Synthesis, structural characterisation and thermal decomposition studies of some 2,4′-bipyridyl complexes with cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II)

2,4-Bipyridyl (2,4-bipy orL) complexes with cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) of the formulae M(2,4-bipy)₂(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O (M(II) = Co, Ni, Cu), Co(2,4-bipy)₂SO₄·3H₂O or Ni(2,4-bipy)₂SO₄·4H₂O have been prepared and their IR and electronic (VIS) spectra are discussed. The thermal behaviour of the obtained compounds has also been studied. The intermediate products of decomposition at different temperatures have been characterized by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction.We thank dr. A. Malinowska for performing VIS spectra. This work was supported by the KBN project No. PB 0636/P3/93/04.     

Cobalt(II) and nickel(II) chloride complexes with some 2-(4′-Methyl-2′-pyridyl and 2′- or 8′-quinolyl)benz-X-azoles

Summary Complexes of general formula ML_mCl₂ · nH₂O, where M=cobalt(II) or nickel(II); L=2-(4-methyl, 2-pyridyl)-benzimidazole (mpbi), 2-(4-methyl, 2-pyridyl)benzothiazole (mpbt), 2-(4-methyl, 2-pyridyl)benzoxazole (mpbo), 2-(4-methyl, 2-quinolyl)benzoxazole (mqbo), or 2-(4-methyl, 8-quinolyl)benzoxazole (mqbo); m=1,2; n=0–3, were prepared and characterized by t.g.a., conductance and magnetic measurements, i.r. and diffuse-reflectance electronic spectra.All the ligands behave as bidentate and coordinate through the pyridine- and isoxazole-nitrogen atoms.The nickel complexes have distorted octahedral or fivecoordinate structures. The cobalt complexes arepseudo-tet- rahedral except Co(mpbo)₂Cl₂·2H₂O where the metal is six-coordinate.     

Metal phenyl compounds as cotatalysts in the homogeneous metathesis of alkenes

The application of several metal phenyl compounds as active cocatalysts in the homogeneous metathesis of alkenes with WCl or MoCl is described. Promising results have been obtained by using Sn(C₆H₅)₄, Sn(C₆H₅)₃Cl, Pb(C₆H₅)₄ and Pb(C₆H₅)₃Cl.

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- , WCl₆ MoCl₅. qH Sn(C₆H₅)₄, Sn(C₆H₅)₃Cl, Pb(C₆H₅)₄ Pb(C₆H₅)₃Cl.

     

Composition of 2-(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo) diethylaminophenol chelates by liquid chromatography

Summary The composition of 3,5-diBr-PADAP metal chelates was determined by liquid chromatography employing appropriate eluents and non-polar bonded stationary phase. The metal-to-ligand ratios were 12, 12 and 12 for Cu(II), Co(III) and Cr(III) respectively, and the V(V)-to-ligand ratio found to be 111 in V(V)-3,5-diBr-PADAP-H₂O₂ in the presence of H₂O₂. The results are in agreement with literature data.     

Triphenylphosphineoxide nitrosyl complexes of molybdenum

Summary The tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) complexes of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) halides have been studied in the solid state by electronic, i.r. and far i.r. spectroscopy and magnetochemically. The tetrahedral Co(TMTU)₂X₂ (X = Cl, Br, 1) and Ni(TMTU)₂X₂ (X = Cl, Br) complexes have normal magnetic moments, electronic spectra and crystal field parameters; Ni₂ (TMTU)₃I₄ is diamagnetic. The cobalt complexes have normal (CoX) and (CoX) vibrational frequencies. Ni(TMTU)₂Cl₂ and Ni₂(TMTU)₃I₄ have (NiX) frequencies corresponding to long or bridging Ni-X bonds, while Ni(TMTU)₂Br₂ has normal (NiBr) frequencies for terminal Ni-Br bonds. The (MS) frequencies are similar to those of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes of other thioureas.     

Metal complexes of 2-(2′-or 8′-quinolyl)benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles

Summary The copper(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) chloride and bromide complexes with the ligands 2-(2-quinolyl)-benzimidazole (qbi), 2-(4-methyl-2-quinolyl)benzimidazole (mqbi), 2-(4-methyl-8-quinolyl)benzothiazole (m'q'bt) have been prepared and characterized by analytical methods, magnetic measurements as well as by electronic absorption, e.s.r. and far i.r. spectra. Complexes of various stoichiometries have been isolated, namely MLX₂ (all cobalt complexes with exception of the bromide qbi complex; the chloride and bromide nickel m'q'bt and mq'bt complexes), ML₂X₂ (M=Co,L=qbi and X=Br; M=Ni, L=mqbi, X=Cl or Br, M=Ni, L=qbi, X=Cl) and ML₃X₂(M=Ni, L=qbi or mqbi, X=Br). The cobalt ion has a distorted tetrahedral N₂X₂ coordination in all the CoLX₂ complexes, whereas Co(qbi)₂Br₂ is six-coordinate. The following conclusions may be drawn for the nickel complexes: in those with the 11 metal-to-ligand molar ratio the metal ion is four-or five-coordinate; in those with the 12 and 13 ratios the metal ion is hexa-coordinate, being essentially bound to four nitrogen atoms with halogens, oxygens from water or methanol or nitrogen atoms (from the third ligand) occupying the axial positions.     

