Accurate quantification of (1)H spectra: from finite impulse response filter design for solvent suppression to parameter estimation.

A scheme for accurate quantification of (1)H spectra is presented. The method uses maximum-phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters for solvent suppression and an iterative nonlinear least-squares (NLLS) algorithm for parameter estimation. The estimation algorithm takes the filter influence on the metabolites of interest into account and can thereby correctly incorporate a large variety of prior knowledge into the estimation phase. The FIR filter is designed in such a way that no distortion of the important initial samples is introduced. The FIR filter method is compared numerically with the HSVD method for water signal removal in a number of examples. The results show that the FIR method, using an automatic filter design scheme, slightly outperforms the HSVD method in most cases. The good performance and ease of use of the FIR filter method combined with its low computational complexity motivate the use of the proposed method.     

Frequency-selective quantification of biomedical magnetic resonance spectroscopy data

In this paper the possibility of obtaining accurate estimates of parameters of selected peaks in the presence of unknown or uninteresting spectral features in biomedical magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) signals is investigated. This problem is denoted by frequency-selective parameter estimation. A new time-domain technique based on maximum-phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters is presented. The proposed method is compared to a number of existing approaches: the application of a weighting function in the time domain, frequency domain fitting using a polynomial baseline, and the time-domain HSVD filter method. The ease of use and low computational complexity of the FIR filter method make it an attractive approach for frequency-selective parameter estimation. The methods are validated using simulations of relevant (13)C and (31)P MRS examples.     

Fast Removal of Residual Water in Proton Spectra

Quantification of metabolites in¹H spectra is difficult because of the presence of an unwanted water signal. Preprocessing, or removing the water contribution of a¹H spectrum, in the time domain is usually done using the state-space approach HSVD. HSVD removes the residual water and its side lobes, thereby reducing the baseline for the metabolites of interest and allowing subsequent data analysis using more sophisticated nonlinear least squares algorithms. However, the HSVD algorithm is computationally expensive because it estimates the signal subspace using the singular value decomposition (SVD). We show here that replacing the SVD by a low-rank revealing decomposition speeds up the computations without affecting the accuracy of the wanted parameter estimates.     

Synthesis algorithm of a multi-channel lattice-form optical delay-line circuit

A novel synthesis algorithm for multi-channel (M?2) lattice form optical delay-line circuit is presented in this paper. This circuit offers multi-port FIR optical filter with delay time of N Δτ (Δτ: unit delay time). Synthesis algorithm is based on division of total transfer matrix into unit blocks. Developed method confirms that 1×M optical delay-line circuit offers same transmission characteristics as 1×M FIR digital filter. Band-pass flat group delay type filter is considered as an example in this paper. It is also confirmed that proposed delay-line circuit can realize 100% power transmittance.     

IMPLEMENTATION OF A BROADBAND DUCT ANC SYSTEM USING ADAPTIVE SPATIALLY FEEDFORWARD STRUCTURE

An adaptive spatially feedforward algorithm is proposed for broadband attenuation of noise in ducts. Acoustic feedback generally exists in this active noise control structure. Munjal and Eriksson (1988 Journal of Acoustical Society of America84, 1086-1093) derived an ideal controller for the spatially feedforward structure. The ideal controller can be partitioned into two parts. The first part represents a repetitive controller that can be implemented by an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, whereas the second part represents the dynamics of transducer that can be implemented by a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. In the paper, the IIR filter is merged with the original plant. The FIR filter is adaptively updated by the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm to accommodate perturbations and uncertainties in the system. The proposed algorithm is implemented via a floating point digital signal processor and compared with other commonly used algorithms such as the Filtered-X LMS algorithm, the feedback neutralization algorithm, and the Filtered-U LMS algorithm. Experimental results show that the system has attained 15·7 dB maximal attenuation in the frequency band 200-600 Hz.     

