台阶式溢洪道滑行水流水面线和消能效果的试验研究

通过模型试验研究了台阶式溢洪道滑行水流的流态、水面线和消能效果。试验得出,台阶式溢洪道的水流流态分为台阶内部的旋滚流态和虚拟底板以上主流区的流态。台阶式溢洪道水面线的变化与来流量、台阶尺寸和掺气浓度有关。当水流进入台阶段时,水面由于失重有一定的降低,然后逐渐抬高至某一高度后再略有降低;在掺气发生点以前,水面线沿程降低,掺气发生点以后,水面线沿程升高;当水流掺气饱和时,水深沿程不再变化,为明渠均匀流。台阶式溢洪道的消能率是逐级台阶的累积效应。水流通过与台阶之间的碰撞、台阶上的水流漩滚以及水流内部的紊动剪切强化了溢洪道的消能效果。在试验范围内,台阶式溢洪道与光滑溢洪道比较,消能率可以提高40% ~70%。通过试验,得出了台阶式溢洪道滑行水流水面线和消能率的计算方法。     

台阶式溢洪道掺气水流水深的试验研究

根据紊流边界层理论,整理分析了前人对台阶式溢洪道掺气位置的研究成果,提出了掺气发生点的计算方法。通过模型试验,研究了坡度分别为30°、51．3°、60°台阶式溢洪道上掺气水深的分布规律。研究结果表明当台阶尺寸一定时,掺气水深主要与堰上流能比、台阶坡度、台阶以上总水头有关;流能比越小,单宽流量越小,台阶上的水层越薄,掺气越充分,相对掺气水深越大;随着坡度的变陡,来流速度增加,掺气发生点前移,水流破碎严重,水深增加越大;沿程相对掺气水深随流程的增加而增加。     

射流冲击水垫塘入射点旋涡掺气特性的研究

通过实验研究了不掺气射流冲击水垫塘入射点旋涡掺气的特性。实验结果表明：空气从射流入射点被卷入后，沿射流剪切层扩散；入射点掺气浓度随水垫深度的减小而增加；剪切层内水气混合体的流速分布具有误差函数形式；在剪切层内、外区，其掺气浓度分别符合高斯分布，与理论计算吻合良好。另外，还从理论上导出了射流入射点附近水气混合层的厚度，并给出了计算掺气量的公式。     

矩形平底渠道淹没水跃区的水头损失

研究了矩形平底明渠淹没水跃区的水头损失。根据Rajaratnam对淹没水跃区的流速分布、壁面切应力、最大流速的试验成果和Verhoff附壁射流区断面流速分布的计算公式,应用紊流边界层理论研究了淹没水跃区的边界层发展和沿程水头损失的计算方法。根据动量方程和能量方程研究了淹没水跃区的跃前断面水深、总水头损失、局部水头损失、消能率的计算方法。给出了淹没水跃区最大流速、紊流边界层厚度、沿程水头损失、总水头损失、局部水头损失、局部阻力系数、消能率的计算方法。研究表明:淹没水跃区的总水头损失是跃前断面弗劳德数、跃前水深和淹没度的函数,沿程水头损失和局部水头损失与跃前断面流速、水深、水跃长度、跃前断面的特征雷诺数和消力池宽度有关。淹没水跃区的水头损失主要是局部水头损失,消能率随着弗劳德数的增加而增加。     

掺气分流墩墩头的动水压强特性研究

对掺气分流墩墩头的动水压强特性进行了试验研究,以求了解墩头的抗空蚀性能及动水压强特性。试验结果得出：时均压强P／Pman沿墩高和Cp沿横断面的分布规律;墩头轴线与来流有夹角时Cp沿横断面的分布规律;墩头壁压脉动压强特性,在墩后充分供气时,墩头的空化特性。     