Cobalt(III) complexes with aminothiolates

Summary This article describes some complexes of cobalt(III) with -mercaptopropylamine,N, N-dimethyl--mercaptopropylamme andN,N-dimethyl--mercaptoethylamine. The compounds are of stoichiometry [Co(ligand)₃], [Co₃(ligand)₆]_X (X=Cl or Br) and [Co(ligand)₃]X₃ (X=Cl or ClO₄). -Mercaptopropylamine yields both chelated and non-chelated compounds while theN,N-dimethyl derivatives yield only non-chelated complexes. This behaviour contrasts with the results obtained with nickel(II).     

Thermal and some other properties of the complexes crystallizing from the system Ni(II)-en-[Ni(CN)4]2−-H2O

Seven complex compounds exhibiting the compositions Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄·H₂O (I), Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄ (II),-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (III), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄·2H₂O (IV), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄ (V), Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ · 2.5H₂O (VI) and-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (VII) were prepared from the system Ni-en-[Ni(CN)₄]^2–-H₂O. These compounds were examined by the methods of infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy, and also by the measurement of magnetic moments. The thermal stability, the stoichiometry of thermal decomposition and the mutual transformations were investigated with a derivatograph. The reactions proceeding according to the following schemes were observed if the system was heated to appropriate temperature: (I)(II)(III)(V)(IV) and (VI)(VII)(III)(V)(IV) Process (VII)(III) represents isomerization. The reversibility of the process (V)(IV) is due to the high hygroscopicity of the anhydrous complex. The changes in structure in the course of the individual processes are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Aus einem System Ni-en-[Ni(CN)₄]^2–-H₂O wurden sieben Komplexe der Formeln Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄·H₂O (I), Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄ (II),-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (III), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄·2H₂O (IV), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄ (V), Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ · 2.5H₂O (VI) und-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (VII) hergestellt. Diese Verbindungen wurden mittels IR-Spektroskopie, Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie, UV-Reflexionsspektroskopie und durch Messungen des magnetischen Momentes untersucht. Die Wärmestabilität, die Stöchiometrie des thermischen Zerfalles und die gegenseitigen Umwandlungen wurden mittels eines Derivatographen untersucht. Wird das System auf geeignete Temperaturen erhitzt, kann der Reaktionsverlauf durch folgendes Schema dargestellt werden: (I)(II)(III)(V)(IV) und (VI)(VII)(III)(V)(IV).Der Prozeß (VII)(III) verkörpert eine Isomerisierung. Die Umkehrbarkeit von Prozeß (V)(IV) ist auf die ausgeprägten Hygroskopieeigenschaften des wasserfreien Komplexes zurückzuführen. Es werden die im Ablaufe der einzelnen Prozesse vorgehenden Strukturveränderungen besprochen.

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Ni- -[No(N)]² -₂ Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄ · ₂ (I), Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄ (II),-Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (III), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄-2H₂O (IV), Ni(en)Ni(CN)₄ (V), Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ · 2,5H₂O (VI) -Ni(en)₂Ni(CN)₄ (VII). , , - , . , . (I)(II)(III)(V)(IV) (VI)(VII)(III)(V)(IV). (VII)(III) . (V)(IV) . .

     

Acid-base properties of supported vanadium oxide catalyst

Reduction of V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ and V₂O₅/silica-alumina produced Lewis acid sites which could strongly adsorb CO (heat of adsorption: 90 kJ/mol). Such strong acid sites were not formed in the cases of V₂O₅/SiO₂ and V₂O₅/MgO. V₂O₅ loaded on Al₂O₃ interacted with the basic sites of alumina but not with the acidic sites, while the V₂O₅ on silica-alumina interacted with the acidic sites of the silica-alumina and decreased its acidity.

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V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ V₂O₅/SiO₂–Al₂O₃ , CO ( 90 /). V₂O₅/SiO₂ V₂O₅/MgO . V₂O₅, Al₂O₃, , , V₂O₅ SiO₂–Al₂O₃ - .

