Thermodynamic analysis and design data for a double-effect absorption heat pump system using four working pairs

Performance analysis of a double-effect absorption heat pump system has been done for water-four working pairs (or mixture) by computer simulation. The coefficient of performance and mass flow ratio are investigated to compare these aqueous solutions [waterLiCl, waterLiBrLiBr waterLiClCaCl₂Zn(NO₃)₂] which was developed for only cooling, with conventional waterLiBr solution, based on mass, material and heat balance equations for each part.From this analysis, it is found that the performances of the new aqueous solutions are better than that of LiBrwater solution not only in cooling systems, but also in heating systems, although the operating temperature ranges of these new aqueous solutions are very narrow in heating. Theoretical thermodynamic performance data can be used and are given here by design data.     

Structure of water in mesoporous organosilica by calorimetry and inelastic neutron scattering

In this paper, we describe the preparation of mesoporous organosilica samples with hydrophilic or hydrophobic organic functionality inside the silica channel. We synthesized mesoporous organosilica of identical pore sizes based on two different organic surface functionality namely hydrophobic (based on octyltriethoxysilane OTES) and hydrophilic (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane ATES) and MCM-41 was used as a reference system. The structure of water/ice in those porous silica samples have been investigated over a range temperatures by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). INS study revealed that water confined in hydrophobic mesoporous organosilica shows vibrational behavior strongly different than bulk water. It consists of two states: water with strong and weak hydrogen bonds (with ratio 1:2.65, respectively), compared to ice-Ih. The corresponding O-O distances in these water states are 2.67 and 2.87 ?, which strongly differ compared to ice-Ih (2.76 ?). INS spectra for water in hydrophilic mesoporous organosilica ATES show behavior similar to bulk water, but with greater degree of disorder.     

Two distinct raman profiles of glassy dilute LiCl solution

We make glass of dilute LiCl aqueous solution by cooling micrometer-sized droplets of the solution extremely quickly and measure the Raman spectra of the glass. It is found that the OH stretching vibration mode of the glass of dilute solution is composed of the OH stretching vibration mode of pure glassy water and that of the glass of solvent water in the highly concentrated solution. This is consistent with the possibility of the existence of two distinct glassy states of water in dilute LiCL solution at low temperature.     

WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION ENHANCEMENT IN LiBr/H2O FILMS FALLING ON HORIZONTAL TUBES

An experimental investigation was conducted into the enhancement of water vapor absorption in aqueous lithium bromide solution films falling on horizontal tubes. The variable parameters included the solution flow rate, the inlet temperature of the cooling media, the solution inlet temperature, and the effective extended surface. The experimental results, which were correlated with the film Reynolds number, showed that the cooling effect of the tube wall was the governing factor in the absorption process for small solution flow rates, but the inlet solution subcooling dominated the absorption performance for large flow rates. Also, the R tube, which has a unique ridged fin shape, exhibited the best absorption performance among the tested tubes.     

Effect of tetrasodium tripolyphosphate on the freeze-concentrated glass-like transition temperature of sugar aqueous solutions

The freeze-concentrated glass-like transition temperatures (Tg2), so-called ante-melting temperature or ice-melting temperature of tripolyphosphate-sugar aqueous solutions prepared with various sugars (ribose, sorbitol, glucose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose) were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry to evaluate the effect of tetrasodium tripolyphosphate on the Tg2 of sugar aqueous solutions. The Tg2 of tripolyphosphate-sugar aqueous solutions were higher than those of tripolyphosphate or sugar aqueous solutions and converged in a narrow temperature range of 238 to 243 K. Furthermore, a study of the Tg2 of tripolyphosphate-glucose aqueous solutions adjusted to various ratios indicated that the Tg2 increment depended on the ratio and that another glass-like transition appeared at a temperature below the Tg2 by increasing the ratio of tripolyphosphate. The drastic increase in the Tg2 of sugars with the addition of tripolyphosphate will be useful for improving the cryostabilization of biomaterials.     

