给牛顿力学戴上相对论协变的光环,弊大于利

指出本刊一篇文章基本思路的不妥之处，简明扼要地阐明了牛顿力学和相对论力学的分界。     

不是动能定理而是赝功能原理

在处理滑动摩擦力做功问题,特别是摩擦生热问题,传统的方法是用动能定理计算.我觉得这里存在问题.实际上传统方法所用的并不是动能定理,而是赝功能原理.本文对此作一详细分析.     

Respiratory noise correction using phase information

Respiratory noise is a confounding factor in functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data analysis. A novel method called Respiratory noise Correction using Phase information is proposed to retrospectively correct for the respiratory noise in functional MRI (fMRI) time series. It is demonstrated that the respiratory movement and the phase of functional MRI images are highly correlated in time. The signal fluctuation due to respiratory movements can be effectively estimated from the phase variation and removed from the functional MRI time series using a Wiener filtering technique. In our experiments, this new method is compared with RETROICOR, which requires recording respiration signal simultaneously in an fMRI experiment. The two techniques show comparable performance with respect to the respiratory noise correction for fMRI time series. However, this technique is more advantageous because there is no need for monitoring the subjects’ respiration or changing functional MRI protocols. This technique is also potentially useful for correcting respiratory noise from abnormal breathing or when the respiration is not periodic.     

Nonparametric estimation of functionals from observations with additive dependent noise when additionala priori information is available

Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 13–19, September, 1995.     

Observed factorization of excess quantum noise that is due to both polarization and spatial mode nonorthogonality

When the eigenmodes of a laser cavity are nonorthogonal, the quantum-limited linewidth of the laser is larger by an excess-noise factor than the standard Schawlow-Townes expression. Mode nonorthogonality can exist in the spatial domain, as in unstable-cavity resonators, but also in the polarization domain when the two polarization eigenmodes are nonorthogonal. We show experimentally that these two contributions are independent of each other, i.e., that the excess-noise factor factorizes as a product of the spatial and polarization excess-noise factors.     

Inverse statistics and information content

Inverse statistics analysis studies the distribution of investment horizons to achieve a predefined level of return. This distribution provides a maximum investment horizon which determines the most likely horizon for gaining a specific return. There exists a significant difference between inverse statistics of financial market data and a fractional Brownian motion (fBm) as an uncorrelated time-series, which is a suitable criteria to measure information content in financial data. In this paper we perform this analysis for the DJIA and S&P500 as two developed markets and Tehran price index (TEPIX) as an emerging market. We also compare these probability distributions with fBm probability, to detect when the behavior of the stocks are the same as fBm.     

Transfer information remotely via noise entangled coherent channels

A simple scheme of quantum teleportation is introduced to investigate the possibility of remotely transfer unknown tripartite state by using a multipartite entangled coherent state. A theoretical technique is introduced to generate maximum entangled coherent states and a generalized teleportation protocol is introduced. The fidelity of the teleported state increases significantly when increasing the number of modes in the case of large noise, whereas it shows the opposite behavior in the case of small noise.     

利用随机共振在强噪声下提取信息信号

已有利用随机共振在强噪声下提取单一频率信号的若干报道，但单一频率信号所携带的信息量为零.本实验研究表明：在调幅波和白噪声的协同作用下，非线性双稳系统的输出不仅可以呈现随机共振现象，而且经检波、滤波后能提取出调制信号(信息信号)；与直接经电子学系统检波、线性滤波后所提取的调制信号相比，前者所获调制信号的信噪比更高.给出了绝热近似条件下，调制信号信噪比的解析表达式. 关键词： 随机共振 信噪比 调制信号 噪声     

是电势差还是电动势

我院使用的上海版大专《物理学》第七章，有三道题值得商量，其中一道如下．长直载有电流，的导线一侧的同一平面上，有一段导线MN，它与直导线的垂直方向成θ角，其尺寸与位置如图所示，当它以平行长直导线方向作匀速率v运动时，MN两点间电势差多大?哪一点电势高?     

