非对称空间外差光谱技术研究

传统空间外差光谱技术存在光谱分辨率、光谱范围与探测器象元数之间的制约关系。非对称空间外差光谱技术相比传统空间外差光谱技术主要区别在于增加单臂光栅到分束器的距离,能够在系统参数不变的情况下大大的增加光谱分辨率。首先阐述了非对称空间外差光谱技术的基本原理,并给出相应的系统参数计算公式推导结果,从理论上推导出单臂光栅偏置量增加和光谱分辨率增加之间的关系。偏置量作为非对称空间外差光谱技术的重要参数,受短双边象元数和光谱分辨率需求的制约。根据实验室现有实验平台参数,给出偏置量选择原则及结果。在元器件参数相同的情况下,分别计算了两种形式的理论光学性能参数,并且进行了仿真验证,得出非对称空间外差光谱仪与传统空间外差光谱仪光谱范围相同,但具有更高的光谱分辨率,并且分辨率提高与偏置量增加关系与理论计算相符。最后通过单色光扫描方法对非对称空间外差光谱仪实验室装置进行光谱范围和光谱分辨率的定标,定标结果与理论计算值吻合较好。     

一种Offner型小型短波红外成像光谱仪

通过对Offner分光光学系统分析,给出了快速计算初始结构参数公式,根据算得的初始结构参数优化出一套适用于短波红外(1 000～2 500 nm)的分光光学系统,设计的光学系统相对孔径大(F/#2.2)、光谱分辨率高(优于10 nm)和入射狭缝长(12 mm),在整个波长和视场范围内调制传递函数MTF均大于0.5。完成的成像光谱仪整机体积小,重量轻(小于5 kg),仪器测试结果表明,全光谱范围内光谱线性好,光谱标定后波长精度优于4 nm, 通过对不同波段分辨率测试,全波长范围内光谱分辨率与设计相符,动态成像实验表明, 光谱图像清晰并且光谱数据质量佳。     

Factors Analysis for CO2 Retrieval from the Ground-Based Hyperspectral Measurements in the Short Wave InfraredSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Ground-based CO2 inversion accuracy determines the understanding of CO2 source and sink. However the study about factors affecting ground-based CO2 inversion. In order to improve CO2 inversion accuracy, the effects from aerosol, spectral shift, spectral band selection, spectrometer response function type, half width and truncation error have been analyzed by using radiative transfer model. The results show that: (1) the multiple scattering of aerosol can be ignored when instrument field of view is less than 1.5 degrees and aerosol optical depth is less than 0.5. (2) The inversion results are smaller when there are spectral offsets. The inversion errors increase nonlinear with spectral offsets. And the higher the spectral resolution, the larger the effect of spectral shift. (3) Different spectral bands have various average signal-to-noise ratio, selecting channels with appropriate signal-to-noise ratio and enhancing instrument signal-to-noise ratio can reduce the effect of instrument noise. (4) The higher the instrument resolution, the more important the degree of accuracy of instrument line function for simulated spectrum. Therefore, for hyper-spectral observation, the constancy of environmental temperature is key of acquiring high precision inversion results. (5) For over-high spectral resolution, simulated spectrum is anamorphic due to crosstalk effect. Therefore the crosstalk effect must be considered when the spectrometer resolution is advanced.     

On the voxel size and magnetic field strength dependence of spectral resolution in magnetic resonance spectroscopy

While the inherent low sensitivity of in vivo MR spectroscopy motivated a trend towards higher magnetic fields, B(0), it has since become apparent that this increase does not seem to translate into the anticipated improvement in spectral resolution. This is attributed to the decrease of the transverse relaxation time, T(2)*, in vivo due to macro- and mesoscopic tissue susceptibility. Using spectral contrast-to-noise ratio (SCNR) arguments, we show that if in biological systems the linewidth (on the frequency scale) increases linearly with the field, the spectral resolution (in parts per million) improves approximately as the fifth-root of B(0) for chemically shifted lines and decreases as about B(0)(4/5) (in hertz) for a structure of J-coupled multiplets. It is also shown that for any given B(0) there is a unique voxel size that is optimal in spectral resolution, linking the spectral and spatial resolutions. Since in practical applications the spatial resolution may be dictated by the target anatomy, nomograms to determine the B(0) required to achieve the desired spectral resolution at that voxel size are presented. More generally, the scaling of the nomograms to determine the achievable spectral and spatial resolutions at any given field is described.     

