DFT calculations of the ionization potentials and electron affinities of serinamide

Adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials (IPs) and valence electron affinities (EAs) of serinamide in the gas phase have been determined using density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP, B3P86, and B3PW91 methods with the 6‐311++G** and 6‐311G** basis sets, respectively. IPs and EAs of serinamide in solution have been calculated with the B3LYP method using the 6‐311++G** and 6‐311G** basis sets. Eight possible conformers of serinamide and its charged states in the gas phase have been optimized employing the DFT B3LYP method with 6‐311++G** and 6‐311G** basis sets, respectively. All the adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials (AIPs and VIPs) of eight serinamide conformers in our work are positive values, whether in the gas phase or in solutions; the IPs in solutions are smaller than the results in the gas phase and decrease with increased dielectric constants in solutions. This finding indicates that the cationic states in solutions are more stable than those in the gas phase. All EAs of eight serinamide conformers are negative values in the gas phase, indicating that the anionic states are unstable with respect to electron autodetachment, both adiabatically and vertically. In contrast, all other adiabatic electron affinities (AEAs) are negative values in solutions except for 6S in water; 7S in chloroform, acetone, and water; and 8S in acetone and water, and increase with increasing of dielectric constants in solutions. All vertical electron affinities (VEAs) are negative values in solutions; however, no good rule has been found for these values in solutions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006     

DFT study of ionization potentials and electron affinities of formamide and its methylation derivatives

The ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of formamide in the gas phase have been calculated using density functional theory (DFT), ab initio HF and Møller-Plesset perturbational theory (MP) at 6-311++G** basis set. The results indicate that the IPs of formamide obtained with DFT and MP are in agreement with the results obtained from experiment. And B3LYP has been confirmed to be the most accurate method in calculating the AIPs and VIPs of formamide through our work. IPs and EAs of formamide in solution are not known experimentally, therefore IPs and EAs of formamide in chloroform, acetone, and dimethylsulfoxide have been calculated using polarized continuum model (PCM) with B3LYP/6-311++G** level and have been compared with the values in the gas phase. The AIPs and VIPs of formamide have been compared with those of its methylation derivatives. All EAs of methylation derivatives of formamide are bigger than those of formamide conformers in the gas phase with BLYP, B3LYP, and B3P86 methods at 6-311++G** basis set. All these indicate that all anions of methylation derivatives of formamide are more stable than anions of formamide with respect to electron detachment adiabatically and vertically in the gas phase.     

Theoretical determinations of ionization potentials of dopamine

Adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials (IPs) of nine conformers of dopamine in the gas phase are determined using density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91 methods and high level ab initio HF method with 6-311++G** basis set, respectively. And the nine stable cationic states have been found in the ionization process of dopamine. Vertical ionization potentials of nine conformers of dopamine are calculated using the older outer-valence Green’s function (OVGF) calculations at 6-311++G** basis set. Vibrational frequencies and infrared spectrum intensities of G1b and G1b⁺ at B3LYP/6-311++G** level are discussed.     

Calculations of ionization energies and electron affinities for atoms and molecules: A comparative study with different methods

In the present work, we examined the performance of 36 density functionals, including the newly developed doubly hybrid density functional XYG3 (Y. Zhang, X. Xu, and W. A. Goddard III, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA, 2009, 106, 4963), to calculate ionization energies (IEs) and electron affinities (EAs). We used the well-established G2-1 set as reference, which contains 14 atoms and 24 molecules for IE, along with 7 atoms and 18 molecules for EA. XYG3 leads to mean absolute deviations (MADs) of 0.057 and 0.080 eV for IEs and EAs, respectively, using the basis set of 6-311 + G (3df,2p). In comparison with some other functionals, MADs for IEs are 0.109 (B2PLYP), 0.119 (M06-2X), 0.159 (X3LYP), 0.161 (PBE), 0.162 (B3LYP), 0.165 (PBE0), 0.173 (TPSS), 0.200 (BLYP), and 0.215 eV (LC-BLYP). MADs for EAs are 0.090 (X3LYP), 0.090 (B2PLYP), 0.102 (PBE), 0.103 (M06-2X), 0.104 (TPSS), 0.105 (BLYP), 0.106 (B3LYP), 0.126 (LC-BLYP), and 0.128 eV (PBE0).     

