Acoustic resonators for far-field control of sound on a subwavelength scale

We prove experimentally that broadband sounds can be controlled and focused at will on a subwavelength scale by using acoustic resonators. We demonstrate our approach in the audible range with soda cans, that is, Helmholtz resonators, and commercial computer speakers. We show that diffraction-limited sound fields convert efficiently into subdiffraction modes in the collection of cans that can be controlled coherently in order to obtain focal spots as thin as 1/25 of a wavelength in air. We establish that subwavelength acoustic pressure spots are responsible for a strong enhancement of the acoustic displacement at focus, which permits us to conclude with a visual experiment exemplifying the interest of our concept for subwavelength sensors and actuators.     

房间声场的简正方式有源控制

将简正方式有源控制的概念引入房间声场的控制,除了需要从理论上解决空间声场的有效采集与重建问题以外,更重要的还要从实验上解决控制系统的稳定性与可控性。本文对房间声场的简正方式有源控制进行了概念性的理论分析,从逐步补偿反馈控制系统的潜在不稳定极点入手,得到了比较系统的实验结果,很好地说明和解决了简正方式有源控制系统的一些本质问题。     

Active modal control for sound field in a room

I.IntroductionInlate198()'s,thestudiesonactivenoisecontrolhavebeengraduallyturnedfromtheductsandopenspacestothemorepracticaIenclosedsoundfields.SomespeciaIworkinaccordancewiththeactiveattenuationofcabinnoisehasstartedwiththeoreticalmechanisms,systemdesignandtransducerdevelopmellt.Intensivereflectionsandtheformedstandingwavedistributioni11al1enclosedsoundfieldarealwaysthemaindifficultiesforactivenoisecontrolinthesecases.Ontheotherhand,normalmoderesponseofthefieldalsoimplementsanewmethod,theap…     

混响声场的有源控制

本文对室内声场的有源控制问题进行了探讨。发现直达声是指向性的,除非用同样指向性的反声源如对户外大型噪声源那样,是不能用有源控制的。但混响声场是驻波场,在屋角的次声源可以激发所有驻波(简正振动),因此可以作适当调制使其抑制整个混响声场。理论分析和初步实验证实此点,取得令人鼓舞的结果。对于须待解决的问题也进行了讨论。     

Active sound control by directional sources in the free field

TheprojectissupportedbyAeronauticalScienceFoundation.I.IntroductionThecontro1ofsoundfieldbyintroducingacousticsourcesisatopicofnoisecontrolinwhichanincrcasinginterestisbeingshown.Gcnerallytherearemain1ytwoaspectsinthere-searchesonActiveNoiseContro1(ANC)--theoriesofactivesoundattenuationwhichisthebasementofthetCchnique,anddesignofthecontrolsystem.Recent1y,anewtheorywhichisconsideredtohewc11suitcdtotheanalysisofpracticalproblemshasbeenpresentedbyP.A.Nc1sonetal.[ll.Itshowsthattheminimumpowe…     

Nonlinear and linear wave phenomena in narrow pipes

Phenomena arising in the course of wave propagation in narrow pipes are considered. For nonlinear waves described by the generalized Webster equation, a simplified nonlinear equation is obtained that allows for low-frequency geometric dispersion causing an asymmetric distortion of the periodic wave profile, which qualitatively resembles the distortion of a nonlinear wave in a diffracted beam. Tunneling of a wave through a pipe constriction is investigated. Possible applications of the phenomenon are discussed, and its relation to the problems of quantum mechanics because of the similarity of the basic equations of the Klein-Gordon and Schrödinger types is pointed out. The importance of studying the tunneling of nonlinear waves and broadband signals is indicated.     

Reed vibration in lingual organ pipes without the resonators

Vibrations of plucked and blown reeds of lingual organ pipes without the resonators have been investigated. Three rather surprising phenomena are observed: the frequency of the reed plucked by hand is shifted upwards for large-amplitude plucking, the blown frequency is significantly higher than the plucked one, and peaks halfway between the harmonics of the fundamental frequency appear in the spectrum of the reed velocity. The dependence of the plucked frequency on the length of the reed reveals that the vibrating length at small vibrations is 3 mm shorter than the apparent free length. The frequency shift for large-amplitude plucking is explained by the periodic change of the vibrating length during the oscillation. Reed vibrations of the blown pipe can be described by a physical model based on the assumption of air flow between the reed and the shallot. Aerodynamic effects may generate and sustain the oscillation of the reed without acoustic feedback. The appearance of subharmonics is explained by taking into account the periodic modulation of the stress in the reed material by the sound field. Therefore, a parametric instability appears in the differential equation of vibration, leading to the appearance of subharmonics.     

