儿童用品中17种欧盟玩具安全新指令限制元素迁移量分析与评估

参照欧盟玩具安全(2009/48/EC号)指令的要求,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定儿童用品材料中17种元素迁移量。样品主要有儿童玩具、童车、学生用品和儿童家具四大类别。共计测试样品337批,测试样品数为1 029个。实验结果表明,部分样品中有铝、钡、镉、铬、铜、铅、锰、锶和锌检出,部分样品中铅、镉迁移量超过欧盟玩具安全新指令限量要求。     

ICP-MS法测定欧盟玩具新指令限制的17种可迁移元素

根据欧盟玩具安全新指令( 2009/48/EC)的要求,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定玩具材料中硼、铝、铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、锶、镉、锡、锑、钡、汞、铅17种可迁移元素含量,使用碰撞反应池技术消除某些多原子离子干扰.方法检出限为0.5～75μg/kg,加标回收率在85.4％～109％之间,相对...     

ICP–OES法检测玩具涂层中17种可迁移元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP–OES)法同时测定玩具涂层中17种可迁移元素的方法。样品经盐酸溶液提取,利用ICP–OES进行测定。砷、镉、钴、铬、镍、铅、锑、硒元素的线性范围为0.02~2 mg/L,铝、硼、钡、铜、锡、锶、锌、锰的线性范围为0.1~10 mg/L,汞的线性范围为0.02~0.5 mg/L,线性相关系数r≥0.996。方法检出限为0.000 2~0.015 9 mg/L,加标回收率为90.1%~108.1%,重复测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.23%~2.23%(n=6)。该方法简便、快速,具有较高的准确度和良好的精密度,适用于大多数玩具材料中17中可迁移元素的检测,能满足欧盟玩具安全指令的要求。     

欧盟颁布玩具安全新指令限制玩具中的阻燃剂

欧盟委员会不久前发布一份拟议草案,将根据欧盟玩具安全指令（ToySafetyDirective,TSD）对玩具中的阻燃剂引进特定限值。     

木制儿童用品中10种木材防腐剂的迁移行为研究

基于SPE-GC-MS/MS检测技术,通过迁移模拟实验,对木制儿童用品中10种氯酚类及菊酯类木材防腐剂经模拟唾液及汗液的迁移行为进行了研究。木材防腐剂由木材内部向溶液中迁移时,主要是表面3 mm厚度层中的物质迁移出来。当阳性样品中物质初始含量相同时,各物质在模拟汗液中的迁移量明显高于在模拟唾液中的迁移量。氯酚类物质的迁移率远大于菊酯类物质,由此推测样品中木材防腐剂的迁移率与其在水中的溶解性有关。     

欧盟玩具安全新指令化学要求及测试方法综述

2013年开始实施的欧盟玩具安全指令对化学物质的检测要求更加严格,限制迁移元素从8种增加到包含三价铬、六价铬和有机锡的19种,增加了对N-亚硝胺类物质的迁移量和致敏性芳香剂的限制;限量降低,铅、镉、六价格、有机锡限量分别只有3.4,0.5,0.005,0.2 mg/kg,传统玩具检测使用的ICP-OES和GC-MS已无法满足六价铬、有机锡、亚硝胺、芳香剂的检测要求。该文简述了指令的化学相关要求以及相应的检测方法,重点介绍了六价铬和有机锡检测方法的技术进展和技术难点。     

木制儿童用品中6种木材防腐剂的迁移规律研究

基于气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术建立了6种防腐剂总量及迁移量的测定方法,通过搭建迁移装置并模拟实际暴露场景,对自制阳性样品中6种防腐剂在模拟唾液和汗液中的迁移规律进行研究,并计算出不同时刻的迁移率。结果表明,在迁移2 min~96 h范围内,防腐剂的迁移量均随时间延长而逐渐增大,最终达到迁移平衡,迁移率为2.1%~61.7%(唾液),2.2%~86.4%(汗液)。在样品与模拟液仅接触2 min时有6种物质检出,迁移率分别为2.1%~4.2%(唾液)和2.2%~3.3%(汗液)。部分实际样品中检出了2,4-二氯苯酚和2,4,6-三氯苯酚,鉴于儿童日常生活中短时间持续接触样品的特点,选取两个实际阳性样品测定了其在2~30 min的迁移量及迁移率。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定文教用品中17种元素含量