Characterization of pentacarbonyl(4-methylpyridine)chromium(0) complex using density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) computational methods

The optimized molecular structure, atomic charges, vibrational frequencies, thermodynamic properties, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectral data of pentacarbonyl(4-methylpyridine)chromium(0) complex have been investigated by performing ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory, B3LYP, B3PW91 and BE1PBE methods with 6-311G, 6-311+G(3d,3p) and 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The calculated NMR data at 6-311G basis set, vibrational frequencies at 6-311+G(3d,3p) basis set and the optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles at 6-31G(d,p) basis set are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) have been simulated. In addition, the transition state and energy band gap and infrared intensities have also been reported.     

NMR spectra, GIAO and charge density calculations of five-membered aromatic heterocycles

The B3LYP/6-31+G(d) molecular geometry optimized structures of 17 five-membered heterocycles were employed together with the gauge including atomic orbitals (GIAO) density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) levels of theory for the calculation of proton and carbon chemicals shifts and coupling constants. The method of geometry optimization for pyrrole (1), N-methylpyrrole (2) and thiophene (7) using the larger 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,p) and B3LYP/cc-pVTZ levels of theory gave little difference between calculated and experimental values of coupling constants. In general, the (1)H and 13C chemical shifts for all compounds are in good agreement with theoretical calculations using the smaller 6-31 basis set. The values of nJHH(n=3, 4, 5) and rmnJ(CH)(n=1, 2, 3, 4) were predicted well using the larger 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets and at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,2p) levels of theory. The computed atomic charges [Mülliken; Natural Bond Orbital Analysis (NBO); Merz-Kollman (MK); CHELP and CHELPG] for the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) geometry optimized structures of 1-17 were used to explore correlations with the experimental proton and carbon chemical shifts.     

Molecular structure, vibrational spectra and NBO analysis of phenylisothiocyanate by density functional method

The molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies and NBO analysis of phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) in the ground state have been calculated by using density functional theory calculation (B3LYP) with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized geometrical parameters obtained by DFT calculations are in good agreement with experimental values. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of the PITC and calculated result by density functional theory (B3LYP) indicates B3LYP is superior for molecular vibrational problems. The entropy of the title compound was also performed at HF/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of title molecule is also carried out. A detailed interpretation of the IR and Raman spectra of PITC is reported on the basis of the calculated potential energy distribution (PED). The theoretical spectrogram for IR spectrum of the title molecule has been constructed.     

Study of conformational and optical rotation for the alaninamide

Six stationary points of alaninamide have been located on the potential surface energy (PES) at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(2d,2p) level of theory both in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. In the aqueous solution, to take the water solvent effect into account, the polarizable continuum model (PCM) method has been used. Accurate geometric structures and their relative stabilities have been investigated. The results show that the intramolecular hydrogen bond plays a very important role in stabilizing the global minimum of the alaninamide. Moreover, the consistent result in relative energy using high‐level computations, including the MP2 and MP3 methods with the same basis set [6‐311++G(2d,2p)], indicates that the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level may be applied to the analogue system. More importantly, the optical rotation of the optimized conformers (both in the gas phase and in aqueous solution) of alaninamide have been calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree–Fock (HF) method at various basis sets (6‐31+G*, 6‐311++G(d,p), 6‐311++G(2d,2p) and aug‐cc‐pvdz). The results show that the selection of the computation method and the basis set in calculation has great influence on the results of the optical rotations. The reliability of the HF method is less than that of DFT, and selecting the basis set of 6‐311++G(2d,2p) and aug‐cc‐pvDZ produces relative reliable results. Analysis of the computational results of the structure parameters and the optical rotations yields the conclusion that just the helixes in molecules caused the chiral molecules to be optical active. The Boltzmann equilibrium distributions for the six conformers (both in the gas phase and in the aqueous solution) are also carried out. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

Computational study of static first hyperpolarizability of donor-acceptor substituted (E)-benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone

Various hybrid functionals (B3LYP, B97-2, PBE0, BMK, BH&HLYP, CAM-B3LYP, and LC-ωPBE) implemented in density functional theory were applied to give estimate of static first hyperpolarizabilty (β(0)) of (E)-benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone designated as (E)-BPH. Against those of MP2 computations as a function of the underlying density functional, good agreement was obtained with the BH&HLYP and CAM-B3LYP functionals. The LC-ωPBE functional and the B3LYP, PBE0, B97-2, and BMK functionals underestimated and overestimated β(0), respectively. The basis set effect on the calculated β(0) was also investigated. It turned out that the 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set provided excellent converged value of β(0). On the basis of the calculated results, we investigated the substituent effect on β(0) of donor-acceptor (D-A) substituted (E)-BPH systematically by using the BH&HLYP and CAM-B3LYP computations with the 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set. We proposed a Zwitterion structure to explain the calculated trend in the substituent effect and the enhanced hyperpolarizability of type II compounds (A-(E)-BPH-D) than type I compounds (D-(E)-BPH-A). Natural bonding orbital analysis carried out at BH&HLYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(2df,p) level of theory substantiated the claim.     