分辨率对大气中痕量污染气体的DOAS测量性能影响研究

在差分吸收光谱(DOAS)测量过程中,光谱分辨率的选择直接决定了污染气体浓度的测量准确度.主要研究了光谱分辨率对污染气体被榆测到的特征吸收结构形状的影响,以及差分吸收截面随分辨率的变化趋势,从而确定了光谱分辨率对污染气体最低可检测浓度的影响,通过研究分辨率与光强的关系,确定了分辨率与信噪比(S/N)的函数关系式,得出了DOAS测量NO2,O3,和SO2的最佳信噪比范围,对多种污染物标准气体进行了同时监测,计算出标准气体在不同光谱分辨率下的测量误差,确定了对NO2,O3和SO2监测的最适用的分辨率范围.在此分辨率范围既能够实现对痕量气体的准确定性定量测量,又能达到测量所需要的高灵敏度,强选择性和适用的时间分辨率.通过在北京丰台区的实际监测得到了与点式仪器测量结果很好的一致性.     

集成光波导静态傅里叶变换微光谱仪分辨率倍增方法

研究了铌酸锂波导静态傅里叶变换微光谱仪分辨率的影响因素, 并在此基础上提出了一种采用端面反射铌酸锂波导结构提高微光谱仪光谱分辨率的方法. 该方法容许在减小铌酸锂波导静态傅里叶变换微光谱仪尺寸的同时, 使两干涉臂间最大光程差增大1倍, 从而使其光谱分辨率实现倍增. 采用商业化铌酸锂波导电光调制器构建了一个傅里叶变换光谱仪原理样机, 并对样机在不同波长下的光谱分辨率进行了测量, 结果指出对调制器加载端面反射结构后获得的光谱分辨率是加载端面反射结构前的2倍, 与理论分析结果完全一致. 这种光波导端面反射结构制作工艺简单, 易于实现, 是一种提高集成光波导静态傅里叶微光谱仪分辨率的有效手段.     

基于DMD的光谱分辨率自适应Hadamard变换成像光谱仪

数字微镜器件(DMD)可以灵活高效地实现各阶Hadamard编码模板,设计了一种基于DMD的光谱分辨率自适应的Hadamard变换成像光谱仪,分析了仪器的结构和工作原理及实现光谱分辨率自适应的方法。它可以根据目标景物和观测要求的不同而自适应地调整光谱成像的光谱分辨率,从而在光谱准确度和数据计算量之间做出合理的折衷,既满足了对目标分类识别的要求,又提高了数据传输和处理的速度。     

光谱分辨率对土壤组分建模影响分析

实验室可见-近红外高光谱数据（VIS-NIR）具有快速、高效、无损等技术优势,被越来越多应用于土壤组分反演中。光谱分辨率越高所能表达的土壤信息越丰富,但也带来了数据冗余。目前,对于不同光谱分辨率对土壤组分建模影响效应分析的研究相对较少。以欧洲土壤中心数据集19036个土壤样本为数据源,以土壤总氮（N）、有机碳（OC）、碳酸钙（CaCO₃）、粘土（Clay）为例,基于偏最小二乘回归方法（PLS）并选择30%的随机样本独立验证的方式开展相关研究。首先将所有样本原始0.5 nm分辨率4 200个波段的高光谱数据采用等间距取均值方法分别重采样到2,4,8,…,1 024 nm开展分析。结果表明：随着光谱分辨率的降低,土壤各类组分反演精度均呈下降趋势,光谱分辨率在64 nm以上,4类土壤组分普遍具有较高的模型验证精度（R2>0.65,RPD>1.7）,光谱分辨率在128 nm以下CaCO₃和Clay组分精度显著变差;4类组分中,CaCO₃对光谱分辨率敏感性最强,在高光谱分辨率下反演精度较高（R2>0.86,RPD>2.72）,但随光谱分辨率降低精度下降最快。此外,基于光谱响应函数将样本光谱重采样到GF2,S3A,L8,Aster,Modis和S3OLCI六种常见卫星传感器的光谱分辨率展开评价。结果表明：土壤N、OC在各传感器中均可获得较高的精度,甚至在GF2传感器仅有4个波段情况下,也具有不错的验证精度（R2=0.56; RPD=1.51）,而土壤CaCO₃及Clay反演精度普遍较差;除传感器光谱波段数量外,波段位置对土壤组分的反演能力的影响也很显著,拥有近红外长波（1 100～2 500 nm）光谱范围的传感器对土壤组分的反演能力优于缺少该光谱波段的传感器,特别是粘土矿物的吸收峰多位于近红外长波段,S3A,L8,Aster和Modis传感器的Clay反演能力均优于光谱波段数更多的S3OLCI。该研究成果对土壤组分高光谱数据预处理、卫星数据源的选择及未来传感器光谱通道的设计具有指导意义。     