波浪作用下直立结构物附近强湍动掺气流体运动的数值模拟

波浪破碎卷入气体易对建筑物受力产生压力振荡,了解波浪作用下建筑物附近掺气水流的运动特性是精确计算建筑物受力的前提.基于OpenFOAM开源程序包和修正速度入口造波方法建立三维数值波浪水槽,模型采用S-A IDDES湍流模型进行湍流封闭,并采用修正的VOF方法捕捉自由液面,数值模拟了规则波在1:10的光滑斜坡上与直立结构物的相互作用过程,重点分析了结构物附近的水动力和掺气水流运动特性.结果表明,建立的数值模型能精确地捕捉波浪作用下直立结构物附近的自由液面的变化以及气泡输运过程,较好地描述气体卷入所形成的气腔形态以及多气腔之间的融合、分裂等过程;波浪与直立结构物相互作用产生强湍动掺气水流,其运动过程十分复杂;掺气流体输运过程中水气界面周围一直伴随着涡的存在,其中,气泡的分裂与周围正负涡量剪切作用密切相关,且其输运轨迹主要受周围流场的影响;研究揭示了结构物附近湍动能与掺气特性的关系,发现波浪作用下直立结构物附近湍动能的分布与掺气水流特征参数(气泡数量、空隙率)整体呈现一定的线性关系.     

波浪作用下直立结构物附近强湍动掺气流体运动的数值模拟

波浪破碎卷入气体易对建筑物受力产生压力振荡,了解波浪作用下建筑物附近掺气水流的运动特性是精确计算建筑物受力的前提.基于OpenFOAM开源程序包和修正速度入口造波方法建立三维数值波浪水槽,模型采用S-A IDDES湍流模型进行湍流封闭,并采用修正的VOF方法捕捉自由液面,数值模拟了规则波在1:10的光滑斜坡上与直立结构物的相互作用过程,重点分析了结构物附近的水动力和掺气水流运动特性.结果表明,建立的数值模型能精确地捕捉波浪作用下直立结构物附近的自由液面的变化以及气泡输运过程,较好地描述气体卷入所形成的气腔形态以及多气腔之间的融合、分裂等过程;波浪与直立结构物相互作用产生强湍动掺气水流,其运动过程十分复杂;掺气流体输运过程中水气界面周围一直伴随着涡的存在,其中,气泡的分裂与周围正负涡量剪切作用密切相关,且其输运轨迹主要受周围流场的影响;研究揭示了结构物附近湍动能与掺气特性的关系,发现波浪作用下直立结构物附近湍动能的分布与掺气水流特征参数(气泡数量、空隙率)整体呈现一定的线性关系.     

近地空中气云爆炸波遇地面反射的研究

从非定常Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程出发，用高精度、高分辨率的ＴＶＤ格式，对近地空中轴对称气云爆炸波遇地面反射进行了数值模拟，得到了冲击波在地面由规则反射到马赫反射的爆炸场波系结构、沿地面的压力分布与地面指定点的压力时间曲线。比较了同体积不同初始形状气云爆炸效应。本文方法可预测爆炸场参数并对改进弹体结构设计以控制气云形状提供参考。     

高坝挑流冲刷坑中掺气水流的流速量测及其特性分析

本文研究了利用热膜技术量测掺气水流的时均流速和紊动结构有关的技术问题，首次成功地量测了三峡溢流坝模型冲坑中掺气水流的时均流速与脉动流速，并对脉动流速和脉动压强的相关关系作了分析研究，把目前冲坑水流特性的研究推进了一步，对研究冲刷过程和探讨消能机理有重要的理论价值与实际意义     

方管内气固两相流动速度的LDV测量

介绍了气固两相流动的ＬＤＶ测试方法和有关技术，并给出了方管内网栅后气固两相流动的部分测试结果与分析。对于气相，给出了纯净气流（α＝０）、平均粒径ｄｐ＝３５０μｍ的颗粒（α＝０．１２％、０．２１％、０．３３５％）存在时的气流在管内不同断面上时均速度分布情况及不同颗粒浓度时气流速度结构的比较；对于固相，给出了三种不同固相浓度时颗粒在管内不同断面上时均速度的分布情况，并对三种固相浓度时颗粒与气相的速度分布进行了比较。     

Self-entrainment of air on stepped spillways

The pseudo-bottom-inception point related to air entrainment is located further upstream on stepped spillways than on smooth spillways, for otherwise identical conditions. Its position is relevant concerning cavitation aspects, flow losses and flow depths. This Paper presents and discusses visual observations made with a high-speed camera and air concentration measurements in the vicinity of the pseudo-bottom air inception point on a stepped model spillway. Insight into the bottom aeration processes is provided, pointing at the effects of dynamic and turbulent air-phase surface troughs instantaneously protruding to the pseudo-bottom. In addition, the measured data were analyzed with regard to the extensions of these surface troughs. The trough bases were found to reach approximately 70–80% of the mixture flow depth upstream of the inception point, to 60–70% at the inception point and to 40–50% at the equilibrium flow region downstream of the inception point. The highly-turbulent character of developed flow is described and the general air transport process specified on the basis of air concentrations and related parameters.     