激光气体分析仪中数字滤波器的设计

由于基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱（TDLAS）技术的激光气体分析仪的二次谐波信号中存在较大的系统噪声,本文利用有限长单位冲激响应（FIR）,提出了激光气体分析仪的二次谐波在线滤波方法。在分析FIR数字滤波器原理的基础上,利用MATLAB窗函数设计了适合本激光气体分析仪的数字滤波器。然后,将仿真的FIR数字滤波算法移植到激光气体分析仪嵌入式系统中。最后,比较了滤波前后二次谐波信号波形,说明了在激光气体分析仪嵌入式系统中采用基于FIR数字滤波器滤波算法的可行性。实验结果表明：FIR数字滤波器对一组二次谐波信号进行滤波的运算时间为230ms,滤波后的二次谐波信号波形获得了较好的去噪效果,能够满足激光气体分析仪对含有噪声的二次谐波信号进行平滑去噪的要求,且滤波算法结构简单、运算时间短、可移植性强。     

基于无限脉冲响应滤波器的自适应滤波E型有源噪声控制算法

相对于有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波器,无限脉冲响应(ⅡR)滤波器由于其本身自有的零-极点结构,能以较低的阶数即可与系统模型匹配。因此在有源噪声控制(ANC)中,使用ⅡR滤波器可以大大节省计算量并能提高系统效率。自适应滤波U型最小均方差(FULMS)算法是目前常用的基于ⅡR滤波器的有源噪声控制算法,但该算法却不能保证全局收敛,这大大限制了该算法在有源噪声控制中的应用。本文提出一种新的基于ⅡR滤波器的自适应有源噪声控制算法——滤波E型最小均方差算法,该算法计算量相对于FULMS算法仅略有增加,但具有良好的全局收敛性,仿真结果表明该算法具有良好的降噪效果。     

A relaxed condition for "perfect" cancellation of broadband noise in 3D enclosures

This paper presents a relaxed condition for "perfect" cancellation of broadband noise in 3D enclosures. On the basis of a truncated modal model, it can be shown that the primary and secondary paths belong to a same subspace if a certain condition is satisfied. There exists a finite impulse response (FIR) filter transfer function vector for perfect cancellation of the primary paths. The analytical result is verified numerically with an active noise control (ANC) system in a 3D rectangular enclosure. The proposed ANC scheme is shown to fit well into the framework of an existing multichannel least-mean squares (LMS) algorithm for adaptive implementation.     

特定频率响应FIR滤波器的设计及其在水声中的应用

在水声信号处理中，有时普通滤波器不能够满足应用要求，需要利用具有任意的给定频率响应的滤波器，本文利用自适应方法设计具有给定频率响应的FIR滤波器，将将该方法设计的滤波器用于产生宽带信号的精确时延信号和进行时域宽带波速形成，使用效果较好。该类滤波器使用非常有效。而且计算量小，易于工程实现。     

Design of Hilbert transformers with tunable THz bandwidths using a reconfigurable integrated optical FIR filter

We present the design and analysis of a wideband and tunable optical Hilbert transformer (OHT) using a tunable waveguide-based finite-impulse response (FIR) filter structure by using the digital filter design method and the Remez algorithm. The tunable Nth-order waveguide-based FIR filter, which simply consists of N delay lines, N tunable couplers, N tunable phase shifters and a combiner, can be tuned, by thermally adjusting the tunable couplers and tunable phase shifters, to tune the bandwidth of an OHT using silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, the simulation results have an excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The tunable OHT can function as a wideband and tunable 90° phase shifter and thus has many potential applications. The two unique features of wideband characteristic (up to ~ 2 THz) and tunable bandwidth (THz tuning range) of the proposed OHT cannot be obtained from the existing OHTs.     

机械抖动激光陀螺新型信号处理方法的研究

针对高速采样低通滤波的线性脉冲响应(FIR)滤波器在机械抖动激光陀螺(MDRLG)信号处理中存在着较大的时延,限制MDRLG在快速跟踪中的应用,基于相关滤波技术提出了一种新的信号处理方法。对这一方法的基本理论进行了分析,并基于Labview实现了仿真。相关滤波后,激光陀螺输出中的抖动信号衰减了约41dB,还不能达到激光陀螺应用的要求,可以适当加一低阶的FIR低通滤波器去除抖动剥除后剩余的抖动成分和高频噪声。在静态条件下用这三种信号处理方法分别对激光陀螺零偏进行了测试。相关滤波法所测得零偏稳定性(1σ00)比50阶FIR滤波器差了将近三倍,相关滤波后再经过22阶的FIR低通滤波测得的零偏稳定性比50阶FIR低通滤波器的测试结果大了不足0.001°/h,延迟时间却从4.9ms减小至2.1ms。     

