基因芯片-玻璃表面两种不同DNA探针固定化方法的比较研究

研究了基因芯片相关的DNA探针在芯片表面最佳固定化方法。用两种不同的双功能试剂1,4-苯二异硫氰酸酯和戊二醛分别把5'-端氨基衍生的21-mer寡脱氧核苷酸探针直接共价固定到玻片表面,固定化的寡脱氧核苷酸探针与5'-端FITC标记的互补靶序列进行分子杂交,杂交后用配有CCD的IX70型荧光倒置显微镜成像检测。结果表明,两种固定化方法的效果都比较好,能检测到靶序列的最低终浓度为1.5×10^-9mol/L,优化了探针固定化时间、杂交时间、杂交温度等对DNA芯片分析性能的影响,为构建高灵敏度基因芯片打下良好基础。     

基于高区别因子自组装三臂DNA纳米探针检测人体多重耐药基因

建立了一种新的基于高区别因子三臂DNA纳米探针的荧光分析法检测人体多重耐药(MDR)基因。此探针由保护链P1和互补链C1与信号报告部分(信号链S1和信号链S2)组成:P1与修饰了荧光猝灭基团Dabcyl的S1及C1部分碱基杂交;修饰了荧光基团FAM的S2与C1另一部分碱基杂交。探针内部Dabcyl和FAM相互靠近,荧光猝灭。当MDR基因存在时,其与三臂DNA纳米探针发生链替代反应,释放荧光信号。在最优条件下,单碱基错配产生的微小的热力学改变即可影响该探针链替代效率,从而实现高特异性检测MDR基因和其点突变基因(2m、3m、3d、5m、5d)。该探针对不同突变位点及同一突变位点的不同突变类型MDR基因均展现出良好的特异性,其检测3d的区别因子达到24.1,平均区别因子达到11.8。在混合人血清中,MDR基因的回收率为99.0%~101.7%。此外,本方法通用性好,不需要重新设计S1和S2即可实现对miR-21的特异性检测。     

基于电沉积导电聚合物薄膜的高灵敏DNA电化学传感器

利用电沉积导电聚合物薄膜,提出了一种对乳腺癌相关的BRCA-1基因的高灵敏检测方法．以Au电极表面自组装DNA捕获探针,利用电沉积在DNA修饰电极表面固定含Ss^2＋/3＋的导电高分子作为电子传递媒介体．通过夹心法杂交目标靶DNA及辣根过氧化物酶标记的信号DNA探针．靶DNA杂交的信号探针上的辣根过氧化物酶与检测溶液中的过氧化氢反应,采用时间．电流（T-I）法,可以灵敏检测BRCA-1基因,其检测限可以达到10fM．     

基于纳米金探针和基因芯片的DNA检测新方法

运用荧光纳米金探针和基因芯片杂交建立一种新的DNA检测方法. 荧光纳米金探针表面标记有两种DNA探针: 一种为带有Cy5荧光分子的信号探针BP1, 起信号放大作用; 另一种为与靶DNA一部分互补的检测探针P532, 两种探针比例为5∶1. 当靶DNA存在时, 芯片上捕捉探针(与靶DNA的另一部分互补)通过碱基互补配对结合靶DNA, 将靶DNA固定于芯片上; 荧光纳米金探针通过检测探针与靶DNA及芯片结合, 在芯片上形成“三明治”复合结构, 最后通过检测信号探针上荧光分子的信号强度来确定靶DNA的量. 新方法检测灵敏度高, 可以检测浓度为1 pmol/L的靶DNA, 操作简单, 检测时间短. 通过改进纳米金探针的标记和优化杂交条件, 可进一步提高核酸检测的灵敏度, 这将在核酸检测方面具有重要的应用价值.     

活版印刷技术原位合成DNA微阵列

研究了一种基于活版印刷原理的中低密度基因芯片原位合成新方法, 该方法完全避免了掩模制备过程, 合成速度快、制备成本低、便于批量生产, 有望满足人们日益增长的对批量基因信息进行快速、低成本检测与分析的要求. 对活版印刷法寡核苷酸原位合成原理、合成工艺进行了详细探讨, 设计加工了一套手动压印微阵列的合成装置, 并对自驱动单体溶液微通道纤维管进行了筛选. 应用该方法在连接有手臂分子的载玻片上, 分别合成了4条探针、16和160个位点的寡核苷酸微阵列, 通过与互补的靶序列杂交和荧光分析, 微阵列上相同寡核苷酸探针的位点荧光强度均匀, 表明其寡核苷酸探针分布均匀; 错配分析还表明得到的寡核苷酸微阵列能实现单个碱基错配的检测.     

