further support this.     

On the electron affinities of ethylene and 1,3-butadiene

Temporary negative ion formation in ethylene and 1,3-butadiene has been studied using high resolution, low energy electron scattering. Sharp structure in the total electron scattering cross section allows the adiabatic electron affinity of each molecule to be determined leading to values of ?1.55 ± 0.1 eV for ethylene and ?0.62 ± 0.05 eV for 1,3-butadiene.     

Comparison of the electrophilic and free-radical addition of halogens with hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene and 1,3-butadiene

Ionic and photochemical reaction of chlorine (Cl₂), bromine (Br₂) and iodine monochloride (ICl) to hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene (1) and 1,3-butadiene (2) were carried out under conditions that would provide product distributions under controlled ionic or free-radical conditions. Product distributions for ionic reaction of Cl₂ and Br₂ with 1 are similar and suggest a weakly-bridged halonium ion species. Theoretical calculations support weakly-bridged chloronium and bromonium ions for both dienes 1 and 2. There are more of the 1,4-dihalo-2-butene products from ionic halogenation of 1 than 2 which correlates with the greater charge density on carbon-4 of halonium ions from 1. Ionic and free-radical reactions of ICl with 1 give 8 and 2% of 3-chloro-4-iodohexafluoro-1-butene and 4-chloro-3-iodohexafluoro-1-butene, respectively. The minor cis-1,4-dihalo-2-butene products from 1 and 2 are reported when formed.     

On the mechanism of the interaction of dihalocarbenes and their analogs with ethylene and 1,3-butadiene

Conclusions The iatermolecular orbital theory of interactions has been used to investigate the reaction of singlet CCl₂, SiCl₂, and GeCl₂ with ethylene and 1,3-butadiene and to show that the probability of the synchronous 1,4-cycloaddition of these particles to butadiene increases as we go from dichlorocarbene to dichlorosilylene and dichlorogermylene.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 343–348, February, 1976.     

The anionic polymerization of dialkylaminoisoprenes-5-copolymerization with 1,3-butadiene

The anionic copolymerization of 5-(N,N-dialkylamino)isoprenes and 1,3 -butadiene was investigated in hexane. We found that basicity and increasing amount of the polar monomer has a strong influence on the microstructure of polybutadiene. All tested 5-(N,N-dialkylamino)isoprenes were incorporated much faster into the copolymer than butadiene. Depending on the alkyl substituents the resulting copolymer is either a nearly perfect diblock or shows a considerable tapered structure.     

Palladium-catalyzed dimerization disilylation of 1,3-butadiene with chlorosilanes

[reaction: see text] 1,3-Butadiene reacted with chlorosilanes and Grignard reagents at 20 degrees C in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(acac)(2) to give disilylated dimers 2 regioselectively, which have two silyl groups (R(3)Si) at the 3- and 8-positions of a 1,6-octadiene skeleton. When phenyl- or allyl-substituted chlorosilanes were used, coupling product was obtained stereo- as well as regioselectively, giving rise to only (E)-olefins. It is proposed that Pd-ate complexes play important roles in both C-Si bond-forming processes.     

Triplet states in 1,3-butadiene

The electron impact excitation spectrum 0f 1,3-butadiene has been studied at 20, 35 and 55 eV impact energies and scattering angles of 10° to 80°. Two low lying states are observed with maxima at 3.2 and 4.9 eV, and are identified as the ³B_u state and ³A_g state respectively     

Aminobutadienes. V. Polymers of 1-phthalimido-1,3-butadiene and 1-succinimido-1,3-butadiene

The radical polymerizations of 1-phthalimido-1,3-butadiene (1-PB) and 1-succinimido-1,3-butadiene (1-SB) were carried out in bulk and in solution. The polymers obtained had reduced viscosities in the ranges of 1.0–4.0 (1-PB) and 0.2–0.6 (1-SB). Both polymers had a similar softening point of 190–200°C. The radical polymerization of 1-phthalimido-1,3-butadiene clearly showed a tendency to give crosslinked polymer. Steric arguments about these polymer structures as a result of the infrared and ozonolysis data led to the conclusion that these polymers contained approximately 20% of the 3,4 form but no 1,2 configuration, and, therefore, that the 1,4 addition was preferred.     

Reactions of heteroaromatic thiols with 1,3-butadiene and cyclopentadiene

The formation of 1,2 and 1,4 adducts in the reaction of 5-chloro-2-thiophenethiol, 2-benzofuranthiol, 2-benzothiophenethiol, and 3-methyl-2-benzothiophenethiol with conjugated dienes in the presence of various amounts of ethylsulfuric acid and also without a catalyst was studied. Catalytic acceleration of the reaction with ethylsulfuric acid indicates the heterolytic character of the addition.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1335–1337, October, 1982.     

1,4-regioselective iodofunctionalizations of 1,3-butadiene

Addition reactions of benzene and acetonitrile to 1,3-butadiene are described. This new iodofunctionalization process proceeds “via” iodonium ion-allylic cation equilibrium and gives regioselectively 1,4-adducts, which can be alternatively obtained by acid treatment of the 1,2-derivative 8.     

The generation of 2-lithio-1,3-butadiene and its reaction with aldehydes

2-Lithio-1,3-butadiene has been generated by the Shapiro reaction. It reacts with a range of aldehydes to give 2-substituted butadienes.     

Impurity analysis in pure-grade 1,3-butadiene

Summary The separation of 20 impurities in a pure-grade 1,3-butadiene has been carried out at 46°C by using Carbopack B modified with 4.94% picric acid.     

Polymerization and copolymerization of 2-phthalimidomethyll 1,3-butadiene. II. Kinetic study of the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene and of the copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene with 2-phthalimidomethyl 1,3-butadiene initiated by bis-(η3-allyl nickel trifluoroacetate)

The kinetics of the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene initiated by bis(η³-allyl nickel trifluoroacetate) prepared in benzene was studied in methylene chloride at 40°C. The reaction is first order with respect to the monomer, second order with respect to the catalyst in contrast to the case in which solvent is benzene. We have shown that the presence of a polar molecule (fe, N-methyl phthalimide) decreases the overall rate of polymerization. The apparent reactivity ratios for the system 2-phthalimidomethyl 1,3-butadiene (1)-1,3-butadiene (2) are r₁ = 0.65 ± 0.006 and r₂ = 0.48 ± 0.015.