共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
强流离子源是托卡马克中性束注入器的核心部件,为了满足未来对高能量离子束中性化效率的要求,负离子源成为中性束注入系统的首选。光腔衰荡光谱(cavity ring-down spectroscopy,CRDS)是一种超高灵敏探测吸收光谱技术。在强流负离子源中,利用氢负离子的光致剥离过程,CRDS可以用来测量氢负离子的绝对积分密度。与激光光致剥离法与光学发射光谱法相比,CRDS具有不受电磁干扰、不依赖等离子体参数、测量精度高等优点。强流离子源负离子密度测量所用CRDS系统由激光器、光学谐振腔、光电探测器和数据采集系统四部分组成。本文根据CRDS测量氢负离子密度的原理,详细推导了氢负离子密度的计算方法,给出了氢负离子密度测算表达式;然后,结合强流离子源实验室应用的具体情况,分析了各部分装置的选择原则与注意事项;最后,介绍了CRDS技术在德国马克斯-普朗克等离子体物理研究所、日本国立聚变科学研究所、意大利Consorzio RFX研究所强流负离子源研究中的应用情况。实验结果表明,源腔气压、源功率等源参数会影响氢负离子密度;铯的注入可以将氢负离子密度从1016 m-3量级提高到1017 m-3量级;同时,日本NIFS的实验结果证明氢负离子密度与引出电流呈线性关系。 相似文献
9.
呼气异戊二烯是一种内源性代谢产物,其含量与人体血液中的胆固醇水平存在关联.但人体呼气影响因素众多,寻找其与胆固醇水平诊断参数的定量相关性,需要对选取的特定人群进行有效的呼吸气体分析(实时、在线、高灵敏度、高选择性、高精度的大量呼气数据获取).光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)是一种具有极高灵敏度、稳定性和选择性的光谱技术.采用目... 相似文献
10.
11.
C. Stowasser A. D. Farinas J. Ware D. W. Wistisen C. Rella E. Wahl E. Crosson T. Blunier 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2014,116(2):255-270
In atmospheric and environmental sciences, optical spectrometers are used for the measurements of greenhouse gas mole fractions and the isotopic composition of water vapor or greenhouse gases. The large sample cell volumes (tens of milliliters to several liters) in commercially available spectrometers constrain the usefulness of such instruments for applications that are limited in sample size and/or need to track fast variations in the sample stream. In an effort to make spectrometers more suitable for sample-limited applications, we developed a low-volume analyzer capable of measuring mole fractions of methane and carbon monoxide based on a commercial cavity ring-down spectrometer. The instrument has a small sample cell (9.6 ml) and can selectively be operated at a sample cell pressure of 140, 45, or 20 Torr (effective internal volume of 1.8, 0.57, and 0.25 ml). We present the new sample cell design and the flow path configuration, which are optimized for small sample sizes. To quantify the spectrometer’s usefulness for sample-limited applications, we determine the renewal rate of sample molecules within the low-volume spectrometer. Furthermore, we show that the performance of the low-volume spectrometer matches the performance of the standard commercial analyzers by investigating linearity, precision, and instrumental drift. 相似文献
12.
K. E. Whittaker L. Ciaffoni G. Hancock R. Peverall G. A. D. Ritchie 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2012,109(2):333-343
Continuing studies into an all-diode laser-based 3.3 μm difference frequency generation cavity ring-down spectroscopy system are presented. Light from a 1,560 nm diode laser, amplified by an erbium-doped fibre amplifier, was mixed with 1,064 nm diode laser radiation in a bulk periodically poled lithium niobate crystal to generate 16 μW of mid-IR light at 3,346 nm with a conversion efficiency of $0.05\,\%\,{\text{W}}^{-1}\,{\text{cm}}^{-1}$ . This radiation was coupled into a 77 cm long linear cavity with average mirror reflectivities of 0.9996, and a measured baseline ring-down time of $6.07\pm 0.03\,\upmu{\rm s}$ . The potential of such a spectrometer was illustrated by investigating the $P(3)$ transition in the fundamental $\nu_{3}(F_{2})$ band of ${\text{CH}}_4$ both in a 7.5 ppmv calibrated mixture of ${\text{CH}}_4$ in air and in breath samples from methane and non-methane producers under conditions where the minimum detectable absorption coefficient ( $\alpha_{\rm min}$ ) was $2.8 \times 10^{-8}\,{\rm cm}^{-1}$ over 6 s using a ring-down time acquisition rate of 20 Hz. Allan variance measurements indicated an optimum $\alpha_{\rm min}$ of $2.9\times 10^{-9}\,{\rm cm}^{-1}$ over 44 s. 相似文献
13.
Katharina Salffner Michael Böhm Oliver Reich Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2014,116(4):785-792
We report on the development of a cavity ring-down (CRD) spectrometer based on an incoherent broadband light source centered at 1,545 nm. One measurement spans over 46 nm. Due to the challenge of broadband CRD spectroscopy in the addressed spectral range, an extended measurement principle is developed. First successful measurements in the spectral range between 1,547 and 1,593 nm of a cavity filled with CO2 are shown. In order to compare the experimentally determined data to values of the HITRAN database, the calculation of the expected values is discussed under consideration of the spectrometer’s spectral resolution. Comparison with the data based on the HITRAN database shows good agreement. 相似文献
14.
