人工电离层洞形态调制及其对短波传播的影响

本文在电离层中性气体点源扩散近似解的基础上,给出了多源释放动力学模型.分析了释放物质、释放高度、释放模式和释放量等因素对人工电离层洞形态调制的影响,并利用电离层短波三维数字射线追踪技术,对不同调制电离层洞的电波传播效应进行了数值模拟和分析. 关键词： 化学物质释放 人工电离层洞 形态调制 电波传播效应     

基于试验粒子模拟的电离层人工调制激发的极低频和甚低频波对磁层高能电子的散射效应

电离层调制加热能够有效激发极低频和甚低频(ELF/VLF)波,其中向上传播进入磁层的ELF/VLF波能够与高能电子发生共振相互作用,具有人工沉降高能电子、消除辐射带等潜在实际用途.本文综合运用射线追踪和试验粒子方法模拟电离层人工激发的单频ELF/VLF波在电离层和磁层的传播,以及在外辐射带层与高能电子的共振相互作用过程,通过投掷角和能量散射系数评估人工ELF/VLF波对磁层高能电子的共振散射效应.研究表明,电离层人工ELF/VLF波传播到磁层后呈现高倾斜性,传播所能跨域的空间范围主要取决于加热的纬度位置和调制频率.在内辐射带,与～100 keV到几个MeV高能电子发生一阶共振相互作用的为10 kHz的VLF波段;在外辐射带,为几百Hz到1 kHz的ELF波段.对于L=4.5的外辐射带,试验粒子模拟结果显示,单个粒子在人工ELF波作用下投掷角和能量(α,E)的改变具有随机性,而所有试验粒子平均化的?α2和?E2随时间呈现出近似线性的增大,说明波粒共振散射过程体现出整体性.基于试验粒子模拟得到的共振散射系数表明,幅度为10 pT的人工ELF波可在外辐射带的磁赤道局地对1 MeV电子产生较强的投掷角散射效应,进而影响高能电子的损失、沉降等动力学过程.当人工ELF/VLF波在传播过程中变得高度倾斜,不仅最基本的一阶共振十分重要,高阶共振散射也具有较大效应.这些定量分析结果表明,通过电离层加热激发人工ELF/VLF哨声波来沉降、消除辐射带高能电子具有可行性.     

射线追踪、辛几何算法与波场的数值模拟

论述了射线追踪、辛几何算法与波场的数值模拟之间的关系,说明了辛几何算法长时间守恒性质及运用辛几何算法进行射线追踪的必要性.对线性层状模型,利用辛几何算法和Maslov渐近理论对波场进行了数值模拟,并与解析解进行了比较.     

不同插值算法在波前构建射线追踪中的应用与对比

针对波前构建法射线追踪中遇到的波前非网格节点处速度及速度导数的插值问题,对比分析目前在数字地形、数字导航中常用的几种插值算法(邻近域、双线性、分片线性、二维三次卷积)的插值误差.并结合波前构建法的特征,针对不同的插值算法,采取合理的程序设计思想,对同一模型应用不同的插值算法进行射线路径和计算效率的对比.通过对比分析可以得出,在波前构建法射线追踪中应用二维三次卷积插值,不但提高了射线路径的准确度,而且提高了射线追踪的效率,为下一步做偏移成像提供了精确的数据.     

地基高频加热激励ELF/VLF波对辐射带高能电子的准线性散射

地球内、外辐射带电子通量的变化对于空间飞行器,尤其是中低轨卫星的防护有着非常重要的影响.基于回旋共振波粒相互作用的准线性理论,使用地基高频发射器发射电波调制低电离层背景电流可以人工激励ELF/VLF波,这些波能使辐射带相对论电子发生抛射角散射沉降进入大气层从而降低其生存期.为了定量地分析人工激励ELF/VLF波散射辐射带高能粒子的可行性,针对内、外辐射带,本文选取了两个典型区域：L=4.6和L=1.5.数值计算结果表明,在内、外辐射带由于ELF/VLF波的人工注入而造成的高能电子损失时间尺度很大程度上取决于冷等离子体参量α^*(∝B²/N₀,这里B是背景磁场,N₀是电子数密度)、电波频谱特性和功率,以及与波发生回旋共振的电子能量.一般来讲,在外辐射带人工ELF/VLF哨声波散射相对论电子使之沉降到大气层要容易得多;低能量的高能电子(200keV)要比高能量的相对论电子(500keV)更有效地通过抛射角散射进入大气层.考虑到高频电波加热电离层激励的ELF/VLF波可能会被捕获在磁层空腔中,来回反射从而得到增强,因此在适当的条件下,地基高频加热装置发射足够的电波功率进入电离层诱导大幅度ELF/VLF波注入到内磁层,能够在1至3天的时间尺度内快速散射外辐射带相对论电子使之沉降,也能够在10天量级的时间尺度里散射生存周期一般为100天甚至更长的内辐射带相对论电子. 关键词： 地基高频加热电离层 ELF/VLF波激励 高能电子散射和沉降 共振波粒相互作用     

