Frequencies, anharmonicities, and dissociation energies of OH groups in H-mordenite

Harmonic frequencies, anharmonicities and dissociation energies of surface hydroxy groups in H-mordenite have been determined. The application of the Lippincott-Schroeder potential function for similar problems is proposed.

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, -. - .

     

Cumene hydroperoxide decomposition in the presence of metal complex catalysts supported on amorphous SiO2

By the method of molecular deposition, ions of CrO ₂ ²⁺ VO³⁺ and MoO ₂ ²⁺ were supported on a matrix of amorphous SiO₂. Different types of organic ligands were supported subsequently on the surface compounds so formed. The catalytic activity of the samples was studied in the decomposition of comene hydroperoxide.

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SiO₂ CrO ₂ ²⁺ , VO³⁺, MoO ₂ ²⁺ . . .

     

Quantitative estimation of calcite in limestones by differential thermal analysis

A quantitative method is presented for the estimation of calcite in limestones by differential thermal analysis, using calcium hydroxide as an internal standard. The effects of variations due to particle size and impurities such as quartz, iron oxide, organic material, dolomite, magnesite, gypsum and phosphates are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine quantitative Methode zur Ermittlung von Kalzit im Kalkstein durch Differentialthermoanalyse unter Anwendung von Kalziumhydroxyd als inneren Standard vorgestellt. Der Einfluß von durch unterschiedliche Teilchengröße und Verunreinigungen, wie Quarz, Eisenoxyd, organische Stoffe, Dolomit, Magnesit, Gips und Phosphat hervorgerufenen Veränderungen wurde erörtert.

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Résumé On propose une méthode de dosage par ATD de la calcite dans les roches calcaires en utilisant l'hydroxyde de calcium comme étalon interne. On discute l'influence de la taille des particles et de la nature des impuretés: quartz, oxyde de fer, corps organiques, gypse, dolomite, magnésite et phosphates.

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, . , , , , , , .

     

Meaningful activation energies for complex systems II

The validity of the Friedman method is assessed for systems of overlapping reactions. By means of mathematical analysis and numerical examples it is shown that, in the case of competitive reactions, the method gives the true value of the instantaneous mean activation energy. However, some error may be incurred if this method is applied to systems of independent reactions. The relative accuracy of the Friedman and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall methods is discussed in respect of complex systems of reactions.

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Zusammenfassung Die Gültigkeit der Friedman-Methode wird für Systeme von überlappenden Reaktionen einer Betrachtung unterzogen. Durch mathematische Analyse und numerische Beispiele wird gezeigt, daß im Falle kompetitiver Reaktionen die Methode den richtigen Wert der jeweiligen mittleren Aktivierungsenergie ergibt. Fehler können jedoch auftreten, wenn diese Methode auf Systeme voneinander unabhängiger Reaktionen angewandt wird. Die relative Genauigkeit der Methoden von Friedman und Ozawa-Flynn-Wall wird mit Hinsicht auf komplexe Reaktionssysteme diskutiert.

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. , . , , . -- .

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The author wishes to thank the British Gas Corporation for permission to publish this work.     

Isoparametric kinetic relations for chemical transformations in condensed substances (Analytical survey). II. Reactions involving the participation of solid substances

Various manifestations of the kinetic compensation effect are considered in reactions involving the participation of solid substances under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions, as well as manifestations of other isoparametric correlations. It is shown that isoparametric correlations can be used for the analysis of solid-phase reactions and the exclusion of artefacts in nonisothermal kinetics.

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Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Erscheinungen des kinetischen Kompensationseffektes bei unter Beteiligung von festen Substanzen unter isothermen und nichtisothermen Bedingungen verlaufenden Reaktionen werden erörtert, ebenso Erscheinungen anderer isoparametrischer Korrelationen. Es wird gezeigt, daß isoparametrische Korrelationen zur Analyse von Festphasenreaktionen und zum Ausschluß von Artifakten in der nicht-isothermen Kinetik herangezogen werden können.

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, , . .

     

IR spectroscopic studies of surface acrolein and acrylic acid compounds in conditions of catalytic oxidation of acrolein on V?Mo?Si?O catalyst

Three surface complexes of acrolein have been identified by high-temperature IR spectroscopic method. Their extinction coefficients have been decermined. - .     