Cycle time as a variable in CRAMPS NMR. Detection of minor impurities in solids to levels of ≤0.01 mol%

The use of varying multiple-pulse decoupling cycle times in homonuclear dipolar decoupling experiments with combined rotation and multipole-pulse spectroscopy proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is shown to be capable of quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing amounts of occluded residual liquid solvent, present as saturated solution, in some organic solids crystallized from solution. Lower limits of detection can be 0.01 mol%, as illustrated for the cases of durene,p-hydroxy benzoic acid, and adipic acid crystallized from ethanol, and alanine crystallized from water. Quantitative detection at this level depends upon the phase diagram of the system in question, and the ability to obtain a high-resolution proton NMR spectrum from that portion of the sample consisting of the occluded solvent impurity in the presence of a relatively large proton background from the probe. Determinations of spin diffusion may be used to infer the average size of the mobile domains containing the impurity. The variation of longitudinal relaxation time with temperature may be used as a check on the uniformity of saturated solvent occluded in the system studied. The classical case of using a cooling curve to detect the total amount of liquid protion remaining in the crystal after crystallization is discussed.     

Effect of solution temperature and cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effect of solution temperature and cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming (LSF) Ti-6Al-4V alloy is investigated.The samples are solutions treated at 900,950,and 1000°C,followed by water quenching,air cooling,and furnace cooling,respectively.It is found that the cooling rate of solution treatment has a more important effect on the microstructure in comparison with the solution temperature.The martensite α'formed during water quenching results in the higher hardnes...     

Influence of ultrasound pretreatment on wood physiochemical structure

As an initial step to increase the use of renewable biomass resources, this study was aimed at investigating the effects of ultrasound pretreatment on structural changes of wood. Samples were pretreated by ultrasound with the power of 300 W and frequency of 28 kHz in aqueous soda solution, aqueous acetic acid, or distilled water, then pretreated and control samples were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results shown that ultrasound pretreatment is indeed effective in modifying the physiochemical structure of eucalyptus wood; the pretreatment decreased the quantity of alkali metals (e.g., potassium, calcium and magnesium) in the resulting material. Compared to the control group, the residual char content of samples pretreated in aqueous soda solution increased by 10.08%–20.12% and the reaction temperature decreased from 361 °C to 341 °C, however, in samples pretreated by ultrasound in acetic solution or distilled water, the residual char content decreased by 12.40%–21.45% and there were no significant differences in reactivity apart from a slightly higher maximum reaction rate. Ultrasound pretreatment increased the samples’ crystallinity up to 35.5% and successfully removed cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from the samples; the pretreatment also increased the exposure of the sample to the treatment solutions, broke down sample pits, and generated collapses and microchannels on sample pits, and removed attachments in the samples.     

Synthesis and Property of Butyl Methacrylate-Butyl Acrylate-Acrylic Acid Terpolymer With Absorptive Capacity

Butyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid terpolymer was synthesized by suspension polymerization with benzoyl peroxide as an initiator and poly(vinyl alcohol) as a dispersing agent to absorb organic liquids, and then the terpolymer was modified to absorb distilled water, NaCl aqueous solution, and toxic metal ions by swelling in isopropyl alcohol and hydrolysis in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The morphology changes during the liquid absorption process were observed via a polarizing light microscope. The thermostabilities of the original and modified terpolymers were tested in a thermogravimetric analyzer. The test results indicated that the unmodified terpolymer could absorb a certain amount of toluene, trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene to become a swollen system, and its remaining (residual) ratio was more than 75% after absorbing the organic liquids for 24 h. The modified terpolymer not only had a marked capacity to absorb distilled water and NaCl aqueous solution, but also showed a significant absorption of toxic metal ions; e.g., its saturated absorbency of Cu²⁺ could reach 421.0 mg/g. The morphology changes demonstrated that the modified terpolymer could be swollen in distilled water, forming a gel-like structure. The results obtained from thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the thermal stability of the modified terpolymer was better than that of the unmodified terpolymer.     