Vibrational spectroscopy investigation using ab initio and density functional theory analysis on the structure of 5-amino-o-cresol

The Fourier transform Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of 5-amino-o-cresol (5AOC) were recorded in the solid phase. The equilibrium geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman scattering activities were calculated by HF and density functional B3LYP method with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The scaled theoretical wavenumbers showed very good agreement with the experimental values. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound were also performed at HF/6-311G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) levels of theory. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of 5-amino-o-cresol is reported. The theoretical spectrograms for FT-IR spectra of the title molecule have been constructed.     

Comparison of experimental and ab initio HF and DFT vibrational spectra of benzimidazole

In this work, we will report a combined experimental and theoretical study on molecular and vibrational structure of benzimidazole. The laser Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of benzimidazole were recorded in the solid phase. The equilibrium geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman scattering activities, depolarization ratios and reduced masses were calculated by HF and density functional B3LYP method with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The scaled theoretical wavenumbers showed very good agreement with the experimental values. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound were also performed at HF/6-31G(d,p)/6-311G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)/6-311G(d,p) levels of theory. A detailed interpretations of the infrared and Raman spectra of benzimidazole is reported. The theoretical spectrograms for FT-IR spectra of the title molecule have been constructed.     

Vibrational spectroscopy investigation using ab initio and density functional theory analysis on the structure of 2-amino-5-methylphenol

The laser Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of 2-amino-5-methylphenol were recorded in the solid phase. The equilibrium geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman scattering activities, depolarization ratios and reduced masses were calculated by HF and density functional B3LYP methods by using 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The scaled theoretical wavenumbers showed very good agreement with the experimental values. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound were also performed at HF/6-31G(d,p)/6-311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)/6-311+G(d,p) levels of theory. A detailed interpretations of the infrared and Raman spectra of 2-amino-5-methylphenol is reported. The theoretical spectrograms for FT-IR spectra of the title molecule have been constructed.     

Theoretical study on gas-phase conformations and vibrational assignment of methylphenidate

The molecular geometry, the normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of methylphenidate in the ground state were performed by DFT/B3LYP level of theory using the 6-311++G(d, p) basis set. Harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method. The conformational stabilities and optimized geometrical parameters have been carried out with density functional theory with 6-311++G(d, p) basic set by the DFT/B3LYP method. The frequency calculations have been performed with DFT to study the vibrational properties and their dependence on the molecular conformation.     

Vibrational spectroscopic (FTIR and FT Raman) studies, first order hyperpolarizabilities and HOMO, LUMO analysis of p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate using ab initio HF and DFT methods

The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT Raman spectra of p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (p-tosyl isocyanate) have been measured. The molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities and atomic charges have been calculated by using ab initio HF and density functional theory calculation (B3LYP) with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. Complete vibrational assignment and analysis of the fundamental modes of the compound were carried out using the observed FTIR and FT Raman data. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound were also performed with the aid of HF/6-311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) levels of theory. Simulated FTIR and FT Raman spectra for p-tosyl isocyanate showed good agreement with the observed spectra. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. The dipole moment (μ), polarizability (α) and the hyperpolarizability (β) values of the investigated molecule have been computed using HF and B3LYP methods.     

Vibrational spectra and fundamental structural assignments from HF and DFT calculations of methyl benzoate

The Fourier transform Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of methyl benzoate (MB) were recorded in the liquid phase. The equilibrium geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman scattering activities, depolarization ratios, reduced masses were calculated by Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional B3LYP method with the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The scaled theoretical wavenumbers showed very good agreement with the experimental values. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound were also performed at HF/6-311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) levels of theory. A detailed interpretations of the infrared and Raman spectra of methyl benzoate is reported. The theoretical spectrograms for FT-IR spectra of the title molecule have been constructed.     

FT-IR, FT-Raman spectra and quantum chemical calculations of some chloro substituted phenoxy acetic acids

In this work, we will report a combined experimental and theoretical study on molecular and vibrational structure of o-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (OCPAA) and p-chlorophenoxy acetic acids (PCPAA). The FT-IR and Fourier transform-Raman spectra of both the compounds was recorded in the solid phase. The optimized geometry was calculated by HF and B3LYP methods with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman scattering activities were calculated by density functional B3LYP method with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The scaled theoretical wavenumbers showed very good agreement with the experimental values. The thermodynamic functions of the title compounds were also performed at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of o-chloro and p-chlorophenoxy acetic acid is reported. The theoretical FT-IR spectrograms for the title molecules have been constructed.     