Chaotic systems that are robust to added noise

While added noise can destroy synchronization in synchronized chaotic systems, it was shown that some chaotic systems were not sensitive to added noise. In this paper, the mechanism for this noise resistance is explored. It is seen that part of the chaotic system acts like it is resonant, reducing the noise sensitivity of the system. By comparing to a model of a neuron, it is speculated that similar mechanisms may also be present in biological systems.     

用平均有效信息量评价环境噪声的尝试

本文认为噪声是一种声信息，因此，运用信息理论建立起了一种新的环境噪声评价量模式－平均有效信息量，通过实际应用，表明其能较地反映了环境噪声水平。     

Study on information content of the 3D object's coherent imaging and hologram information redundancy

On the basis of the light field distribution of objects with coherent illumination, and the most basic physical mechanism of binocular stereoscopic vision, we calculate the information content of the light field in ‘the smallest observation window’ produced by a point source and multi-points source respectively, and ‘the smallest observation window’ means that the size of the window just satisfies the demand of binocular stereo vision. As a result, the minimum information content of the light field that the binocular stereo vision needed is acquired. Comparing the information content of hologram with that of the light field in the hologram plane, we make out the redundancy of holographic information content and point out the direction of the holographic compression.     

How It Was Learned that Quantized Fields Are Operator-Valued Distributions

This essay describes the emergence of a mathematical concept, the notion of a quantized field, from the physics of the first half of the twentieth century. The physics involved includes some of the most important developments of the era. The episode can be regarded as another instance of the fruitful interaction of physics and mathematics.     

Compensating the noise of a communication channel via asymmetric encoding of quantum information

An asymmetric preparation of the quantum states sent through a noisy channel can enable a new way to monitor and actively compensate the channel noise. The paradigm of such an asymmetric treatment of quantum information is the Bennett 1992 protocol, in which the counts in the two separate bases are in direct connection with the channel noise. Using this protocol as a guiding example, we show how to correct the phase drift of a communication channel without using reference pulses, interruptions of the quantum transmission, or public data exchanges.     

On holographic information content and its compression

The present paper, based on the information theory of Shannon, studies the holographic information content, its reconstruction, and the compression of the hologram. Starting with the human binocular vision theory, it elaborates not only the information contents of the 3D object and its hologram, but also their relationship in the visual space. By proposing the particular computing method for the holographic information content and achieving meaningful results therefore, it offers the theoretical cornerstone and practical way to the reduction and compression of the holographic information content.     

要掌握物理量定义的方法

建立物理量的目的是通过该量来表征物质或物体的状态或性质，并通过探求各量之间所表征的全部内容，集中地包含在它的定义式中．因此，掌握物理量定义的方法，对物理教学具有重要意义．     

Proof that the hydrogen-antihydrogen molecule is unstable

In the framework of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics we derive a necessary condition for four Coulomb charges (m1(+), m2(-), m3(+), m4(-)), where all masses are assumed finite, to form the stable system. The obtained stability condition is physical and is expressed through the required minimal ratio of Jacobi masses. In particular, this provides the rigorous proof that hydrogen-antihydrogen and muonium-antimuonium molecules and hydrogen-positron-muon systems are unstable. It also proves that replacing hydrogen in the hydrogen-antihydrogen molecule with its heavier isotopes does not make the molecule stable. These are the first rigorous results on the instability of these systems.     

States that give the maximum signal-to-quantum noise ratio for a fixed energy

Under a radiation power constraint, the maximum signal-to-quantum noise ratio obtainable for any state of a radiation field is found. This maximum value is achieved by the two-photon coherent states introduced previously to describe two-photon lasers.     

A dynamical approach to the information content of collinear inelastic scattering

The information content of collinear inelastic scattering is discussed in terms of (a) the nature of the classical transformation in internal angle-action space induced by the collision, (b) the number of parameters required to characterize the transformation, and (c) the number and choice of trajectories required to determine the parameters. The constraints of time reversal symmetry, energy and flux conservation are embodied in the transformation equations. In a model application the full S matrix is successfully estimated in terms of a single information parameter deduced from knowledge of the purely elastic scattering trajectories.