学生文教用品种类繁多,产品质量参差不齐。学生在使用文教用品时可能通过吮吸、舔弄、吞咽等行为将学习用具中的有害元素带入体内,危害身体健康,甚至造成发育迟缓。目前,我国已制定了国家标准GB 21027-2007《学生用品的安全通用要求》,纳入标准检测的产品范围包括未成年学生使用的水彩画颜料、蜡笔、油画棒、橡皮擦、涂改制品、簿册、书包、笔袋等。检测的元素包括可溶锑、砷、钡、铅、汞、硒、铬、镉共8种常     

玩具婴童用品中特定元素人体环境迁移试验条件综述

玩具婴童用品材料中的特定元素在玩耍或使用过程会向人体迁移,对儿童健康产生潜在的危害,国内外许多国家已制定相关法规限制其可迁移含量。该文综述了特定元素的人体暴露途径和迁移模型,结合儿童生理特征分别对汗液迁移、唾液迁移和胃液迁移3种模拟迁移试验的关键技术参数进行了详细介绍,对国内外差异进行了总结,并对其研究发展趋势进行了展望,可为建立玩具婴童用品材料中特定元素迁移试验通则提供参考。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定学生用品中8种可迁移元素

建立电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定学生用品中锑、砷、钡、镉、铬、铅、汞、硒8种可迁移元素。样品粉碎后过筛,以0.07 mol/L的盐酸为消解液,于(37±2)℃避光条件下连续振荡1 h,在选定的仪器工作条件下进行测定。各元素的质量浓度在0.0~6.0 mg/L范围内与光谱强度有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法的检出限为0.002 7~0.075 mg/L。测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.7%~2.1%(n=6),样品的加标回收率为94.2%~102.4%。该方法操作简单、稳定性好,可用于测定学生用品中的可迁移元素。     

大黄及其不同炮制品中6种元素的含量测定

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定了大黄及其不同炮制品中6种元素的含量。结果表明,大黄不同炮制品中这些元素的含量与生品相比均有差异。     

卷心菜和芹菜中的17种元素测定

采用微波消解法处理卷心菜和芹菜样品,并用ICP-AES法测定这两种蔬菜中的17种微量元素Ca,Mg,K,Na,P,Zn,Fe,Cu,Mn,Al,Se,Cr,Ni,Cd,As,Pb,Hg。结果表明,两种蔬菜中均含有丰富的矿物元素Ca,Mg,K,Na,P,芹菜中的矿物元素更高,也存在少量能调节人体生理机能的有益微量元素Zn、Fe、Mn、Al、Cu、Ni,除了卷心菜中Hg含量超标外,其它有害重金属元素均属国家食品安全卫生标准之内。     

头发微量元素及钙含量测定的应用价值评价

以125例2～5岁儿童为对象，测定其全血和头发铅、锌、铁、钙含量；以全血铅、锌、铁、钙含量为标准，应用诊断试验评价方法评价头发铅、锌、铁、钙测定的应用价值。结果表明，头发铅测定的灵敏度可达88．3％，应用串联试验，头发铅测定的特异度可提高至81．8％，阳性预测值达69．6％，阴性预测值达78．8％。头发锌测定的灵敏度可达86．1％，特异度为52．4％，阳性预测值75．6％，阴性预测值为68．8％。头发铁测定的灵敏度为72．0％，特异度为77．5％，阳性预测值为83．6％，阴性预测值为63．3％，头发钙测定的灵敏度为78．9％，特异度为69．1％，阳性预测值为69．8％，阴性预测值为78．4％。锌缺乏、铁缺乏、钙缺乏，或铅负荷过高，或数种微量元素缺乏及铅中毒并存是当前严重影响儿童健康成长的常见原因。运用现代检测技术早期发现微量元素缺乏及铅中毒患儿并及时采取防治措施对促进儿童正常生长发育至关重要。头发样品容易采集、运送和保存，因此头发微量元素含量测定适合在中小城镇及农村使用。但其应用价值应进行科学评价。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定REACH法规涉及产品中铅、铬、钴、砷、锡、铝、锆、钼和硼

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对REACH法规涉及产品中铅、铬、钴、砷、锡、铝、锆、钼和硼的含量进行测定。0.2g样品经微波消解处理,聚合物材质试样以8mL硝酸和2mL过氧化氢为消解试剂;无机非金属材质试样以6mL硝酸、2mL过氧化氢和2mL氢氟酸为消解试剂。各元素的方法检出限均低于15mg·kg-1。方法的加标回收率在82.4%～108%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在3%～6%之间。     

ICP-MS Determination of 23 Elements of Potential Health Concern in Liquids of e-Cigarettes. Method Development,Validation, and Application to 37 Real Samples