石墨烯太赫兹波动态调制的研究进展

石墨烯是一种有着独特电学和光学性质的二维材料,近年来在太赫兹波动态调制的研究中有着广泛的应用。本文主要对基于石墨烯的太赫兹波动态调制器件进行了综述,分析了电调制、光调制和光电混合调制3种调制方法的原理和优缺点,介绍了近几年来将石墨烯应用于太赫兹波动态调制所取得的一系列科研成果,着重对不同器件的调制性能进行了对比,分析了优势和不足。石墨烯可调超材料为实现更快速、高效的太赫兹调制器件提供了新的思路。     

时空调制引起的漫游螺旋波与旅行螺旋波共存现象

以Barkley模型为研究对象, 研究了在时空调制作用下螺旋波时空动力学行为特性. 发现在适当的调制参数的作用下, 能够在同一系统中同时观察到漫游螺旋波与旅行螺旋波. 通过数值模拟研究分析, 给出了能产生漫游螺旋波与旅行螺旋波共存现象的潜在机理, 并详细讨论了在Barkley 模型中要产生这种共存现象的两个必要条件. 关键词： 时空调制 漫游螺旋波 旅行螺旋波     

电离层调制加热产生极低频/甚低频波定向辐射的理论分析

通过低电离层调制加热能够产生极低频/甚低频(ELF/VLF)波. 基于调制加热理论, 并引入相控阵天线思想, 建立了通过双波束幅度调制模式(DAM)和圆形几何调制模式(CGM)产生ELF/VLF波的定向辐射模型, 并通过与实验数据的对比验证了模型的正确性. 据此模型, 采用HARRP加热阵参数, 对比分析了上述两种定向辐射模式与常规幅度调制模式(AM)之间的特性差异, 并研究了调制频率(f_ELF/VLF)和加热波束与垂直方向倾角(ψ)对各模式的影响. 结果表明: 相对AM模式, 通过合理设置初始相位、f_ELF/VLF和ψ, DAM 模式和CGM模式在实现ELF/VLF信号定向辐射的同时还可以提高其辐射强度, 相对AM模式, CGM模式信号强度最大提高约11.3 dB. 关键词： 定向辐射 双波束幅度调制 圆形几何调制     

基于射线追踪的线结构光曲面网格标定

结构光视觉技术是一种光学三维表面测量技术,具有速度快、精度高、鲁棒性强等优点。在实际应用中,线结构光发射器的镜头失真会导致光平面发生弯曲,而现有的大多数标定方法无法对失真进行补偿,并且会限制线结构光的分布规则。为了避免透镜失真所造成的影响,提出了一种精确且鲁棒性强的线结构光标定方法,通过构建曲面网格模型将水平、竖直射线追踪相结合,克服了现有方法对结构光分布方向的限制,同时,利用微分后的空间网格平面与像素网格平面之间的单应性关系实现了亚像素级的光条中心点三维重建。实验结果表明,该方法可以降低线结构光平面弯曲对标定精度的影响,对间距为55 mm的任意相邻靶标进行距离测量的误差小于0.08 mm,对间距为1133.85 mm的任意相邻靶标进行距离测量的精度可达0.50 mm。     

一维粗糙面散射的射线追踪法研究

在考虑遮蔽效应的情况下,应用射线追踪法对一维导体和介质的高斯粗糙面的散射系数进行了研究,并分别计算了考虑一次反射和二次反射的散射系数。同时,利用蒙特卡罗法生成一维高斯粗糙面,计算了考虑一次、二次反射和遮蔽时不同均方根斜率粗糙面的平均散射系数。     

Determine the physical mechanism and source region of beat wave modulation by changing the frequency of high-frequency waves

This paper introduces a new approach for the determination of the source region of beat wave(BW)modulation.This type of modulation is achieved by transmitting high-frequency(HF)continuous waves with a frequency difference f,where f is the frequency of modulated ELF/VLF(extremely low frequency/very low frequency)waves from two sub-arrays of a high power HF transmitter.Despite the advantages of BW modulation in terms of generating more stable ELF/VLF signal and high modulation efficiency,there exists a controversy on the physical mechanism of BW and its source region.In this paper,the two controversial theories,i.e.,BW based on D-E region thermal nonlinearity and BW based on F region ponderomotive nonlinearity are examined for cases where each of these two theories exists exclusively or both of them exist simultaneously.According to the analysis and simulation results presented in this paper,it is found that the generated VLF signal amplitude exhibits significant variation as a function of HF frequency in different source regions.Therefore,this characteristic can be utilized as a potential new approach to determine the physical mechanism and source location of BW.     

A diagnostic tool for the study of stochastic properties of density striations excited by powerful electromagnetic waves in the ionospheric plasma

Powerful electromagnetic waves illuminating the ionospheric plasma generate small-scale density irregularities elongated in the direction of the geomagnetic field. Stochastic motion of these irregularities results in fluctuations of HF radio signals backscattered by the illuminated region. Observations of the full wave form of the radio signals make it possible to reconstruct the distribution function of the irregularities over their velocities. An experiment with such a reconstruction is proposed.     