Low-mode submillimeterwave resonators for piezoelectric surface excitation of sound

The efficient excitation of coherent THz phonons requires an electric field as high as possible at the surface of the piezoelectric transducer material. This can be done below 10¹¹Hz by means of a coaxial resonator or a cavity resonator, respectively. At still higher frequencies new kinds of suitable resonators must be developed. In this paper two types of low-mode submillimeterwave resonators, a dielectric waveguide resonator and a two-layer Fabry-Perot resonator, are investigated with respect to their electromagnetic properties in the THz range.     

Experimental study for control of sound transmission through double glazed window using optimally tuned Helmholtz resonators

This paper presents an experimental investigation of passively control of sound transmission through a double glazed window by using arrangement of Helmholtz resonators (HRs), which are commonly used for narrow band control application. The laboratory experiments were performed placing the window between reverberation chamber and anechoic chamber. The window was subject to diffuse field, approximate normal wave and oblique wave acoustic excitations. Three sets of HRs were designed and installed in cavity of window. The sound control performances at far-field were measured. The control performances from varying the number of HRs, incident acoustic field, excitation sources (band-limited white noise and traffic noise examples) are presented and discussed in detail. It is shown that a considerable reduction of the transmitted sound pressure levels has been achieved around the mass–air–mass resonance frequency (50–120 Hz). The obtained reductions in the transmitted sound pressure illustrate the potentials of HRs for improving the sound insulation characteristics of double glazed window. The experimental results also indicate that only tuning the HRs to the mass–air–mass resonance frequency does not guarantee the best possible insulation of the sound transmission.     

Effectiveness of T-shaped acoustic resonators in low-frequency sound transmission control of a finite double-panel partition

Double-panel partitions are widely used for sound insulation purposes. Their insulation efficiency is, however, deteriorated at low frequencies due to the structural and acoustic resonances. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes the use of long T-shaped acoustic resonators in a double-panel partition embedded along the edges. In order to facilitate the design and assess the performance of the structure, a general vibro-acoustic model, characterizing the interaction between the panels, air cavity, and integrated acoustic resonators, is developed. The effectiveness of the technique as well as the optimal locations of the acoustic resonators is examined at various frequencies where the system exhibits different coupling characteristics. The measured optimal locations are also compared with the predicted ones to verify the developed theory. Finally, the performance of the acoustic resonators in broadband sound transmission control is demonstrated.     

指向性声源的自由空间有源消声

本文根据最小辐射声功率准则,推导了当初级源和次级源的声辐射均具有指向性时,次级源最优复强度的一般表达式.分析结果表明该式具有普遍性。文中最后讨论了几种典型和常见的声源结构有源消声的特点,给出了次级源最优复强度及消声前后辐射功率比的表达式。     

壁面分布次级声源对管道中高阶模式声波的有源控制

针对管道中高阶模式声波的有源控制问题,探究了管道壁面布放次级声源的控制机制。首先根据管道声场模式理论和有源控制准则,推导了无限长管道内次级声源激励声场实现控制的必要条件,然后论证了次级声源沿管道壁面分布的可控性,并提出将空间分布离散化后的控制策略;最后通过数值仿真验证了沿壁面分布的有效性。结果表明,当次级声源在管道壁面的周向分布满足空间采样定律且沿轴向分布具有足够长度时,可以取得显著的有源控制效果.     

Active control of sound radiated by a submarine in bending vibration

This paper theoretically investigates the use of inertial actuators to reduce the sound radiated by a submarine hull in bending vibration under harmonic excitation from the propeller. The radial forces from the propeller are tonal at the blade passing frequency and are transmitted to the hull through the stern end cone. The hull is modelled as a fluid loaded cylindrical shell with ring stiffeners and two equally spaced bulkheads. The cylinder is closed by end-plates and conical end caps. The actuators are arranged in circumferential arrays and attached to the prow end cone. Both Active Vibration Control and Active Structural Acoustic Control are analysed. The inertial actuators can provide control forces with a magnitude large enough to reduce the sound radiated by the vibrations of the hull in some frequency ranges.     

Secondary streaming accompanying the wave propagation in narrow pipes

A theory describing the secondary streaming that accompanies the acoustic wave propagation in a narrow cylindrical pipe of infinite length is presented.     