New demodulation filter in digital phase rotation beamforming

In this paper, we present a new quadrature demodulation filter to reduce hardware complexity in digital phase rotation beamforming. Due to its low sensitivity to phase delay errors, digital quadrature demodulation is commonly used in ultrasound machines. However, since it requires two lowpass filters for each channel to remove harmonics, the direct use of conventional finite impulse response (FIR) filters in ultrasound machines is computationally expensive and burdensome. In our new method, an efficient multi-stage uniform coefficient (MSUC) filter is utilized to remove harmonic components in phase rotation beamforming. In comparison with the directly implemented FIR (DI-FIR) and the previously-proposed signed-power-of-two FIR (SPOT-FIR) lowpass filters, the proposed MSUC filter reduces the necessary hardware resources by 93.9% and 83.9%, respectively. In simulation, the MSUC filter shows a negligible degradation in image quality. The proposed method resulted in comparable spatial and contrast resolution to the DI-FIR approach in the phantom study. These preliminary results indicate that the proposed quadrature demodulation filtering method could significantly reduce the hardware complexity in phase rotation beamforming while maintaining comparable image quality.     

An investigation of CaF2:Dy2+ system to determine its potential as continuously tunable far-infrared laser1

An investigation has been carried out on the CaF₂:Dy²⁺ system to determine its potential as a tunable source of far infrared (FIR) radiation. High resolution laser magnetospectroscopy using optically pumped FIR lasers has been performed on the (E2 → T2)-type transitions of CaF₂:Dy²⁺ to determine the radiative and non-radiative lifetimes of 1 → 7, 1 → 8, and 2 → 7 transitions. The variation of the transition strengths with magnetic field and orientation has been calculated theoretically for all transitions. The experimental and theoretical work has shown that potentially workable pumping schemes, capable of providing tunable FIR radiation with tunability of several cm⁻¹, exist. The threshold power for the best pumping scheme is estimated.     

Scheme for generation of flat top and high signal-to-noise ratio optical frequency comb

We demonstrate a new scheme for generation of optical frequency comb(OFC) based on cascade modulators, 23 comb lines within 0.5 d B spectral power variation are obtained. An optical finite impulse response(FIR) filter is introduced for suppression of amplified spontaneous emission noise. It is shown that carrier-to-noise-ratio of the OFC generated by this scheme can be as high as 38.8 d B with 12 d B improvement by using a 16-tap FIR filter, and the error vector magnitude performances of loaded Nyquist-16 quadrature amplitude modulation signal is improved from 14.20% to 7.44%.     

基于有限脉冲响应滤波器的数字全息零级像消除

针对数字全息中零级像的存在影响数字再现像的质量,分析数字全息图的记录、再现原理及频谱特性,提出了一种利用有限脉冲响应滤波器消除全息图数字再现中零级像的方法.该方法只需记录一幅数字全息图,不需要相移器材或其他辅助设备,直接利用数字图像处理对数字全息图在空域进行预处理,消除全息再现时的零级像干扰.对比了数字模拟和实验拍摄到的全息图在应用有限脉冲响应滤波器消除零级像前后的再现结果,表明该方法可消除零级衍射像,改善重建像质量,并且算法简单.     

巴特沃斯小波构造及其故障诊断应用研究

讨论了由正交滤波器组构造小波的方法和所要满足的正则性条件。分析比较了由有限冲激响应(FIR)滤波器组构造出的小波与无限冲激响应(IIR)滤波器组构造出的小波。并将基于IIR滤波器组的7阶巴特沃斯小波与基于FIR滤波器组的Daubechies小波在信号降噪中的效果进行比较,得出了低阶IIR滤波器组构造的小波可以与高阶FIR滤波器组构造出的小波分析效果相似。最后,将巴特沃斯小波用于内燃机故障的诊断。证明巴特沃斯小波作为小波变换应用里的一个分支,可以在数字信号处理和故障诊断中得到良好的应用。     

