随机振动控制系统中含未知噪声方差的自适应滤波

通过构造出关于模型噪声和量测噪声的方差的泛函,以泛函数极小为目标,提出了随机振动控制系统中含未知噪声方差的自适应滤波优化准则,用ＤＦＰ优化方法求解出模型噪声和量测噪声的方差,从而保证Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波的结果为最优,并应用ＬＱＧ方法实现振动控制。     

基于LQG最优控制法的压电智能结构独立模态空间控制

采用压电材料作为传感器和驱动器对智能结构振动主动控制进行研究,基于机电耦合的压电智能结构传感和驱动方程,将振动控制动力学方程变换到模态空间对方程进行解耦。通过计算结构最大应变,确定压电元件的最佳粘贴位置。考虑到系统过程噪声和量测噪声的影响,设计Kalman滤波器,采用基于线性二次型高斯(LQG)最优控制的独立模态空间控制方法对压电智能结构的振动进行控制。最后以压电智能悬臂梁为例进行控制仿真,验证了此方法的有效性。     

Fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filtering in the control of irrigation canals

A fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filtering methodology was developed for the automatic control of an irrigation canal system under unknown disturbances (water withdrawals) acting in the canal. Using a linearized finite difference model of open channel flow, the canal operation problem was formulated as an optimal control problem and an algorithm for gate opening in the presence of arbitrary external disturbances (changes in flow rates) was derived. Based on the linear optimal control theory, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR), assuming all the state variables (flow depths and flow rates) were available, was designed to generate control input (optimal gate opening). As it was expensive to measure all the state variables (flow rates and flow depths) in a canal system, a fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter and traditional Kalman filter were designed to estimate the values for the state variables that were not measured but were needed in the feedback loop. The performances of the state estimators designed using the fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter methodology and the traditional Kalman filtering technique were compared with the results obtained using the LQR (target loop function). The results of the present study indicated that the performance of the fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter was far superior to the performance of the observer design based upon the traditional Kalman filter approach. The obvious advantages of the fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter were the prevention of filter divergence and ease of implementation. As the fuzzy logic adaptive Kalman filter requires smaller number of state variables for the acceptable accuracy therefore, it would need less computational effort in the control of irrigation canals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control of transient flow in irrigation canals using Lyapunov fuzzy filter‐based Gaussian regulator

An optimal fuzzy filter was applied to solve the state estimation problem of the controlled irrigation canals. Using linearized finite‐difference model of the open‐channel flow, a canal operation problem was formulated as an optimal control problem and an algorithm for gate openings in the presence of unknown external disturbances was derived. A fuzzy filter was designed to estimate the state variables at the intermediate nodes based upon measured values of depth at the points in the canal. A Lyapunov function was utilized as a performance index to formulate the fuzzy interference rules of the optimal fuzzy filter. A linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal controller for a multi‐pool irrigation canal was considered as an example. The state estimation problem in the controller was simulated using two techniques: Kalman estimator and the proposed fuzzy filter. The performance of the fuzzy state estimator designed using the Lyapunov fuzzy technique was compared with the results obtained using the Kalman estimator technique. The obvious advantages of the fuzzy filter were the lower computational costs and ease of implementation. The results of this study demonstrated that proposed Lyapunov‐type fuzzy filter provides both good stability and simplicity in the control of irrigation canals more than a Kalman filter. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Online identification of time-variant structural parameters under unknown inputs basing on extended Kalman filter

Nonlinear Dynamics - To date, many parameter identification methods have been developed for the purpose of structural health monitoring and vibration control. Among them, the extended Kalman filter...     