Spectral peak resolution and speech recognition in quiet: normal hearing, hearing impaired, and cochlear implant listeners

Spectral peak resolution was investigated in normal hearing (NH), hearing impaired (HI), and cochlear implant (CI) listeners. The task involved discriminating between two rippled noise stimuli in which the frequency positions of the log-spaced peaks and valleys were interchanged. The ripple spacing was varied adaptively from 0.13 to 11.31 ripples/octave, and the minimum ripple spacing at which a reversal in peak and trough positions could be detected was determined as the spectral peak resolution threshold for each listener. Spectral peak resolution was best, on average, in NH listeners, poorest in CI listeners, and intermediate for HI listeners. There was a significant relationship between spectral peak resolution and both vowel and consonant recognition in quiet across the three listener groups. The results indicate that the degree of spectral peak resolution required for accurate vowel and consonant recognition in quiet backgrounds is around 4 ripples/octave, and that spectral peak resolution poorer than around 1-2 ripples/octave may result in highly degraded speech recognition. These results suggest that efforts to improve spectral peak resolution for HI and CI users may lead to improved speech recognition.     

干涉成像光谱仪等波长光谱重建方法研究

干涉型成像光谱仪是嫦娥1号(CE-1)卫星的重要设备,用于分析月球表面物质成分含量及其分布,目前所得到的2B级科学数据的光谱分辨率为325 cm-1,转化为波长分辨率表示后各谱段不一样,第一个波段为7.6 nm,最后一个波段为29 nm,这引入两个问题：(1)与地面波谱库中用于标定和比对的光谱分辨率描述方式不一致;(2)由于波段窄而进入的信号少,造成短波光谱信噪比差。基于CE-1干涉成像光谱仪光谱重建模型,讨论了波长分辨率与截止函数的关系,提出了一种随波长及波长分辨率变化的可调截止函数,并选取相应Sinc函数进行切趾,实现了波段覆盖范围内任意指定波长分辨率的光谱数据重建。利用该方法对CE-1号在轨0B数据进行处理,得到了29 nm等波长高光谱图像,采用光谱信噪、主成分分析和无监督分类等方法对重建结果与同区域2级科学数据进行比对,结果表明：短波波段光谱信噪比提高了4倍,平均提高了2.4倍,基于光谱特征的分类结果一致,数据质量大大改善。EWSR方法的优点有：(1)在保持光谱信息量的情况下,虽然牺牲部分光谱分辨率,但提高短波波段的光谱信噪比;(2)实现了在波段覆盖范围内任意指定波长位置或任意设定波长分辨率的光谱数据重建。     

光谱分辨率对黑土有机质预测模型的影响

高光谱遥感以其高光谱分辨率适于反射光谱特征复杂的地物识别与参数反演,但对于反射光谱特征平滑的地物,高光谱数据可能存在数据冗余问题。本研究对实验室测定的黑土高光谱反射率进行重采样,基于统计分析方法研究了光谱分辨率对黑土有机质预测模型精度的影响,结果表明:黑土有机质含量高,土壤有机质的光谱作用范围宽(445～1 380nm);黑土有机质光谱预测模型精度随光谱分辨率降低,呈现先增后减的趋势,最优模型的光谱分辨率为50nm,低于高光谱遥感波段设置,略高于多光谱传感器波段设置;黑土有机质光谱预测最优模型以倒数对数微分为自变量,模型决定系数R2=0.799,RMSE=0.439,研究成果为土壤有机质遥感反演、光谱速测仪器的研制,以及传感器波段设置提供理论基础与技术支持。     

The resolution of complex spectral patterns by cochlear implant and normal-hearing listeners

The differences in spectral shape resolution abilities among cochlear implant (CI) listeners, and between CI and normal-hearing (NH) listeners, when listening with the same number of channels (12), was investigated. In addition, the effect of the number of channels on spectral shape resolution was examined. The stimuli were rippled noise signals with various ripple frequency-spacings. An adaptive 41FC procedure was used to determine the threshold for resolvable ripple spacing, which was the spacing at which an interchange in peak and valley positions could be discriminated. The results showed poorer spectral shape resolution in CI compared to NH listeners (average thresholds of approximately 3000 and 400 Hz, respectively), and wide variability among CI listeners (range of approximately 800 to 8000 Hz). There was a significant relationship between spectral shape resolution and vowel recognition. The spectral shape resolution thresholds of NH listeners increased as the number of channels increased from 1 to 16, while the CI listeners showed a performance plateau at 4-6 channels, which is consistent with previous results using speech recognition measures. These results indicate that this test may provide a measure of CI performance which is time efficient and non-linguistic, and therefore, if verified, may provide a useful contribution to the prediction of speech perception in adults and children who use CIs.     