利用微悬臂梁表面应力研究聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺分子的构象转变

提出了一种基于微悬臂梁传感技术研究大分子折叠/构象转变的新方法.通过分子自组装的方法将热敏性的聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)分子链修饰到微悬臂梁的单侧表面，用光杠杆技术检测温度在20—40℃之间变化时由于微悬臂梁上的PNIPAM分子在水中的构象转变所引起的微悬臂梁变形.实验结果显示：在升温过程中，微悬臂梁的表面应力发生了变化并且导致微悬臂梁产生了弯曲变形，这个过程对应着微悬臂梁上的PNIPAM分子从无规线团构象到塌缩小球构象的构象转变.在降温过程中，微悬臂梁发生了反方向的弯曲变形，这对应着PNIPA 关键词： 构象转变 聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺分子链 表面应力 微悬臂梁     

氯盐溶液近红外光谱分析研究

氯盐近红外光谱分析在生物医学上有着十分重要的意义。在室温下对氯化钠,氯化钾,氯化钙水溶液的近红外光谱采集分析表明,氯盐溶液浓度的变化会影响水分子的氢键而使得水溶液的近红外光谱发生变化。通过选择合理波长区间以及温度变化影响为零的波长点(等吸光点),减小温度的干扰对溶液近红外光谱影响,采用偏最小二乘法建立了氯盐溶液的浓度模型用于预测氯盐的离子浓度。分析氯盐溶液中氯盐阳离子的离子半径大小、离子电荷数和离子在水中络合效应等因素对水的近红外光谱所造成的影响以及产生影响因素的原因。实验结果表明,温度和浓度都会影响溶液的近红外光谱,氯盐溶液浓度较低时,温度的影响占主导地位;氯盐浓度高时,浓度的影响占主导地位。氯盐在水溶液中形成络合物,并与氯盐阳离子共同作用对水的氢键产生影响,对于浓度相同种类不同的氯盐溶液, 形成的络合物和阳离子破坏效应对水的氢键的破坏作用为: CaCl₂>NaCl>KCl。最终建立的样品浓度模型校正集的决定系数(R2)=99.97%,交叉验证均方误差(RMSECV)=4.51,剩余预测偏差(RPD)=62.7,满足日常生化检测精度要求。     

变温过程中二甲基亚砜与水之间氢键行为的拉曼光谱研究

测量了在降温过程中体积比为1∶1的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)水溶液的拉曼光谱,并对DMSO水溶液的拉曼光谱进行了归属。对实验数据进行分析发现: 在降温过程中DMSO分子与水分子的分子间氢键、DMSO分子与DMSO分子和水分子与水分子间氢键的作用行为引起了DMSO的SO双键和水分子的O—H键的拉曼谱带的变化。进一步分析表明：在27～-30 ℃降温过程DMSO与水之间氢键加强,-30～-60 ℃降温过程水与水之间氢键代替DMSO与水之间的氢键。这为丰富水溶液的氢键理论提供了实验依据。     

醇水混合冷却剂表面张力和接触角的测定

喷雾冷却具有散热能力强、冷却工质需求量小等优点,在解决电子器件散热方面具有广阔的应用前景。纯水中添加醇类可以有效提升喷雾冷却性能。为进一步探索醇类添加剂强化喷雾冷却性能的机理,本文开展醇水混合溶液表面张力和接触角的实验测定研究。分别在水中加入不同浓度的乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇、正己醇、正庚醇和正辛醇等醇类,利用悬滴法探究醇类浓度对溶液的表面张力的影响规律;利用Young-Laplace坐滴法探究醇类浓度对接触角的影响规律。结果表明,水中添加醇类后表面张力降低,且其随醇类溶质浓度的增加而变小,且其下降速率均随浓度的增加越来越慢;添加低醇类添加剂均可降低溶液的接触角,而高醇类接触角随浓度变化没有明显的变化规律。     