     

Electrophilic Substitution Co(II)→M(II) (M = Mn,Ni, Cu,Zn, Cd) in Co2[Fe(CN)6] Gelatin-Immobilized Matrices

Electrophilic substitutions Co(II) M(II) (M = Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) in cobalt(II) hexacyanoferrate(II) gelatin-immobilized matrices in contact with aqueous solutions of corresponding chlorides MCl₂ were studied. As a result of this contact, Co(II) was shown to be replaced to some extent by Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), or Cd(II) and to give heteronuclear cobalt(II) hexacyanoferrates(II) and two-charge ions. A complete substitution of Co(II) or the formation the respective mononuclear hexacyanoferrate(II) M₂[Fe(CN)₂] was observed in neither of the studied systems Co(II) M(II). No Co(II) Mn(II) substitution was observed, even though the immobilized matrix was in contact with a solution for a long time.     

Molecular isotope exchange of14CO in surface carbonyl complexes of rhodium

Molecular isotope exchange of CO with¹⁴CO for Rh₆(CO)₁₆/Sn(II)–SiO₂, Rh₆(CO)₁₆/Al₂O₃, Rh(I)(CO)₂/Al₂O₃, Rh₄(CO)₁₂/Al₂O₃ carbonyl complexes of rhodium has been studied. Estimates of the activation energies and a mechanism of the CO exchange are suggested.

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, (Rh₆(CO)₁₆/Sn(II)–SiO₂, Rh₆(CO)₁₆/Al₂O₃, Rh^I(CO)₂/Al₂O₃, Rh₄(CO)₁₂/Al₂O₃), ¹⁴CO. CO .

     

Studies of the composition and catalytic properties of supported catalysts prepared through halide-substituted titanium and zirconium benzyl complexes

Composition and catalytic properties in ethylene polymerization of supported systems prepared via the interaction of Ti(CH₂C₆H₅)₃X (X=F, Cl, Br) and Zr(CH₂C₆H₅)₂Cl₂ complexes with silica and alumina have been studied. Halide addition to benzyl complexes decreases the polymer molecular mass.

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, Ti(CH₂C₆H₅)₃X (X=F, Cl, Br) Zr(CH₂C₆H₅)₂Cl₂ SiO₂ Al₂O₃. , .

     

Einige analytische Eigenschaften von 1,3-Dimethyl-4,5-diaminouracil

Zusammenfassung 1,3-Dimethyl-4,5-diaminouracil (DAL) hat sich als sehr empfindliches Reagens zum selektiven Nachweis von Co²⁺-Ionen im stark alkalischen Medium einer Phosphatpufferlösung (p_H=11,20) erwiesen. Es wurden vier Additionsverbindungen von DAL mit den Zentralatomen Cd(II), Pd(II), Ni(II) und Co(II) im Verhältnis Me DAL=1 2 hergestellt. Spektrophotometrische Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, daß bei p_H 6 bis 7 eine Komplexverbindung im Verhältnis CoDAL=12 gebildet wird.

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Summary 1,3-dimethyl-4,5-diaminouracil (DAL) has been found to be a very sensitive reagent for the selective detection of Co²⁺ ions in strong alkaline medium of a phosphate buffer solution (p_H=11.20). Four addition compounds of DAL with the central atoms Cd(II), Pd(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) with the ratio MeDal=12 have been prepared. Spectrophotometric studies indicate that at p_H=6–7, complex compound is produced with the ratio CoDAL=12.

     

Hydrogenation of benzene on sulfide catalysts in the presence of thiophene

The principles of benzene hydrogenation have been studied with sulfide catalysts NI/MS₂, Ni/SiO₂, M/SiO₂ and (Ni, M)/SiO₂ (M=Mo, W) obtained via metal complex precursors or by impregnation. In bimetallic catalysts active sites of benzene hydrogenation are formed upon reduction of the active component for thiophene hydrogenolysis.

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Ni/MS₂, Ni/SiO₂, M/SiO₂, (Ni,M)/SiO₂, M=Mo W, , . , .

     

Double-Layer Effects in the Electroreduction of Cobalt(III) Trioxalate Complexes to Cobalt(0) Atoms on a Dropping Mercury Electrode

A polarographic investigation of solutions containing trioxalate complexes of Co(III) reveals that the overall electrode process Co(III) Co(0) is accompanied by slow formation of ionic associates between aquacomplexes of Co(II) and trioxalate complexes of Co(III). Use of a relatively high concentration of oxalate ions (0.001 M) quells this association. Under these conditions, it is possible to divide the measured current into two constituents related to the primary electroreduction Co(III) Co(II) and the subsequent process Co(II) Co(0). The earlier data on the rate constant and apparent transfer coefficient for the process Co(II) Co(0) are used for calculating corrected Tafel plots for the electrode reaction Co(III) Co(II). The plots are practically linear and independent of the concentration of the supporting-electrolyte cation in a wide range of potential drops (1 V) across the dense layer. A theoretically expected parallel shift of the plots is observed in solutions with a variable concentration of discharging species. This observation and similar data obtained for a mixed potassium–sodium supporting electrolyte bear testimony to good agreement between the obtained results and the theory.     