模态分析和有限元分析相结合识别材料结构刚度

本文论述了利用模态分析和有限元分析相结合来识别复合材料板的刚度系数的方法。该方法取决于（１）正确的有限元模型；（２）可靠的实验模态分析数据和正确的相关准则；（３）快速而又稳妥的估算方法，该方法对有限元模型动力修正也是有用的     

Application of Kalman Filter Finite Element Method and AIC

This paper presents a numerical simulation for application of the Kalman filter finite element method. The Kalman filter is employed frequently for the solution of time series analysis including observation and system noises. Applying the Kalman filter to the finite element method, the present method is capable of the estimation in time and space directions. In this method, the matrix generated by the finite element method is applied to the state transition matrix. Using the Kalman filter finite element method, the characteristics of both the Kalman filter and the finite element method can be strengthened. In this paper, the state transition matrix is based on the shallow water equations which are approximated by the finite element method. This method can estimate the tidal current not only in time but also in space directions.     

一种自适应联合卡尔曼滤波器及其在车载GPS/DR组合导航系统中的应用研究

—本文设计了实现车载ＧＰＳ／ＤＲ组合导航系统最优综合的联合卡尔曼滤波器，并给出了滤波算法。提出了一种自适应联合卡尔曼滤波器结构及其算法，并应用于ＧＰＳ／ＤＲ组合导航系统的最优综合校正中。理论分析及计算机仿真结果均表明，应用该自适应联合卡尔曼滤波器可大大提高车载ＧＰＳ／ＤＲ组合导航系统的定位精度及容错能力。     

基于模糊逻辑控制的舰船组合导航自适应卡尔曼滤波器

双天线GPS提供的载体姿态信息与惯性导航系统信息进行融合可提高组合导航系统的性能。由于在实际应用中,GPS接收机可能会受到某种干扰无法提供舰船航向信息,从而降低传统卡尔曼滤波器的性能。因而提出了一种新的基于模糊逻辑控制的自适应卡尔曼滤波器。改进后的卡尔曼滤波器使用两个模糊逻辑控制器来调整两个系统的组合模式,并且根据卡尔曼滤波器的内部状态、GPS工作状态和舰船运动状态来计算卡尔曼增益。通过使用INS和GPS的实测数据验证,这种基于模糊逻辑控制的自适应卡尔曼滤波器能有效的提高INS/GPS组合导航系统的性能。     

联合卡尔曼滤波及其在综合惯性导航系统初始标定中的应用

本文针对由ＩＮＳ及ＥＳＧＭ 组成的综合惯性导航系统的特点,设计了该系统标校阶段的 联合卡尔曼滤波器。文中给出了该联合卡尔曼滤波器的结构及其算法,该算法具有计算量少、 数据传输量小的优点。理论分析及仿真结果表明该联合卡尔曼滤波算法具有全局最优性,能够 满足系统的标定精度要求,且应用该联合滤波器可大大提高系统的容错性。     

惯性/高度表组合导航系统卡尔曼滤波算法的浑沌及其控制

本文研究了组合导航系统中应用卡尔曼滤波器进行信息最优估计时的浑沌现象和浑沌 控制,并以惯性系统和高度定位组合导航系统为例,研究了当载体受周期激励时,由于采样频 率选择不当,卡尔曼滤波算法将导致浑沌结果,从而影响系统导航精度。本文还提出了利用变 步长的参数调整法来抑制这种浑沌。     

Optimal bounded control for nonlinear stochastic smart structure systems based on extended Kalman filter

An optimal bounded control strategy for smart structure systems as controlled Hamiltonian systems with random excitations and noised observations is proposed. The basic dynamic equations for a smart structure system with smart sensors and actuators are firstly given. The nonlinear stochastic control system with noised observations is then obtained from the simplified smart structure system, and the system is expressed by generalized Hamiltonian equations with control, random excitation and dissipative forces. The optimal control problem for nonlinear stochastic systems with noised observations includes two parts: optimal state estimation and optimal response control based on estimated states, which are coupled each other. The probability density of optimally estimated systems has generally infinite dimensions based on the separation theorem. The proposed optimal control strategy gives an approximate separate solution. First, the optimally estimated system state is determined by the observations based on the extended Kalman filter, and the estimated nonlinear system with controls and stochastic excitations is obtained which has finite-dimensional probability density. Second, the dynamical programming equation for the estimated system is determined based on the stochastic dynamical programming principle. The control boundedness due to actuator saturation is considered, and the optimal bounded control law is obtained by the programming equation with the bounded control constraint. The optimal control depends on the estimated system state which is determined by noised observations. The proposed optimal bounded control strategy is finally applied to a single-degree-of-freedom nonlinear stochastic system with control and noised observation. The remarkable vibration control effectiveness is illustrated with numerical results. Thus the proposed optimal bounded control strategy is promising for application to nonlinear stochastic smart structure systems with noised observations.     