一种改进的开关电流滤波器实现小波变换的方法

提出了一种小波变换的开关电流滤波器实现的新方案,基于网络函数逼近理论,采用一种函数逼近的系统算法将基本小波函数综合为有理分式和,并利用开关电流并联结构实现该基本小波函数滤波器.以高斯一阶导数函数为例,给出了逼近网络的具体构造过程和开关电流滤波器实现结构.该滤波器网络由六个以S²I存储单元为核的双二次开关电流滤波器并联而成.理论分析和仿真结果表明,新方案比原有实现方法在逼近精度、系统稳定性、电路性能方面均有明显改善. 关键词： 小波变换 开关电流 网络函数逼近 有理分式综合     

High resolution time-delay estimation of underwater target geometric scattering

The geometric scatterings carry the information of the shape of an underwater target. While the time-delay of the weak geometric scattering exists in the received signal cannot be obtained accurately by the conventional time-delay estimation methods because of the limit of the main-lobe width and the interferences from the side-lobe. In this paper, we propose a high resolution time-delay estimation (HRTDE) scheme consisting of two steps. Firstly, when a linear-frequency-modulated (LFM) pulse is transmitted by sonar, the dechirping method transforms the geometric scatterings with different time-delays into multiple single-frequency components respectively, in which the frequency of the dechirped signal shows a linear relationship with the time-delay of the geometric scattering. Then the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm is adopted to increase the spectrum resolution when multiple single-frequency signals exist in the dechirped signal and the frequency interval is smaller than the frequency resolution limit of the Fourier transform. Simulation results show that the main lobe of the proposed scheme is sharper and with less interference from the side-lobe, compared with the conventional time-delay estimation methods. The results from the anechoic pool experiment demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves a better time-delay estimation performance for the weak geometric scattering generated by the bottom edge of the underwater target model than match filter based methods.     

Investigation of data-format-transparent multiwavelength all-optical clock recovery using a single FP-SOA

Multiwavelength clock recovery (CR) is desired to perform all-optical parallel processing, which has potential application in optical communication systems that use WDM technology. Fabry-Pérot semiconductor optical amplifier (FP-SOA) can perform the similar filter function as passive FP filter, and can simultaneously provide gain for oscillation pulses in the cavity; it is essentially an active filter. We experimentally demonstrated simultaneous multiwavelength all-optical CR from input 36.47-Gb/s pseudo-return-zero (PRZ) data and non-return-zero (NRZ) data using a single multi-quantum-well (MQW) FP-SOA with facets reflectivity of 30%. The presented multiwavelength CR scheme is also suitable for PSK signals. Dual-channel CR from input two channels 36.47-Gb/s 2²³−1 NRZ-DPSK data located at different wavelength is experimentally demonstrated. This scheme is transparent for data formats, which is very important for next generation optical networks.     

IRIS-HSVD algorithm for automatic quantitation of in vivo 31P MRS

The rapid development of (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has enhanced non-invasive measurement of brain metabolites, which is important for biomedical research. The accuracy and efficiency of data post processing and quantification is paramount for MRS applications. One of the difficulties with in vivo(31)P MRS data quantification is the separation of broad line-width resonances from chemical compounds' resonances under a low signal-to-noise ratio condition. Furthermore, the chemical shift of some compounds caused by pH and Mg(2+) concentration can be troublesome. This work aims to develop an automatic algorithm using a state-space based quantification approach to solve the above mentioned problems. To achieve this aim, we utilized an HSVD based adaptive optimizing prior knowledge algorithm, which uses so called "interference" signals to optimize prior knowledge iteratively for parameter optimization. We termed this algorithm IRIS-HSVD, which stands for Iterative Reduction of Interference Signal HSVD. The Monte Carlo evaluations of the algorithm were conducted with simulated data using in vivo parameters commonly obtained from a 4T scanner. The performance of this algorithm using simulated data was compared to those of other automatic methods including HSVD and HTLS-PK. Examples of in vivo(31)P data obtained from brains of healthy subjects on a 4T MRI scanner were also presented, which demonstrated the superiority of the new method. The results were compared with those using AMARES.