Microstructure and residual stress of laser rapid formed Inconel 718 nickel-base superalloy

The microstructure and residual stress of laser rapid formed (LRFed) nickel-base superalloy Inconel 718 was investigated. The as-deposited microstructure of an LRFed Inconel 718 alloy is composed of columnar dendrites growing epitaxially along the deposition direction, and the columnar dendrites transformed to unevenly distributed equiaxed grains after annealing treatment at high temperature. Residual stress evaluation in microstructure scale by Vickers micro-indentation method indicates that the residual thermal stress is unevenly distributed in the LRFed sample, and it has a significant effect on the recrystallization during solution annealing treatment. The residual stress is introduced by rapid heating and cooling during laser rapid forming. There is an alternative distribution between high residual stress regions and low residual stress regions, within a single deposited layer, resulting in a similar distribution of recrystallized grain size.     

消除溶剂水吸收峰干扰的红外光谱测量新方法

水在中红外波段的强吸收有时会遮蔽水溶液中溶质的特征峰,从而干扰溶质的红外谱带归属和分析。提出了一种新方法,控制水峰的吸收强度逐渐变化(强→弱→消失),从而得到高质量的红外光谱。利用单次ATR附件,通过先扫描空ATR晶体N次,经短暂暂停后,再继续扫描载有纯水(或参比溶液)的ATR晶体M次,这样累加得到的背景单光束谱(N+M次扫描)中水的吸收强度就直接与扫描次数N和M相关。选择足够大的扫描次数N和合适的扫描次数M,就可以彻底扣除水峰的干扰。利用该方法,成功获得了K₂CO₃溶液和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)溶液的消除了水吸收峰的高质量红外光谱。实验结果证实新方法具有快速、高效等优点。文中也讨论了该方法的局限性。     

强磁场下NH4Cl水溶液结构的拉曼光谱研究

迄今为止,国内外存在很多关于强磁场处理对水溶液结构影响的争议,并且关于强磁场对无机盐水溶液结构的研究也相对较少。运用拉曼光谱法,测定了在外加强磁场1.8 T强度下,高纯水与质量分数分别为1%,5%,10%,20%和28%的NH₄Cl水溶液在不同磁化时间下的拉曼散射数据,为拉曼光谱法探究强磁场对水溶液结构的影响提供了一个新的可行方式,丰富了拉曼光谱的研究领域。由实验结果可知,随着磁化时间的增加,水分子中氢键的伸缩振动峰值逐渐升高,经过一定的磁化时间后可以达到饱和。高纯水与不同质量分数的NH₄Cl水溶液的饱和效应时间均不同。高纯水与质量分数为1%,5%,10%,20%和28%的NH₄Cl水溶液峰值饱和时间分别为150,120,120,100,80和80 min。随着NH₄Cl水溶液质量分数的增加,达到磁效应饱和的时间呈现减少的趋势。磁场移除后,测定高纯水与不同质量分数NH₄Cl水溶液的去磁记忆时间。高纯水与质量分数为1%,5%,10%,20%和28%的NH₄Cl水溶液的去磁记忆时间分别为30,40,50,60,80和80 min。随着NH₄Cl水溶液质量分数的增加,去磁记忆时间呈现增加的趋势。利用去卷积拟合的方法对磁化2 h后不同质量分数的NH₄Cl水溶液进行处理。由去卷积拟合结果可知,质量分数为20%的NH₄Cl水溶液比质量分数为10%的NH₄Cl水溶液增加了一个N-H峰,该信号峰随着NH₄Cl水溶液质量分数的增大逐渐增强。DDAA型氢键结构整体上随磁化时间增加而减少,磁化时间的增加对四面体水结构具有破坏作用。当达到饱和磁化时间后,DDAA型氢键不再发生变化。实验结果表明,通过拉曼光谱法可以得到1.8 T强磁场对NH₄Cl水溶液结构的影响规律,为外加强磁场条件下其他无机盐水溶液的研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