The lack of interest in the determination of toxic elements in liquids for electronic cigarettes (e-liquids) has so far been reflected in the scarce number of accurate and validated analytical methods devoted to this aim. Since the strong matrix effects observed for e-liquids constitute an exciting analytical challenge, the main goal of this study was to develop and validate an ICP-MS method aimed to quantify 23 elements in 37 e-liquids of different flavors. Great attention has been paid to the critical phases of sample pre-treatment, as well as to the optimization of the ICP-MS conditions for each element and of the quantification. All samples exhibited a very low amount of the elements under investigation. Indeed, the sum of their average concentration was of ca. 0.6 mg kg⁻¹. Toxic elements were always below a few tens of a μg per kg⁻¹ and, very often, their amount was below the relevant quantification limits. Tobacco and tonic flavors showed the highest and the lowest concentration of elements, respectively. The most abundant elements came frequently from propylene glycol and vegetal glycerin, as confirmed by PCA. A proper choice of these substances could further decrease the elemental concentration in e-liquids, which are probably barely involved as potential sources of toxic elements inhaled by vapers.     

Evaluation of a New Method for the Determination of Elements in Vegetable Foods and Feeds by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy with Sampling of Carbonaceous Slurry

Abstract

The new method, proposed in a preceeding paper for the determination of elements in plant material by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) with liquid sampling of carbonaceous slurry, was tested on other kinds of organic material such as vegetable foods and feeds. Results are reported for the determination of calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in these materials. Also, the analytical results relative to the determination of cadmium by graphite-tube furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GTFAAS) for two matrices are given. In all cases accuracy and precision of the analytical procedure were ascertained.     

铁及稀土元素在DOWEX 1-X8阴离子交换树脂上分配系数的测定及其应用于原子发射光谱法测定钢中稀土元素含量

对铁和稀土元素在DOWEX 1-X8阴离子交换树脂上于不同浓度的盐酸和硝酸介质中的分配系数(K_d)进行了研究,试验结果表明:在6～9 mol·L~(-1)盐酸介质中Fe~(3+)的K_d10~3,即强吸附于DOWEX 1-X8阴离子交换树脂,而稀土元素在DOWEX 1-X8阴离子交换树脂的K_d≤10,即不吸附于树脂;而在浓度低于2 mol·L~(-1)的硝酸介质中,Fe~(3+)的K_d6.4,即不吸附于树脂上,故选用1.6 mol·L~(-1)硝酸溶液将吸附于柱上的Fe~(3+)洗脱下来。在此基础上提出了一种阴离子交换树脂分离电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定洁净钢中微量稀土元素含量的方法。该方法用于测定产于日本及韩国的洁净钢样品,测得回收率在87.7%～118.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)小于23%。     

New direction in organopalladium chemistry: structure and reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbon ligands bound to multipalladium units

Examination of the manner of interaction between Pd(0) and allylpalladium(II) complexes, both being involved as key intermediates in Pd-catalyzed allylic coupling, led us to discover a new role for such combinations in affecting the stereochemistry of the transformations. A similar investigation of the system involving Pd(0) and allenyl/propargyl complexes of Pd(II) led to the discovery of dinuclear Pd(I)bond;Pd(I) complexes containing bridging allenyl/propargyl ligands, which exhibited novel structural and reactivity aspects of great synthetic significance. A systematic comparison was made between the structure, stability, and reactivity of allyl and allenyl/propargyl ligands in dinuclear complexes and those in mononuclear counterparts. On the basis of MO calculations, coordination behavior specific to the ligands of the dinuclear complex is attributed to the occurrence of the back-donating interaction from filled Pdbond;Pd bonding orbitals to vacant ligand pi* orbitals. Similar bonding features are the origin of the ready synthesis of novel one-dimensional sandwich complexes composed of conjugated polyene ligands and linear polypalladium chains. A substitutionally labile dipalladium complex reacts with an equimolar amount of trienes or alkynes to give formal [4pi + 2sigma] or [2pi + 2sigma] adducts, respectively, which undergo further unique transformations with additional unsaturated substrates.     

Meldola's Blue Immobilized on a SiO2/SnO2/Phosphate Xerogel,a New Sensor for Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Medicine and Commercial Fruit Juice

A modified carbon paste electrode with SiO₂/SnO₂/Phosphate/Meldola's blue, SSPMelB, was used to study the electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The adsorbed dye mediates ascorbic acid oxidation at an anodic potential of 0.04 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) at pH 7.0, in 0.5 mol L^?1 solution. The linear range of the sensor is between 4.0×10^?7 and 2.0×10^?3 mol L^?1, with a limit of detection of 4.0×10^?7 mol L^?1. This novel electrode shows good analytical performance for determination of ascorbic acid in medicine and commercial fruit juice.