带模型误差系统的自适应卡尔曼滤波在捷联惯导系统初始对准中的应用研究

对于有模型误差的惯导系统,采用常规卡尔曼滤波会导致较大的状态估计误差,甚至使滤波器发散。可采用自适应卡尔曼滤波算法,通过引入虚拟噪声,利用观测数据带来的信息,在线改进滤波器的设计,并将其运用到捷联惯导系统的初始对准中,由此得到的滤波估计比常规卡尔曼估计具有更高的精度和准确度。试验及计算机仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于自适应UKF算法的MEMS陀螺空中在线标定技术

为保证微型卫星定位应用中系统精度与稳定性,需要对姿态传感器进行实时在线标定.在无外界姿态参考时,提出一种用三轴磁强计测量值来实时估计MEMs陀螺的零漂误差的方法,采用UKF滤波算法,将陀螺漂移作为滤波状态向量,通过建立三轴磁强计测量微分方程,作为系统量测方程实现陀螺漂移的最优估计.针对磁强计测量信息易受干扰导致滤波量测模型不准确的问题,将自适应因子引入到UKF中,通过在线监控和调整测量误差,减少陀螺标定的估计误差,增强系统性能.实验结果表明,经过标定,MEMS陀螺精度提高约30%,并且在磁强计有外界干扰时,陀螺的标定结果收敛.将标定后的MEMS陀螺进行姿态解算,其动态误差小于2°.     

Nonlinear filters for chaotic oscillatory systems

This paper examines and contrasts the feasibility of joint state and parameter estimation of noise-driven chaotic systems using the extended Kalman filter (EKF), ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), and particle filter (PF). In particular, we consider the chaotic vibration of a noisy Duffing oscillator perturbed by combined harmonic and random inputs ensuing a transition probability density function (pdf) of motion which displays strongly non-Gaussian features. This system offers computational simplicity while exhibiting a kaleidoscope of dynamical behavior with a slight change of input and system parameters. An extensive numerical study is undertaken to contrast the performance of various nonlinear filtering algorithms with respect to sparsity of observational data and strength of model and measurement noise. In general, the performance of EnKF is better than PF for smaller ensemble size, while for larger ensembles PF outperforms EnKF. For moderate measurement noise and frequent measurement data, EKF is able to correctly track the dynamics of the system. However, EKF performance is unsatisfactory in the presence of sparse observational data or strong measurement noise.     

VOGL-BP网自适应Kalman滤波器在导航中的应用

针对当前自适应Ｋａｌｍａｎ 滤波在导航中的应用存在滤波不稳定和对导航精度的提高幅度有限的现状,本文首次提出了将ＢＰ 神经网络运用到Ｋａｌｍａｎ 滤波器中来形成ＶＯＧＬ－ ＢＰ网自适应Ｋａｌｍａｎ 滤波器来提高滤波的稳定性和滤波的精度。经过大量的模拟实验证明,该方法是切实可行的,能有效地提高滤波的稳定性和精度。     