Blind parameter estimation of pseudo-random binary code-linear frequency modulation signal based on Duffing oscillator at low SNR

Conventional parameter estimation methods for pseudo-random binary code-linear frequency modulation(PRBCLFM) signals require prior knowledge, are computationally complex, and exhibit poor performance at low signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs). To overcome these problems, a blind parameter estimation method based on a Duffing oscillator array is proposed. A new relationship formula among the state of the Duffing oscillator, the pseudo-random sequence of the PRBC-LFM signal, and the frequency difference between the PRBC-LFM signal and the periodic driving force signal of the Duffing oscillator is derived, providing the theoretical basis for blind parameter estimation. Methods based on amplitude method, short-time Fourier transform method, and power spectrum entropy method are used to binarize the output of the Duffing oscillator array, and their performance is compared. The pseudo-random sequence is estimated using Duffing oscillator array synchronization, and the carrier frequency parameters are obtained by the relational expressions and characteristics of the difference frequency. Simulation results show that this blind estimation method overcomes limitations in prior knowledge and maintains good parameter estimation performance up to an SNR of-35 d B.     

Low frequency surface waves in the presence of an external high frequency electric field

The problem of surface sound propagation in the presence of external high frequency dipole electric field is investigated using Vlasov-Poisson equations. The structure of the electric field of these surface waves is also determined. It has been found that the ion sound waves that exist in the presence of external high frequency waves are true surface waves while those without the external field are quasi-surface waves as the former waves decay within one wavelength away from the surface.     

A novel method of high speed frequency shift keying modulation in mm waves

To place a high speed switching diode in the cavity of the mm wave scillator has the behavior equivalent to an inductive post. The on-and-off switching of the diode will give rise to the change of inductance, hence the change of parameters of the cavity, and the osaillating frequency. In this article, the basic principle and the measured result are given. It is found that this is an efficient method in high speed frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation for a mm wave transmitter in communication.     

Test particle simulations of resonant interactions between energetic electrons and discrete,multi-frequency artificial whistler waves in the plasmasphere

Modulated high frequency(HF) heating of the ionosphere provides a feasible means of artificially generating extremely low frequency(ELF)/very low frequency(VLF) whistler waves, which can leak into the inner magnetosphere and contribute to resonant interactions with high energy electrons. Combining the ray tracing method and test particle simulations, we evaluate the effects of energetic electron resonant scattering driven by the discrete, multi-frequency artificially generated ELF/VLF waves. The simulation results indicate a stochastic behavior of electrons and a linear profile of pitch angle and kinetic energy variations averaged over all test electrons. These features are similar to those associated with single-frequency waves. The computed local diffusion coefficients show that, although the momentum diffusion of relativistic electrons due to artificial ELF/VLF whistlers with a nominal amplitude of ～ 1 pT is minor, the pitch angle scattering can be notably efficient at low pitch angles near the loss cone, which supports the feasibility of artificial triggering of multi-frequency ELF/VLF whistler waves for the removal of high energy electrons from the magnetosphere. We also investigate the dependences of diffusion coefficients on the frequency interval(△f) of the discrete, multi-frequency waves.We find that there is a threshold value of △f for which the net diffusion coefficient of multi-frequency whistlers is inversely proportional to △f(proportional to the frequency components Nw) when △f is below the threshold value but it remains unchanged with increasing △f when △f is larger than the threshold value. This is explained as being due to the fact that the resonant scattering effect of broadband waves is the sum of the effects of each frequency in the ‘effective frequency band’. Our results suggest that the modulation frequency of HF heating of the ionosphere can be appropriately selected with reasonable frequency intervals so that better performance of controlled precipitation of high energy electrons in the plasmasphere by artificial ELF/VLF whistler waves can be achieved.     

Efficient intensity modulation due to surface acoustic waves on windows of the AlGaN/InGaN multiple quantum well laser

An alternative method for modulation of light generated by AlGaN/InGaN multiple quantum well laser with quartz antireflective (AR) coatings covering the resonator windows was modelled and studied theoretically. Disturbance of the piezoelectric coatings caused by surface acoustic waves (SAW) results in efficient intensity modulation of the laser beam. The model for the laser diode operating at DC demonstrates that the modulation factor can exceed 0.2 in sub-nanometer SAW displacement. For quarter-wave AR films, the carrier frequency of modulated beam has twice the frequency of SAW.     

Observation of very low frequency emissions at Indian Antarctic station,Maitri

Recently, we have succeeded in recording VLF emissions at the Indian Antarctic station, Maitri (geom. lat. 62°S, geom. long. 57.23°E,L = 45) using a T-type antenna, pre/main amplifiers and digital audio tape recorder. VLF hiss in the frequency ranges 11–13 kHz and 13–14.5 kHz and some riser-type emissions in the frequency range 3–5 kHz and magnetospheric lines at about 6.2, 8.0 and 9.2 kHz are reported for the first time. The generation and propagation mechanism of these emissions are discussed briefly.