We present a portable spectrometer that uses the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique capable of high-precision measurements of trace water vapor concentration. Measuring one of the strongest rovibrational transitions in the ν1+ν3 water vapor combination band near ˜ν=7181.156 cm-1, we compare spectroscopic and thermodynamic determinations of trace water vapor in N2, and find systematic differences attributable to water vapor background effects and/or uncertainties in line intensities. We also compare the frequency-stabilized ring-down method with other cavity ring-down approaches that are based on unstabilized probe lasers and unstabilized ring-down cavities. We show that for the determination of water vapor concentration, the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down method has the minimum measurement uncertainty of these techniques. The minimum noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of the spectrometer was 1.2×10-10 cm-1 Hz-1/2, which further corresponds to a minimum detectable water vapor mole fraction equal to 0.7×10-9 for an absorption spectrum of 10 minutes duration. PACS 33.20.-t; 33.70.Jg; 33.70.Fd; 42.62.Fi 相似文献
15.
16.
为实现连续波腔衰荡光谱系统的工程化,设计了一套集信号调理、高速采样及数据处理为一体的高集成度数字信号处理(DSP)系统。该系统被用于取代常规连续波腔衰荡光谱系统中由高速数据采集卡及计算机组成的腔衰荡信号测试系统,完成对腔衰荡信号的获取与拟合。该系统最高能实现16 bits/80 MHz的信号采样,并能准确地由腔衰荡信号反演出腔衰荡时间。实验结果表明:结合现有的光反馈式连续波腔衰荡光谱系统,该系统能实现等噪声测量灵敏度为1.0×10-8 cm-1的吸收光谱测量,其重复测量精度可达3‰。 相似文献
17.
为实现连续波腔衰荡光谱系统的工程化,设计了一套集信号调理、高速采样及数据处理为一体的高集成度数字信号处理(DSP)系统。该系统被用于取代常规连续波腔衰荡光谱系统中由高速数据采集卡及计算机组成的腔衰荡信号测试系统,完成对腔衰荡信号的获取与拟合。该系统最高能实现16 bits/80 MHz的信号采样,并能准确地由腔衰荡信号反演出腔衰荡时间。实验结果表明:结合现有的光反馈式连续波腔衰荡光谱系统,该系统能实现等噪声测量灵敏度为1.0×10-8 cm-1的吸收光谱测量,其重复测量精度可达3‰。 相似文献
18.
Vasileios Gkinis Trevor J. Popp Sigfus J. Johnsen Thomas Blunier 《Isotopes in environmental and health studies》2013,49(4):463-475
A new technique for high-resolution simultaneous isotopic analysis of δ18O and δD in liquid water is presented. A continuous stream flash evaporator has been designed that is able to vapourise a stream of liquid water in a continuous mode and deliver a stable and finely controlled water vapour sample to a commercially available infrared cavity ring-down spectrometer. Injection of sub-microlitre amounts of the liquid water is achieved by pumping liquid water sample through a fused silica capillary and instantaneously vapourising it with 100% efficiency in a home-made oven at a temperature of 170?°C. The system's simplicity, low power consumption and low dead volume together with the possibility for automated unattended operation provides a solution for the calibration of laser instruments performing isotopic analysis of water vapour. Our work is mainly driven by the possibility to perform high-resolution online water isotopic analysis on continuous-flow analysis (CFA) systems typically used to analyse the chemical composition of ice cores drilled in polar regions. In the following, we describe the system's precision and stability and sensitivity to varying levels of sample size and we assess the observed memory effects. A test run with standard waters of different isotopic compositions is presented, demonstrating the ability to calibrate the spectrometer's measurements on a VSMOW scale with a relatively simple and fast procedure. 相似文献
19.
Gkinis V Popp TJ Johnsen SJ Blunier T 《Isotopes in environmental and health studies》2010,46(4):463-475
A new technique for high-resolution simultaneous isotopic analysis of δ1?O and δD in liquid water is presented. A continuous stream flash evaporator has been designed that is able to vapourise a stream of liquid water in a continuous mode and deliver a stable and finely controlled water vapour sample to a commercially available infrared cavity ring-down spectrometer. Injection of sub-microlitre amounts of the liquid water is achieved by pumping liquid water sample through a fused silica capillary and instantaneously vapourising it with 100% efficiency in a home-made oven at a temperature of 170 °C. The system's simplicity, low power consumption and low dead volume together with the possibility for automated unattended operation provides a solution for the calibration of laser instruments performing isotopic analysis of water vapour. Our work is mainly driven by the possibility to perform high-resolution online water isotopic analysis on continuous-flow analysis (CFA) systems typically used to analyse the chemical composition of ice cores drilled in polar regions. In the following, we describe the system's precision and stability and sensitivity to varying levels of sample size and we assess the observed memory effects. A test run with standard waters of different isotopic compositions is presented, demonstrating the ability to calibrate the spectrometer's measurements on a VSMOW scale with a relatively simple and fast procedure. 相似文献
20.
Kevin K. Lehmann 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2014,116(1):147-155
Giusfredi et al. (Phys Rev Lett 104, 110801, 2010), have developed a new approach to cavity ring-down spectroscopy where a saturable sample absorption is determined simultaneously with the cavity loss, providing immunity to changes in cavity loss, thereby allowing for lower analyte detection limit. This paper presents an error analysis that provides predictions of the ultimate sensitivity limits that can be realized with this detection method. In particular, the sensitivity is strongly dependent upon the initial degree of saturation of the sample, and optimal values for this are determined both for photon detector and shot-noise-limited detection of both inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadened spectroscopic lines. Also presented are sensitivity limits expected for two-photon absorption spectroscopy determined by cavity ring-down spectroscopy. 相似文献