GPS 动态滤波的新方法

本文提出一种ＧＰＳ动态定位滤波的新方法。该方法直接从ＧＰＳ接收机输出的定位结果入手，将各种误差因素的影响等效为输出定位结果的总误差，视为有色噪声，建立线性卡尔曼滤波模型对位置和速度信息进行估计。与以往采用的非线性卡尔曼滤波器相比，滤波后定位误差明显减小，且模型简单，系统运算量降低，实时性较好。另外，为了提高滤波器的动态性能，还提出了一种有效的次优加权自适应卡尔曼滤波算法     

基于DRBF-EKF算法的车辆质心侧偏角与路面附着系数动态联合估计

车辆质心侧偏角和路面附着系数是实现车辆底盘智能化所需要的关键参数. 车辆质心侧偏角对于提高车辆安全性和操控性至关重要, 轮胎-路面附着系数决定轮胎力的峰值, 进而确定汽车的动力学稳定性边界. 本文针对四轮独立驱动电动汽车提出了一种基于惯性测量单元、轮毂电机内置转速/转角传感器的车辆质心侧偏角和路面附着系数动态联合估计方法. 对四轮独立驱动电动汽车进行车辆动力学分析, 结合Dugoff轮胎计算模型得到车辆质心侧偏角估计器; 利用机器学习中高维数据降维PCA多元分析方法, 提取主元特征参数, 建立路面附着系数估计器. 采用可自适应调节网络结构的双径向基神经网络和扩展卡尔曼滤波DRBF-EKF方法, 通过K-means算法改进RBF神经网络结构, 扩展卡尔曼滤波进行噪声滤波提高估计精度, 实现车辆质心侧偏角和路面附着系数的动态联合估计. 通过仿真和实车实验表明, 所设计的DRBF-EKF动态联合估计器实时性和估计精度均优于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法, 可以适应车辆行驶过程中路面附着特性与车速的变化, 表现出较强的鲁棒性; 与DRBF方法相比, 显著提高了估计精度; 并且分析了可以同时满足估计精度和实时性要求的最佳隐含层神经元个数.      

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF NONLINEAR VIBRATION RESONANCES OF SINGLE-WALLED NANOTUBE BEAMS

An optimal time-delay feedback control method is provided to mitigate the primary resonance of a single-walled carbon nanotube （SWCNT） subjected to a Lorentz force excited by a longitudinal magnetic field. The nonlinear governing equations of motion for the SWCNT under longitudinal magnetic field are derived and the modulation equations are obtained by using the method of multiple scales. The regions of the stable feedback gain are worked out by using the stability conditions of eigenvalue equation. Taking the attenuation ratio as the objective function and the stable vibration regions as constrained conditions, the optimal control parameters are worked out by using minimum optimal method. The optimal controllers are designed to control the dynamic behaviors of tile nonlinear vibration systems. It is found that the optimal feedback gain obtained by the optimal method can enhance the control performance of the primary resonance of SWCNT devices.     

Active control for seismic response reduction using modal-fuzzy approach

An active modal-fuzzy control method using hydraulic actuators is presented for seismic response reduction. In the proposed control system, a new fuzzy controller designed in the modal space produces the desired active control force. This type controller has all advantages of the fuzzy control algorithm and modal approach. Since it is very difficult to select input variables used in fuzzy controller among numerous state variables in the active fuzzy control system, the presented algorithm adopts the modal control algorithm to be able to consider information of all state variables in civil structures that are usually dominated by first few modes. In other words, all information of the whole structure can be considered in the control algorithm evaluated to reduce seismic responses and it can be efficient for civil structures especially. In addition, the presented algorithm is expected to magnify utility and performance caused by efficiency that the fuzzy algorithm can handle complex model more easily. An active modal-fuzzy control scheme is applied together with a Kalman filter and a low-pass filter to be applicable to real civil structures. A Kalman filter is considered to estimate modal states and a low-pass filter was used to eliminate spillover problem. The results of the numerical simulations for a wide amplitude range of loading conditions and for historic earthquake show that the proposed active modal-fuzzy control system can be beneficial in reducing seismic responses of civil structures.