适用于服务器CPU散热的微通道两相流研究

设计了一套以R134a为冷媒的微槽道两相流循环散热系统,用于冷却高发热密度的服务器CPU,实测综合传热系数1000~1200 W/(m^2·℃)。冷却水既可以由制冷机提供,也可以由蒸发冷却装置提供.搭建了实验测试平台,系统地测试和对比了该系统在不同CPU负荷和冷却水供水温度工况下的散热性能.测试结果表明,通过饱和温度为25~30℃的R134a两相流相变传热,可将散热热流密度为3 W/cm^2量级、总散热量在50~150 W量级的CPU本体温度稳定控制在50~60℃。根据实测数据,在不同气候条件下,该系统应用于大型数据中心全年理论能效比可以达到10以上,远高于常规机房空调。该系统具有换热能力强、体积小、能效高、冷源温度高、适用性广、节能潜力大等优点,具有可观的经济效益和社会效益。     

气相界面活性剂对溴化锂水溶液吸收水蒸气的影响

目前在溴化锂吸收式制冷机/热泵中被广泛采用的界面活性剂是2-ethyl-1-hexanol(2EH)和1-octanol。传统的界面活性剂的添加方式是,将界面活性剂以液相形式投入到溴化锂溶液中。如果在三效循环中仍采用这样的方式将2EH加入到溴化锂溶液中,由于发生器的温度较高,势必有界面活性剂被蒸发而进入冷媒系统。为探讨三效循环界面活性剂的可能添加方式,同时试图研究界面活性剂以气相形式投入对溴化锂溶液吸收水蒸气的影响,本文针对几种可能有效的界面活性剂,做了界面活性剂的气相添加对吸收速度影响的测试实验。经过对2-ethyl-1-hexanol、1-heptanol和1-hexanol等添加剂的静态池实验,结果表明,气相添加的效果与液相投入没有明显的差别,同样可以大大提高溴化锂溶液吸收水蒸气的速度。     

四氯化碳萃取辅助的水中甲烷拉曼探测技术研究

在常温常压下,由于甲烷(CH4)在水中的溶解度很低,使用常规拉曼光谱技术很难获得水中溶解的低浓度甲烷的拉曼信号。为解决上述问题,提出了一种四氯化碳(CCl4)萃取辅助的探测新方法。利用萃取作用,把溶解在水中的微量甲烷富集到四氯化碳溶液中,通过对其中溶解的CH4拉曼信号的探测以检验水中微量CH4的存在,以此提高实验室条件下水中溶解甲烷的探测灵敏度。在实验室条件(25℃,1atm)下,分别对CH4的饱和水溶液(浓度约为1.14mmol·L-1)、CCl4萃取液以及CH4的饱和CCl4溶液进行了光谱探测分析。结果表明,对CH4的饱和水溶液直接探测,未能获得CH4的拉曼信号;通过萃取辅助,成功地在CCl4萃取液中检测到CH4的拉曼信号,其强度与CH4的饱和CCl4溶液的信号强度相近,实现了在实验室条件下对水中溶存甲烷气体的探测。     

Effect of C-H bonds on the quenching of luminescent lanthanide chelates

The quenching of europium(III) and terbium(III) chelate luminescence by high-energy C-H vibrational manifolds was studied with two types of stable chelates, i.e., a seven-dentate phenylethynylpyridine derivative and a nine-dentate terpyridine derivative. The replacement of C-H bonds by C-D bonds in the chelating parts of the ligands had a clear positive effect on Eu³⁺ luminescence but a negligible effect on Tb²⁺ luminescence. In aqueous solution, however, the positive effect was undetectable, if the chelating ligand did not create complete shielding of the ion against aqueous quenching. In chelates, where the coordination of water molecules to the inner sphere is prevented, the residual quenching through C-H vibrational quanta can be avoided by replacement of all C-H bonds in the vicinity of the emitting ion by C-D bonds.