Cobalt complex with immobilized porphyrin in hydrazine oxidation

Porphyrin immobilized on silica and its complex with cobalt have been prepared and identified. Oxidation kinetics is described by the Michaelis-Menten equation.

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- . - --.

     

Cluster and ligand effects in CO adsorption on high dispersity supported Ni?Cu alloys

IR spectroscopic studies of CO chemisorption on SiO₂-supported Ni and Ni–Cu microcrystals have revealed that the alloy composition affects the intensity and frequency of absorption bands of the linear form of chemisorbed CO. Chemisorbed hydrogen is shown to shift its absorption band to the high-frequency region on pure Ni and low-copper Ni–Cu alloys and does not affect it on high-copper ones. The presence of Cu in the alloy increases significantly the reactivity of chemisorbed oxygen in the reaction with CO. The results are treated in terms of the concepts of cluster and ligand effects.

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- CO SiO₂ Ni Ni–Cu. CO. CO Ni–Cu , Cu CO , Cu. Cu CO. .

     

Kinetic studies of hydrogen and carbon monoxide adsorption on Re2O7/Al2O3 catalysts

Kinetic studies of hydrogen and carbon monoxide adsorption on reduced Re₂O₇/Al₂O₃ catalysts have revealed that its activation energy decreases with increasing reduction degree of rhenium oxide. Adsorption of gases is suggested to take place on metallic rhenium atoms.

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- . , . , .

     

Effect of rare earth ions on the catalytic activity of Ln2MnNiO6 perovskites

Abstract A series of rare earth transition metal perovskites has been synthesized and the catalytic activity tested for 2-propanol decomposition. The effect of rare earth ions on the catalytic activity can been understood from the correlations obtained between the physico-chemical properties and the catalytic activity of the perovskites.

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, , 2-. , - .

     

ESR study of the reaction of substituted nitrosobenzenes with aliphatic and saturated alkylaromatic hydrocarbons

We have found that nitrosobenzenes spontaneously react with saturated hydrocarbons in the absence of oxygen and light. For interpretation of this general phenomenon a new reaction pathway has been assumed. In light of these results special care should be taken when applying nitrosobenzenes for inhibition and spin trapping as well as organic synthesis in saturated organic solvents, which are supposed to be inert.

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Catalysts for metathesis of olefins, prepared by anchoring of MoO2(acac)2 to Al2O3

New highly active catalysts for metathesis of olefins were obtained through the interaction of bis(acetylacetonato)dioxymolybdenum(VI) with surface OH groups of -Al₂O₃ and subsequent reduction in H₂ or CO.

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()(VI) OH -Al₂O₃ H₂ CO .

     

Cyclophane bis(sulfoxides) a thermal analysis study

A thermogravimetry study of a series of cyclophane bis(sulfoxides) (1–6) has shown that thermal decomposition of these compounds occurs in two stages with a stepwise loss of the sulfoxide groups at well defined decomposition temperatures. The stepwise thermal cleavage has been rationalized in terms of the stereochemistry of the sulfoxide groups and the strain associated with the resultant elimination products.

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Zusammenfassung Eine thermogravimetrische Studie einer Reihe von Cyclophan-bis(sulphoxiden) (1–6) zeigte, dass die thermische Zersetzung dieser Verbindungen in zwei Stufen unter stufenweisem Verlust der Sulphoxidgruppen bei gut definierten Zersetzungstemperaturen vor sich geht. Die stufenweise thermische Spaltung wurde aufgrund der Stereochemie der Sulphoxidgruppen und der mit den resultierenden Eliminationsprodukten verbundenen Belastung erörtert.

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Résumé Une étude thermogravimétrique d'une série de bis (sulfoxydes) de cyclophane (1–6) a montré que la décomposition thermique de ces composés se déroule en deux étapes avec pertes graduelles des groupes sulfoxydes à des températures de décomposition bien définies. Le clivage thermique graduel est expliqué par la stéréochimie des groupes sulfoxydes et la contrainte associée aux produits éliminés.

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- , , , . , .