Recognition of time-distorted sentences by normal-hearing and cochlear-implant listeners

This study evaluated the effects of time compression and expansion on sentence recognition by normal-hearing (NH) listeners and cochlear-implant (CI) recipients of the Nucleus-22 device. Sentence recognition was measured in five CI users using custom 4-channel continuous interleaved sampler (CIS) processors and five NH listeners using either 4-channel or 32-channel noise-band processors. For NH listeners, recognition was largely unaffected by time expansion, regardless of spectral resolution. However, recognition of time-compressed speech varied significantly with spectral resolution. When fine spectral resolution (32 channels) was available, speech recognition was unaffected even when the duration of sentences was shortened to 40% of their original length (equivalent to a mean duration of 40 ms/phoneme). However, a mean duration of 60 ms/phoneme was required to achieve the same level of recognition when only coarse spectral resolution (4 channels) was available. Recognition patterns were highly variable across CI listeners. The best CI listener performed as well as NH subjects listening to corresponding spectral conditions; however, three out of five CI listeners performed significantly poorer in recognizing time-compressed speech. Further investigation revealed that these three poorer-performing CI users also had more difficulty with simple temporal gap-detection tasks. The results indicate that limited spectral resolution reduces the ability to recognize time-compressed speech. Some CI listeners have more difficulty with time-compressed speech, as produced by rapid speakers, because of reduced spectral resolution and deficits in auditory temporal processing.     

Hyperspectral image fusion by multiplication of spectral constraint and NMF

Hyperspectral remote sensing has been used in many fields, such as agriculture, military detection and mineral exploration. Hyperspectral image (HSI), despite its high spectral resolution, has lower spatial resolution than panchromatic image (PI). Therefore, it is useful yet still challenging to effectively fuse HSI and PI to obtain images with both high spectral resolution and high spatial resolution. To solve the problem, a new HSI fusion method based on multiplication of spectral constraint and non-negative matrix factorization is proposed in the paper. In the model, the HSI is first decomposed into basis (abundance matrix) and weight (spectral matrix), then the details of HSI are sharpened by enhancing the details of the abundance with PI. Meanwhile, a spectral constraint term is proposed. It is used to specifically preserve the spectral information in the model. Therefore, the fused data is characterized by good spatial and spectral information. Finally, experiments with both simulated and real data are implemented and the results show that the proposed method performs better in both visual analysis and objective indices than conventional methods, thus making it a good choice for HSI fusion.     

FTIR被动遥测信噪比优化及在变电站SF6泄漏检测应用

被动FTIR红外遥测技术可应用于气体泄漏检测,气体检测下限与仪器信噪比密切相关。仪器信噪比与测量参数有关,如光谱分辨率、采样频率、积分时间、平均次数等,如何结合实际应用优化参数组合以实现最佳信噪比,目前还缺少系统分析。针对这一问题,从理论上分析了这些参数与信噪比关系,并归类为三个方面：（1）光谱分辨率,引用了Roland Harig给出的结论,当光谱分辨率低于特征峰半高全宽时,信噪比不变,但为了避免背景气体的交叉干扰,分辨率不宜设置过低,需要结合实际应用综合考虑;（2）降低采样频率能够减少计算量,缩小光谱范围,但采样频率和光谱范围与信噪比无关;（3）在积分时间和光谱平均次数方面,同样时间条件下,多次干涉图采集会引入零光程差的采样误差,使得噪声大于理论计算值,因而长积分时间获得信噪比优于多次平均。开展了六氟化硫（SF₆）泄漏检测实验,根据SF₆特征峰宽度选择4 cm-1分辨率,20 kHz采样频率兼顾了信噪比和检测时间,并利用FTIR巡检系统发现变电站泄漏点,证明了方法的有效性。     