Water entrainment due to spillway surface jets

Strong flow entrainment has been observed downstream of spillways constructed with flow deflectors. This water entrainment has important environmental and ecological impacts because it improves the mixing of powerhouse and spillway flows, but may negatively impact fish migration or create adverse flow conditions.

Most studies found in the literature attempt to explain this entrainment with turbulent mixing. Both reduced-scale hydraulic models and single-phase, isotropic RANS models grossly under-predict the degree of entrainment observed in prototypes. In this paper, an anisotropic model that accounts for the bubble volume fraction and attenuation of the normal velocity fluctuations at the free surface is presented. The model adequately predicts the main mechanisms causing water entrainment and compares well against experimental data for a round surface jet and for Brownlee Dam at model scale. It is shown that appropriate entrainment can only be captured if the turbulence anisotropy and the two-phase nature of the flow are modelled.     

Numerical study on the effects of air valve characteristics on pressure surges during pump trip in pumping systems with air entrainment

An improved numerical model and computational method are proposed here for the study of the effects of air valve characteristics on pressure surges during pump trip in fluid systems with air entrainment. Numerical experiments have shown that air valves with higher inflow characteristics installed at peak locations of a fluid system may reduce the magnitude of the extreme negative pressure surges. However, for near zero air entrainment levels in the fluid system, air valves with higher outflow characteristics tend to result in higher positive pressure surges. The results of the numerical simulations seem to be in qualitative agreement with available field observations [T.S. Lee and H.F. Cheong, Teck Hock Pumping Station: Flow Rate and Pressure Transient Measurements, Johnson Pacific, Singapore, 1994]. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Influence of Air Entrainment on the Fluid Pressure Transients in a Pumping Installation

A four-equation, two-fluid model of two-component flow has been developed to study the effects of air entrainment on the pressure transients in a pumping installation. A semi-implicit hydrodynamic numerical scheme is applied. Free and dissolved gases in the fluid and cavitation at the gas saturation pressure are modeled. The mechanism and behaviors of the pressure transients are discussed. Numerical experiments show that the first pressure peak is mainly dominated by two factors: one is the delay in wave reflection from the reservoir; the other is the change of wave speed in the mixture, which directly cause changes in wave speed. The magnitude of the first pressure peak depends on the overlapping of the effects of these two factors. The air volume at the check valve is mainly controlled by the local pressure there and the initial air void fraction. Comparably, the air volume at peak level is dependent on the local pressure and air release with initial air entrainment less than 10^-2, but dependent on the local pressure, air release and initial air void fraction together with initial air entrainment greater than 10^-2.     

A numerical method for the computation of the effects of an air vessel on the pressure surges in pumping systems with air entrainment

This paper describes an improved numerical method and computational procedure for the implementation of typical air vessel responses and their influence on the pressure transient for unsteady flow in a pipeline system with air entrainment. The proposed numerical method and computational procedure is without the necessity of an excessive iterative procedure as required previously by the conventional approach. The effects of air in the transient fluid system with the air vessel were then studied through the improved numerical computational method. Free and dissolved gases in the transported fluid, and cavitation at vapour pressure, are included. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measuring void fraction and velocity fields of a stepped spillway for skimming flow using non-intrusive methods

Stepped spillways have higher energy dissipation than smoother hydraulic structures used to divert flood discharges. The inception point related to air entrainment is, however, located further upstream causing an undesired bulking of the flow depth. For large discharge rates and for straight stepped spillways, the skimming flow regime may be assumed two dimensional; this is an attractive feature for the application of non-intrusive flow visualization techniques because these methods measure the flow characteristics in the vicinity of the sidewalls which are likely to correlate with the flow at the centre of the flume. This paper tests the hypothesis that such techniques can be used to measure the flow inside the flume. The hypothesis is tested against measurements taken with an intrusive probe. Void fraction contour lines and velocity fields are obtained in 12 different stepped spillway configurations using the image processing procedure and the bubble image velocimetry, respectively. The void fraction and velocity results are overall consistent with the probe measurements. The velocity fields show a persistent underestimation of the probe measurements which can at least be partially explained by sidewall effects and possible probe’s overestimation.     

