Baryons as solitons in loop space

The mass of the baryon in QCD at large N is expressed in terms of certain collective fields in the loop space, satisfying the nonlinear path integral equation. This equation is of the same kind as the MM equation for the loop average, and involves the loop average in the kernel.     

Baryons and nuclei as skyrmions

The topological soliton model, including its various extensions, is reviewed. The model is very compact and involves only small number of Lagrangian parameters which in principle are calculable from QCD. It provides a nice tool for describing the structure of baryons.Lectures held at the Indian-Summer School on Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions of Particles with Nuclei, Sázava, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 September 1992     

Spectroscopy of Baryons as Relativistic Three-Quark Systems

We present results from a study of baryon spectral properties within a relativistic constituent-quark model. In particular, we demonstrate the performance of a universal quark model for all light-, strange-, and heavy-flavor baryons with regard to their spectroscopy. Thereby we produce insights into the effective interaction between constituent quarks of the various flavors up, down, strange, charm, and bottom. The relativistically invariant mass spectra are obtained by two different methods for calculating the microscopic three-quark systems: a stochastic variational method, solving the eigenvalue problem of the invariant mass operator expressed by differential equations, and a Faddeev integral-equation method, adapted to treating long-range interactions, such as the quark confinement. The corresponding results agree very well, generally within a few percents. Taking into account relativistic effects through Poincaré invariance of the mass operator, or equivalently of the Hamiltonian, turns out to be of utmost importance.     

Baryons as quarks in a skyrmion bubble

We suggest a model for baryons with quarks populating an unbroken vacuum bubble in the center of a topological soliton (“skyrmion”). The problems involved in such an introduction of quarks into the Skyrme-Witten soliton are investigated. The SU(3) generalization of the model is briefly discussed.     

Baryons

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology.Using data from previous editions,plus 3,062 new measurements from 721 papers,we list,evaluate,and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson,leptons,quarks,mesons,and baryons.We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles,heavy bosons,axions,dark photons,etc.All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables.We also give numerous tables,figures,formulae,and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics,Supersymmetry,Grand Unified Theories,Neutrino Mixing,Dark Energy,Dark Matter,Cosmology,Particle Detectors,Colliders,Probability and Statistics.Among the 117 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised,including new reviews on Pentaquarks and Inflation.     

Baryons as rotating excitations of the chiral soliton

We show that the usual ansatz used for quantizing the collective coordinates corresponding to a rotation of chiral soliton does not satisfy the equations of motion. We suggest a more general ansatz that admits the separation of rotational degrees of freedom and does not contradict the equations of motion.Presented at the symposium Mesons and Light Nuclei, Bechyn, Czechoslovakia, May 27–June 1, 1985.     

Baryons and dual unitarization

Processes involving baryons are discussed in the scheme of dual unitarization. In particular, the topological expansion is generalized to any hadronic S-matrix elements involving baryons and/or mesons. Our expansion is based on a model for the baryon propagator, which is a set of three planar Feynman diagrams joined at a junction line. The resulting expansion is a double expansion in 1/N (N= the number of quark flavours) and in the number of baryon loops. Based on this, several new observations are made in phenomenological problems, and a unifying point of view is stressed. The scheme is evidently crossing invariant, and unitarity constraints are imposed order by order in 1/N and in the baryon loop number.     

Quark mass formulae and the number of quark flavors

Possible quark mass formulae are discussed for an arbitrary number of quark flavors in a grand unified O(10) model, as well as in an ambidextrous model supplemented by additional discrete and/or global symmetries.     

Black holes as solitons

We remark that exact classical Schwarzschild-like solutions to Einstein's (and possibly f gravity) equations provide examples of realistic solitons.     

Toda solitons as Fermi-quasiparticles

The Bethe ansatz leads to Yang-Yang integral equations. The particle-hole structure of the zero-temperature excitations is generalized to finite temperatures, which leads to the definition of soliton- and phonon-quasiparticles. The solitons approximately follow the Fermi-Dirac statistics and have a chemical potential with an unusual temperature dependence, because the number of solitons is not constant.     

Hypernuclei as chiral solitons

Identification of flavored multiskyrmions with the ground states of known hypernuclei is successful for several of them, e.g., for the isodoublet _Λ ⁴ H- _Λ ⁴ He and isoscalars _Λ ⁵ He and _Λ ⁷ Li. In other cases, agreement is not so good, but as the baryon number increases, the behavior of the binding energy qualitatively agrees with the data. Charmed or beautiful hypernuclei are predicted within this approach to be bound more strongly than strange hypernuclei. This conclusion is stable with respect to a certain variation of poorly known heavy flavor decay constants.     

Mass Difference of Baryons

Russian Physics Journal -     

On the liquid drop model mass formulae and charge radii

An adjustment to 782 ground-state nuclear charge radii for nuclei with N, Z 3 \ge8 leads to R₀ = 1.2257 A^1/3\ensuremath R_0 = 1.2257 A^{1/3} fm and s \sigma = 0.124 fm for the charge radius. Assuming such a Coulomb energy E_c = \frac35 e²Z²/1.2257 A^\frac13\ensuremath E_c = \frac{3}{5} e^2Z^2/1.2257 A^{\frac{1}{3}} , the coefficients of different possible mass formulae derived from the liquid drop model and including the shell and pairing energies have been determined from 2027 masses verifying N, Z 3 \ge8 and a mass uncertainty ￡ \le150 keV. These formulae take into account or do not the diffuseness correction ( Z²/A\ensuremath Z^2/A term), the charge exchange correction term ( Z^4/3/A^1/3\ensuremath Z^{4/3}/A^{1/3} term), the curvature energy, the Wigner terms and different powers of I = (N - Z)/A . The Coulomb diffuseness correction or the charge exchange correction term play the main role to improve the accuracy of the mass formulae. The different fits lead to a surface energy coefficient of around 17-18MeV. A possible more precise formula for the Coulomb radius is R₀ = 1.2332A^1/3 + 2.8961/A^2/3 - 0.18688A^1/3I\ensuremath R_0 = 1.2332A^{1/3} + 2.8961/A^{2/3} - 0.18688A^{1/3}I fm with s \sigma = 0.052 fm.     

Storm surges as dissipative solitons

A nonlinear theory of storm surges was constructed. The results are compared with observation data.     

Spatial screening solitons as particles

Photorefractive spatial screening solitons are treated as rays using geometrical optics. The ray picture is transformed into a classical mechanics picture, in which solitons move self-consistently as particles in a potential created by the induced change in the refractive index. The Hamiltonian equations of motion are integrated to yield trajectories that agree with the optical center-of-mass trajectories. The motion in the transverse plane is found to be not central and the orbits are not closed, preventing the spiraling of solitons.