厅堂混响时间的声场控制方法及实验研究

本文首先论述厅堂声场控制的各种方法，然后利用混响反馈法和卷积法分别进行了实验研究，其中着重对卷积法的实验系统进行阐述，指出卷积法具有混响时间调节方便、控制范围大等优点，混响时间可提高三倍以上．     

基于近场声压传感的结构声辐射有源控制

为了解决有源声学结构中误差信息的传感问题,提出利用近场声压估算结构声辐功率的方法。首先推导了基于近场声压的声辐射功率计算公式,然后针对单频和宽带辐射噪声,提出了不同的有源控制目标函数,推粤了相应的计算有源控制效果的公式,并借助计算机仿真研究了影响有源控制效果的各种因素。最后探讨了实际条件下实现有源控制误差信息传感的各种方法。结果表明:有限阶声压辐射模态和近场均方声压都可以作为自适应声学结构的目标函数。     

The propagation of sound in narrow street canyons

This paper addresses an important problem of predicting sound propagation in narrow street canyons with width less than 10 m, which are commonly found in a built-up urban district. Major noise sources are, for example, air conditioners installed on building facades and powered mechanical equipment for repair and construction work. Interference effects due to multiple reflections from building facades and ground surfaces are important contributions in these complex environments. Although the studies of sound transmission in urban areas can be traced back to as early as the 1960s, the resulting mathematical and numerical models are still unable to predict sound fields accurately in city streets. This is understandable because sound propagation in city streets involves many intriguing phenomena such as reflections and scattering at the building facades, diffusion effects due to recessions and protrusions of building surfaces, geometric spreading, and atmospheric absorption. This paper describes the development of a numerical model for the prediction of sound fields in city streets. To simplify the problem, a typical city street is represented by two parallel reflecting walls and a flat impedance ground. The numerical model is based on a simple ray theory that takes account of multiple reflections from the building facades. The sound fields due to the point source and its images are summed coherently such that mutual interference effects between contributing rays can be included in the analysis. Indoor experiments are conducted in an anechoic chamber. Experimental data are compared with theoretical predictions to establish the validity and usefulness of this simple model. Outdoor experimental measurements have also been conducted to further validate the model.     

Transfer matrix methods for sound attenuation in resonators with perforated intruding inlets

A resonator with perforated intruding inlet (PII) is a superior silencer element, since the use of perforated inlet extensions can dramatically improve the acoustic performance. In this work, both a one-dimensional (1D) and a two-dimensional (2D) transfer matrix methods are developed to predict the transmission loss of the resonator without considering the mean flow. Based on the two groups of comparisons with tests, it is found out that the applicability of 1D method is limited by the resonator geometry even when the frequency is below the cut-off value of plane wave. Whereas the 2D approach is much more accurate while predicting the transmission losses within entire frequency range. Subsequently, five groups of resonators are chosen to determine the effects of structure parameters to transmission loss based on the 2D approach. The resonant frequency decreases and more resonant peaks appear when the length of inlet extension increases. A higher perforation rate leads to a shift of resonant peak towards higher frequencies. Besides, better acoustic performance could be obtained with the perforation being properly designed. Reducing the inlet/outlet radius can obviously improve the transmission loss without changing the frequency of resonant peak. The theories and conclusions in this study can be used for the design and optimization of resonators in various engineering applications.     

A three-dimensional model for T-shaped acoustic resonators with sound absorption materials

Recent development in noise control using T-shaped acoustic resonators calls for the development of more reliable and accurate models to predict their acoustic characteristics, which is unfortunately lacking in the literature. This paper attempts to establish such a model based on three-dimensional theory for T-shaped acoustic resonators containing sound absorption materials. The model is validated by experiments using various configurations. Predictions on fundamental and high-order resonance frequencies are compared with those obtained from the one-dimensional model and finite element analyses, and the effects of the physical and geometric parameters of the absorption materials on the resonance frequencies and Q-factor are also investigated numerically and experimentally. Limitations and applicability of existing one-dimensional models are assessed. The proposed general three-dimensional model proved to be able to provide an accurate and reliable prediction on the resonance frequencies for T-shaped acoustic resonators with or without absorption materials. This can eventually meet the requirement for resonator array design in terms of accuracy.     

A sound absorption panel containing coiled Helmholtz resonators

This study proposes a promising design of sound absorption panels containing acoustic resonators. Each resonator is comprised of one small-sized and one large-sized tubes in series. The former can be viewed as the neck of a Helmholtz resonator, while the latter serves as a resonant chamber. Both tubes are bent up to fit in limited space of the panel. The 3D printing technology is exploited to fabricate samples for measurements. Frequency manipulation for the absorption peak can be achieved by adjusting the geometric parameters of tubes. Moreover, two pairs of resonators with different dimensions can broaden the bandwidth of absorption. Theoretical predictions on absorption characteristics agree well with numerical and experimental results. The proposed structure offers a feasible way of absorbing low-frequency sound without the need to use thick panels.