ESR characteristics of paramagnetic species on Pd/La2O3 catalysts

Reduction of Pd/La₂O₃ catalysts by H₂ and CO at room temperature leads to the formation of Pd⁺ ions stabilized in bulk and the subsurface layer. Hydrogen spillover seems to enhance the process. O ₂ ^– and (CO) ₂ ^– radicals are formed after adsorption of CO and O₂ at 295 K.

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Pd/La₂O₃ CO Pd⁺ . . CO O₂ (CO) ₂ ^– O ₂ ^– La₂O₃.

     

Absorption spectra and bond type in Co(II) aquoamino complexes

Absorption spectra are reported for solutions containing Co(II) and ammonia. Spectra are calculated for five Co(II) aquoamino complexes. The spectra are used to determine Dq and B, parameters of the bonds in these compounds. It is found that Dq and B change nonlinearly and nonadditively. The parameters _c, Dt, Ds, and have also been established for [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺. The parameter variation can be explained if the H₂O molecules form weaker bonds to the central atom than do the NH₃ molecules, but are capable of d-p interaction.     

The influence of basic calcium chloride nuclei on the hydration of calcium chloridesilicate

The influence of CaCl₂ · Ca(OH)₂ · H₂O nuclei on the hydration of Ca₃SiO₄Cl₂ was studied by means of calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, simultaneous DTA-TG and chemical analysis of the liquid phase.

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Zusammenfassung Der Einfluss von CaCl₂ · Ca(OH)₂ · H₂O-Zusätzen auf die Hydratation von Calciumchlorid-silicat Ca₃SiO₄Cl₂ wurde durch Kalorimetrie, Röntgenbeugung, simultane TG-DTA und chemische Analyse der flüssigen Phase untersucht.

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l₃ · ()₂ Ca₃SiO₄Cl₂ , .

     

Barium sulphate reduction with carbon

The reduction of BaSO₄ by carbon was investigated by means of isothermal thermogravimetric measurements. In combination with a high-temperature thermobalance, solid electrolyte cells were used (i) to purify the N₂ flow gas, and (ii) to measure the partial pressure of oxygen (COCO₂ ratio, respectively) in the outlet gases.Mass loss curves and in the outlet gases were recorded at 743–955 °C. The activation energy of the process was calculated from the isothermal TG curves. X-ray diffraction and SEM showed that the solid product in the whole temperature interval comprised only cubic BaS.

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Zusammenfassung Die Reduktion von BaSO₄ mit Kohlenstoff wurde durch isotherme thermogravimetrische Messungen verfolgt. Mit einer Hochtemperatur-Thermowaage wurden Festelektrolyten kombiniert (1)zur Reinigung des Spülgases N₂ von Sauerstoff, (2) zur Messung des O₂-Partialdruckes (bzw. des Verhältnisses COCO₂) im entweichenden Gas. Die Gewichtsverlust- und Sauerstoffpartialdruck-Kurven bei 743–955 °C wurden aufgezeichnet. Aus den TG-Kurven wurde die Aktivierungsenergie des Prozesses berechnet. Im gesamten untersuchten Temperaturbereich entstand als festes Reaktionsprodukt nach Röntgenbeugungs- und SEM-Untersuchungen nur kubisches B₂S.

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. , -, ( :₂) . 743–955° — . . , .

     

The effect of defect structure due to doping and irradiation on the thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate

The thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate was investigated as a function of doping and there seems to be a correlation between the polarizing nature of the dopant cation and the thermal degradation temperature of potassium chlorate. In particular, transition metal cations influence strongly the temperature of decomposition. Irradiation and mechanical shock defects influence also the process. A possible mechanism in terms of the semi-conductive properties of the defective chlorates is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung von Kaliumchlorat wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Zugabe von Zusätzen untersucht und es scheint eine Korrelation zwischen der polarisierenden Beschaffenheit des Additivkations und der thermischen Zersetzungstemperatur von Kaliumchlorat zu bestehen. Besonders die Übergangsmetallkationen beeinflussen die Zersetzungstemperatur stark. Bestrahlung und mechanische Stoßdefekte beeinflussen den Vorgang ebenfalls. Ein möglicher Mechanismus wird anhand der Halbleiter-Eigenschaften der defekten Chlorate erörtert.

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Résumé On a étudié la décomposition thermique du chlorate de potassium en fonction de l'ajout d'additifs. Il semble qu'une corrélation existe entre la nature polarisante du cation de l'additif et la température de la dégradation thermique du chlorate de potassium. Enparticulier, ce sont les cations des métaux de transition, qui exercent une forte influence sur la température de décomposition. L'irradiation et des défauts causés par choc mécanique influencent aussi le processus. On discute un mécanisme possible à partir des propriétés semi-conductrices des chlorates présentant des défauts.

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