An evaluation of various computational methods for the treatment of organoselenium compounds

A reliable computational method for the prediction of organoselenium geometries and bond dissociation energies (BDEs) has been determined on the basis of the performance of density functional theory (DFT: B3LYP and B3PW91) and ab initio molecular orbital procedures (Hartree-Fock (HF)) in conjunction with various Pople basis sets including (but not limited to) the 6-31G(d), 6-31G(d,p), 6-311G(d), 6-311G(d,p), 6-311G(2df,p), and 6-311G(3df,3pd) sets. Predicted geometries and BDEs are compared with available experimental data and quadratic configuration interaction including single and double substitutions (QCISD) results. The B3PW91/6-311G(2df,p) level of theory is recommended for the prediction of the geometries and energetics of organoselenium compounds.     

Experimental (FT-IR and FT-Raman), electronic structure and DFT studies on 1-methoxynaphthalene

In this work, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 1-methoxynapthalene (C(11)H(10)O) have been reported in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively. Density functional method (DFT) has been used to calculate the optimized geometrical parameters, atomic charges, vibrational wavenumbers and intensity of the vibrational bands. The vibrational frequencies have been calculated and scaled values are compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The structure optimizations and normal coordinate force field calculations are based on density functional theory (DFT) method with B3LYP/3-21G, B3LYP/6-31G, B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The complete vibrational assignments of wavenumbers are made on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED). The optimized geometric parameters are compared with experimental values of naphthoic acid. The results of the calculation shows excellent agreement between experimental and calculated frequencies in B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The effects due to the substitutions of methyl group and carbon-oxygen bond are also investigated. A study on the electronic properties, such as excitation energies and wavelengths, were performed by time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approach. HOMO and LUMO energies are calculated that these energies show charge transfer occurs within the molecule.     

Post Hartree–Fock and density functional theory studies on Di-Protonated Allopurinol

Post Hartree–Fock and density functional theory (DFT) methods have been employed to study the molecular properties of Di-Protonated Allopurinol²⁺ tautomers in gaseous and aqueous phase environments. The tautomers in gaseous phase have been optimized at MP2/6-311G(2d,2p) and B3LYP/6-311G(2d,2p) levels of theory. The self-consistent reaction field theory (SCRF) has been employed to optimize the tautomers in aqueous phase (ε = 78.5) at B3LYP/6-311G(2d,2p) level of theory and the solvent effect has been studied. The structure, energetics and relative stabilities of the tautomers have been analyzed both in gaseous and aqueous phases. The principle of maximum hardness (MHP) has been tested at B3LYP/6-311G(2d,2p) level of theory. The condensed Fukui functions have been calculated using the atomic charges obtained through Natural population analysis to identify the relative change in the most reactive site of the optimized structures. NMR studies have been carried out, on the basis of Cheeseman coworker’s method, to analyze the molecular environment as well as the delocalization activities of electron clouds.     

Transition state structure and energetics of the N(2)O + X (X = Cl,Br) reactions

The structural and vibrational properties of the transition state of the N(2)O + X (X = Cl,Br) reactions have been characterized by ab initio methods using density functional theory. We have employed Becke's hybrid functional (B3LYP), and transition state optimizations were performed with 6-31G(d), 6-311G(2d,2p), 6-311+G(3d,2p), and 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis sets. For the chlorine atom reaction the coupled-cluster method (CCSD(T)) with 6-31G(d) basis set was also used. All calculations resulted in transition state structures with a planar cis arrangement of atoms for both reactions. The geometrical parameters of transition states at B3LYP are very similar, and the reaction coordinates involve mainly the breaking of the N-O bond. At CCSD(T)/6-31G(d) level a contribution of the O-Cl forming bond is also observed in the reaction coordinate. In addition, several highly accurate ab initio composite methods of Gaussian-n (G1, G2, G3), their variations (G2(MP2), G3//B3LYP), and complete basis set (CBS-Q, CBS-Q//B3LYP) series of models were applied to compute reaction energetics. All model chemistries predict exothermic reactions. The G3 and G2 methods result in the smallest deviations from experiment, 1.8 and 0 kcal mol(-1), for the enthalpies of reaction for N(2)O reaction with chlorine and bromine, respectively. The G3//B3LYP and G1 methods perform best among the composite methods in predicting energies of the transition state, with a deviation of 1.9 and 3.0 kcal mol(-1), respectively, in the activation energies for the above processes. However, the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) method gives smaller deviations of 0.4 and -1.0 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The performance of the methodologies applied in predicting transition state energies was analyzed.