     

Hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of methylcyclohexane-1,4-dione on Pt and Pd catalysts

Relative hydrogenation reactivity of the two carbonyl groups of methylcyclohexane-1,4-dione can be estimated beside that of two related compounds, 2- and 3-methyl-cyclohexanones. The reaction is accompanied with hydrogenolysis on Pt and Pd. The less hindered 4-carbonyl group is selectively hydrogenolyzed.

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-1,4- , 2- 3-. Pt Pd. 4- .

     

Kinetic luminescence measurements on the interaction of oxygen with oxide surfaces

The dependence of luminescence intensity on the reaction conditions on oxide surfaces permits to determine the kinetic mechanism and gas-surface interaction constants. The suggested method was realized as a computer algorithm.

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-. .

     

Characterization of sintering of gelled UO3 microspheres

UO₃ microspheres, prepared using an internal gelation process, were reduced and sintered. Hydrogen and argon atmospheres were used at temperatures ranging from 1100 °C to 1400 °C for different durations.It was found that the sintered density is higher for spheres réduced at 700 °C than at any other reduction temperature. Lower densities were achieved in argon atmosphere than in hydrogen for the same sintering and reduction temperature. More than 98% Th.D. could be obtained by calcining the UO₃ spheres at 400 °C for 1 hr, reducing at 700 °C and then sintering at 1400 °C for 2 hrs in hydrogen atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Über interne Gebildungsprozesse hergestellte UO₃ Mikrokugeln wurden reduziert und gesintert. Dafür wurden Wasserstoff- und Argonatmösphären verschiedene Zeit lang bei Temperaturen zwischen 1100 °C und 1400 °C verwendet. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Dichte des gesinterten Materials bei einer Reduktionstemperatur von 700 °C am größten ist. Bei gleichen Sinter- und Reduktionstemperaturen erreicht man in Argon eine geringere Dichte als in Wasserstoff. Mehr als 98% Th.D. kann man erreichen, indem man die UO₃ Kugeln bei 400 °C eine Stunde lang kalziniert, bei 700 °C reduziert und dann zwei Stunden lang bei 1400 °C in Wasserstoffatmosphäre sintert.

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, , . 1100–1400° . , , 700°, . . 98% 400° 1 , 700°, 2 1400°.

     

Differential thermoanalytical studies of frozen ferrous perchlorate solutions

It is inferred from the thermoanalytical data obtained on 0.2–4.0M solutions of Fe(ClO₄)₂ which are frozen under non-equilibrium conditions that the phase containing the solute ions turns into a glassy state below –95°. On the warming of these solutions exothermic and endothermic processes are observed which can be related to the effects observed by the nuclear gamma resonance method.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde über thermoanalytische Versuche mit gefrorenen Lösungen von Fe(ClO₄)₂ von 0.2 bis 4.0M Konzentration berichtet, die unter Nichtgleichgewichtsverhältnissen zum Einfrieren gebracht worden waren. Es zeigte sich aus den thermoanalytischen Daten, daß die gelöste Ionen enthaltende Phase in einen glasartigen Zustand unter –95° übergeht. Beim Erwärmen dieser Lösungen beobachtete man exothermische und endothermische Vorgänge, die mit den durch Nukleargamma-Resonanz gefundenen Effekten in Einklang gebracht werden konnten.

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Résumé L'étude thermoanalytique de solutions congelées de Fe(ClO₄)₂ montre que pour les solutions dont la concentration du soluté varie de 0.2 à 4.0M, et qui sont congelées sous des conditions de non-équilibre, la phase contenant les ions dissous se transforme en un état vitreux au-dessous de –95°. En chauffant ces solutions, on a observé des processus endothermiques et exothermiques qui peuvent être reliés aux effets mis en évidence par la méthode de résonance nucléaire gamma.

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Fe(ClO₄)₂ 0,2–4,0M. , , , , , –95°C. , , - ( ).

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The authors are indebted to Prof. M. Kaplan (Yale University) and to Dr. L. Keszthelyi for stimulating discussions, and to Mr. I. Klimm, Miss J. Nyeste and Mr. T. Grünstein for their assistance in the measurements.     