Deep swirling flow down a plughole with air entrainment

Experiments have been carried out to determine the water depth required to entrain a given amount of air with a given circulating water flow discharging through a vertical pipe set in the flat bottom of a vessel. The circulation angle, , between the radial direction and the velocity vector far from discharge pipe was set at 0°, 10°, 30° or 60°.

It is shown that results are not dependent upon the diameter of the offtake pipe, if that is sufficiently small, and results are then expressed either as a dimensionless water depth vs a dimensionless ratio of the flow rates of the two phases or as a dimensionless flow rate of one phase vs the dimensionless flow rate of the other phase. An approximate theory describes trends in the data and is mostly in good quantitative agreement.

The results are used to examine the work of others on the entrainment of air or steam by water flowing along the bottom of a horizontal pipe into a small bottom offtake and the similar entrainment of water by air or steam flowing into a small top offtake. These systems occur in certain PWR loss of coolant accidents.     

Convective transport of air bubbles in strong hydraulic jumps

A hydraulic jump is a flow singularity characterised by a significant amount of air entrainment in the shear zone. The air is entrapped at the jump toe that is a discontinuity between the impinging flow and the roller. The impingement point is a source of air bubbles, as well as a source of vorticity. Herein the convective transport of air bubbles in the jump roller is re-visited. Some analytical extension is presented and the theoretical results are compared with some laboratory experiments conducted in a large-size facility operating at large Froude numbers. The turbulent air bubble mixing coefficient was found to increase linearly with increasing distance and be independent of the Froude and Reynolds numbers. Overall the study highlighted some seminal features of the air–water shear layer in hydraulic jumps with large Froude numbers (5.1 < Fr₁ < 11.2). The air bubble entrainment in the mixing zone was a convective transport process, although there was some rapid flow de-aeration for all Froude numbers.     

Numerical study on effects of check valve closure flow conditions on pressure surges in pumping station with air entrainment

This paper proposes a numerical procedure to better compute the characteristics of pressure surges when check valves close under different flow conditions in a pumping station. Studies have shown that the effects of check valve closure on the pressure transients are predominantly dependent on the magnitude and gradient of the flow velocities immediately downstream of the check valve at the instant of valve closure. Through the present study, it was noted that the transient flow velocities near the check valve of a fluid system are also dependent on the characteristics of the air entrained into the fluid system. An improved numerical computational procedure for the fluid system with air entrainment under different transient conditions downstream of the check valve is also proposed in this paper. With a fluid system operating within the critical range of air entrainment values, the present analysis showed that there is a possibility of ‘high pressure surges’ when the check valves were closed at flow rates other than the positive flow conditions. This phenomenon was confirmed through field observations. This study thus concludes that a detailed numerical transient analysis of the fluid system, with various assumed amounts of entrained air, is necessary whenever there is the possibility of air entrainment into the fluid system, and that the flow conditions at the instant of check valve closure need to be modelled. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Liquid and gas entrainment to a small break hole from a stratified two-phase region

A theoretical and experimental study has been conducted for liquid and gas entrainment to a small break hole from a stratified two-phase region. Theoretical correlations previously obtained for top, side and bottom entrainment were modified to express the relation between break flow rate, break quality and bulk water level so that they can be used easily for any break geometry. The modified correlations were assessed with experimental data obtained under room temperature and low pressure conditions using air and water. The experiment results were predicted well with the present model without using any adjustment coefficient when the upstream flow was symmetrical around the break. The effects of vortex, crossflow and wavy flow, observed in the experiment but not taken into account in the model, were empirically correlated based on the present correlation. By using the empirically modified correlations, the data in the literature, including high-pressure steam-water conditions, were reasonably predicted.