空间外差光谱技术与FTS的比较研究

空间外差光谱技术是一种新型的可实现超分辨的光谱技术,它综合光栅和FTS技术于一体。对空间外差光谱技术与传统的傅里叶变换光谱技术(FTS)进行比较研究,介绍了两种光谱技术的光学原理,围绕着仪器的光谱分辨率和光谱范围进行比较分析,给出了一组系统设计参数的比较例子。分析结果表明,空间外差光谱技术可以充分利用探测器的空间频率,在一窄带光谱范围内,获得超高的光谱分辨率。     

高反射效率高定向性的热解石墨晶体X射线谱仪

基于高定向热解石墨晶体(highly oriented pyrolitic graphite,HOPG)研制了一种新型反射式X射线谱仪.该谱仪具有高反射效率、较高能谱分辨率及相对较宽的能谱测量范围.根据计算,在相同的入射条件下,该谱仪的效率比一般X射线弯晶谱仪高3个量级;谱仪能谱分辨率理论值最高达350;理论探测范围是6.891keV至9.193 keV.我们将该谱仪应用在高功率密度激光与固体靶相互作用的实验中,发现在普通弯晶谱仪无法采到信号的实验条件下,HOPG谱仪依然采集到清晰的Cu K谱线.分析发现在8.048 keV(Cu的Kα光子能量)附近的能谱分辨能力最高达到40 eV,分辨率大于200.     

基于Dyson同心光学系统的消色差Féry棱镜高光谱成像仪的设计

为实现高光谱成像系统小型化、轻量化和高成像质量的要求,并使全工作波段具有更高的光学效率,提出以Féry棱镜组合作为分光元件的Dyson高光谱成像仪系统,系统中引入消色差棱镜组合以减小光谱的非线性色散,使棱镜系统色散的线性度达到较高。结果表明,可见近红外（VNIR）光谱通道的光学调制传递函数（MTF）达到0.9以上,光谱分辨率为4.2～6.8 nm。短波红外（SWIR）光谱通道的MTF达到0.73～0.87,光谱分辨率为6.4～12.5 nm。通过消色差Féry棱镜组合的设计,该光学成像系统两个光谱通道内的相对谱线弯曲均小于0.05%,色畸变小于0.13%。     

水质参数遥感反演光谱特征构建与敏感性分析

水质遥感监测是遥感的重要应用方向之一,作为传统水体采样化验的辅助手段,具有快速、大面积、无接触的技术优点。然而,目前内陆河湖水环境监测常用的遥感传感器大多是针对陆地观测或海洋水色观测而设计的,其性能指标的设计和设置并未考虑到内陆水体特性,限制了水质遥感定量监测的应用。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于变异系数和噪声占比指数的水质参数反演光谱特征构建方法,并通过光谱仿真模拟实验,研究光谱分辨率、信噪比以及辐射分辨率对典型水质参数反演模型的影响。选择上海市三项典型水质参数溶解氧（DO）、总磷（TP）和氨氮（NH₃-N）为研究对象,分别构建了水质参数反演光谱特征及相应遥感反演模型,然后开展光谱仿真模拟实验,定义了敏感度S和水质敏感微分指数CI,进行敏感性分析。最终从模型反演准确度和稳定性两个方面来评价仪器参数对水质参数遥感反演模型的影响。结果表明：光谱特征构建方法能有效确定水质参数反演特征波段。光谱分辨率对比值型的水质参数反演模型的影响较小,而信噪比和辐射分辨率对模型影响较大,随着信噪比和辐射分辨率的增加,水质参数模型精度和稳定性都有一定提升。综合仪器指标敏感性分析,可知当信噪比优于56 dB,辐射分辨率不低于9 bit,光谱分辨率适宜,能够较好地应用于内陆河湖水质遥感监测。该研究不仅可以为面向内陆河湖水质监测的传感器的研制提供参考和借鉴,还能为水资源监管部门进行水质遥感监测提供技术支持,有利于加快水环境智能化监测体系的构建。     

Spectral resolution in a Rickart comgroup

A comgroup is a compressible group with the general comparability property. A comgroupwith the Rickart projection property is called a Rickart comgroup. We show that each element of a Rickart comgroup has a rational spectral resolution and a nonempty closed and bounded (real) spectrum. The rational spectral resolution and the spectrum are shown to have many of the properties of the spectral resolution and spectrum of a self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space. Examples of Rickart comgroups include the additive group of self-adjoint elements in a von Neumann algebra and the Mundici group of a Heyting MV algebra.