The thermal properties of polysiloxanes poly(dimethyl siloxane) and poly(diethyl siloxane)

New measurements and literature data on polysiloxanes covering heat capacities, transition parameters, enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies are presented and critically reviewed. TheATHAS computation method is used to bring heat capacities into agreement with an approximate frequency spectrum. The various crystal and mesophases are discussed. TheATHAS (1990) recommended data are as follows: For poly(dimethyl siloxane) the glass transition is at 146 K with an increase in heat capacity of 29.24 J/(K mol). The completely crystalline sample melts at about 219 K with a heat of fusion of 2.75 kJ/mol. For poly(diethyl siloxane) the glass transition is at 135 K with an increase in heat capacity of 34.48 J/(K mol). The completely crystalline sample changes to a condis crystal at 206.7 K with a heat of disordering of 2.72 kJ/mol. The transition to a poorly characterized viscous crystal with thermodynamic properties close to the melt occurs at 282.7 K with an enthalpy of transition of 1.84 kJ/mol. Final fusion occurs at 308.5 K and a small endotherm of about 231 J/mol. Tables of heat capacities, enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies are given from 0 K to 550 K.

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Zusammenfassung Neue Messungen und Literaturangaben von Polysiloxanen über Wärmekapazität, Umwandlungsparameter, Enthalpien, Entropien und Gibbssche Energien werden vorgestellt und kritisch betrachtet. Das Rechenverfahren ATHAS wurde benutzt, um die Wärmekapazitäten mit einem annähernden Frequenzspektrum in Einklang zu bringen. Es wurden die verschiedenen Kristall- und Mesophasen diskutiert. Die von ATHAS (1990) empfohlenen Werte sind wie folgt: Für Poly(dimethylsiloxan) beträgt der Glasumwandlungspunkt 146 K bei Zunahme der Wärmekapazität um 29.24 J/(K.mol). Die vollständing kristalline Probe schmilzt bei etwa 219 K mit einer Schmelzwärme von 2.75 kJ/mol. Für Poly(diethylsiloxan) beträgt der Glasumwandlungspunkt 135 K bei Zunahme der Wärmekapazität um 34.48 J/(K.mol). Die vollständig kristalline Probe wandelt sich bei 206.7 K um, die Fehlordnungswärme beträgt 2.72 kJ/mol. Die Umwandlung in einen wenig verstandenen viskosen Kristall, dessen thermodynamische Eigenschaften denen der Schmelze gleichen, erfolgt bei 282.7 K mit einer Umwandlungsenthalpie von 1.84 kJ/mol. Letztendlich verläuft das Schmelzen bei 308.5 K mit einem kleinen endothermen Effekt von etwa 231 J/mol. Wärmekapazitäten, Enthalpien, Entropien und Gibbssche Energien sind für den Bereich 0 K–550 K tabellarisch angegeben.

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, , , , . ATHAS , - . . ATHAS (1990) : 146 29,24 / ·. 219 2,75 /. 135 34,48 /·. 206,7 2,72 /. « » 282,7 1,84 /. 308,5 231 /. , , 0–550 .

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This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Polymers Program, Grant #DMR 83-17097 and early work of J.P.W. was supported by the Am. Chem. Soc. Petroleum Research Found, Grant 12431-AC7. In addition at Oak Ridge National Laboratory the work was sponsored by the Division of Materials Sciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc.     

Mass-spectrometric detection of an unstable product in silver-methanol interaction

The low pressure interaction of methanol vapors with a silver catalyst was studied by mass spectrometry. An unstable product contributing to m/e-15 was detected in this reaction. While yield of formaldehyde increased with addition of oxygen, the unstable product showed towards oxygen a reversed, decreasing trend.

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- , m/e=15. , .

     

Compensation effect in solid-state reactions. Thermolysis of one substance under differing experimental conditions

The compensation effect (lgZ=aE+wb) appearing at the thermolysis of one substance under different experimental conditions is discussed. The compensation effect of one and the same substance has no other physical meaning except the simple confirmation of the analytical relationship between lgZ andE that follows from the Arrhenius equation, and of the impossibility to determineZ from any independent experiment. Values of the coefficienta can not be the measure of the ruptured bond strength.

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(lgZ=+b), . , lgZ E ( ) Z . a .