一种基于协同效应的肼荧光探针及其在细胞成像中的应用

开发了一种基于协同效应的新型肼荧光探针.通过在发色团上引入两种不同的识别位点,双识别位点的协同效应使得该探针对肼具有良好的专一性和灵敏度,检测限可达0.05~10.0μmol·L^-1.此外,该探针还可用于细胞(Bt-474)中肼的检测.     

基于磁性颗粒微阵列与双色荧光杂交的单核苷酸多态性分型方法研究

基于磁性颗粒微阵列与双色荧光杂交,建立了单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleoitide polymorphism,SNP)分型方法。将利用不对称扩增得到的含有待检测位点生物素标记的单链PCR产物固定在链亲和素修饰的金磁纳米颗粒(Gold magnetic nanoparticles,GMNPs)表面;将ssDNA-GMNPs混合物点样在底部固定有磁铁的载玻片上构建磁性颗粒微阵列,然后在基因框中与双色荧光探针杂交;杂交完全后,充分洗涤,通过扫描获得分型结果。通过优化不对称PCR的扩增条件,直接扩增出产量较高的单链DNA作为靶序列用于分型。利用本方法对24个样本MTHFR基因的C677T位点多态性进行了检测。实验证明,本方法步骤简单,易实现自动化操作、非常适用于分子诊断与法医鉴定。     

DNA脱碱基位点的检测与应用

脱碱基位点是一种常见的DNA损伤,源于N-糖苷键断裂而使碱基脱落。辐射、烷基化试剂和一些抗癌药物等可能会造成碱基脱落,因此脱碱基位点作为标志性损伤能够帮助疾病早期筛查、药物毒副作用评价、环境污染物毒性评价等。目前已有不同的检测方法用于脱碱基位点的定量、定性分析,包括32P后标记法、LC-MS、ELISA及化学探针检测法等。另一方面,由于脱碱基位点在双链DNA内形成疏水空腔,能够结合小分子,使得脱碱基位点作为结合位点被用于小分子检测、构建适配体传感器及SNP检测。本文简要概述目前为止对DNA脱碱基位点的化学探针检测法研究进展以及含有脱碱基位点DNA的应用研究进展,并展望其发展趋势。     

核酸探针技术

本文对核酸探针技术进行了较全面的综述，介绍了核探针的制备及非放射性标记方法，并对核酸的Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ转印杂交，Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ转印杂交，ＩｎＳｉｔｕ转印杂交及斑点杂交法的原理及应用进行了简明的评述。     

基于纳米金比色检测NOS1AP基因单碱基突变

基于单、双链DNA与纳米金颗粒间的不同静电作用, 建立了一种基于颜色反应检测NOS1AP基因单碱基突变的方法. 根据NOS1AP基因的单碱基多态位点设计检测探针、互补靶序列及带有单碱基突变序列寡核苷酸DNA. 室温下, 检测探针分别与互补序列、单碱基突变序列在缓冲液中进行杂交, 再分别加入纳米金溶液以及NaCl溶液. 用肉眼可以观察到纳米金溶液在两种不同杂交溶液中产生明显不同的颜色变化. 这种变化可通过紫外-可见分光光度计测定纳米金溶液的紫外吸收峰值的变化来证实. 实验结果表明, 纳米金溶液在一定浓度NaCl存在的条件下, 对互补双链NOS1AP DNA及单碱基突变NOS1AP DNA呈现出不同的颜色反应及紫外吸收光谱的改变. 此方法可望用于相关疾病的医学诊断及单碱基突变的检测.     

A one-step highly sensitive method for DNA detection using dynamic light scattering

A one-step homogeneous DNA detection method with high sensitivity was developed using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coupled with dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement. Citrate-protected AuNPs with a diameter of 30 nm were first functionalized with two sets of single-stranded DNA probes and then used as optical probes for DNA detection. In the presence of target DNA, the hybridization between target DNA and the two nanoparticle probes caused the formation of nanoparticle dimers, trimers, and oligomers. As a result, the nanoparticle aggregation increased the average diameter of the whole nanoparticle population, which can be monitored simply by DLS measurement. A quantitative correlation can be established between the average diameter of the nanoparticles and the target DNA concentration. This DLS-based assay is extremely easy to conduct and requires no additional separation and amplification steps. The detection limit is around 1 pM, which is 4 orders of magnitude better than that of light-absorption-based methods. Single base pair mismatched DNAs can be readily discriminated from perfectly matched target DNAs using this assay.     

Characterization of drug binding sites on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein

The classification of drug binding sites on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was studied by displacement experiments using fluorescent probes. Basic drugs not only displaced basic probes strongly but also acidic probes as well. Acidic probes, on the other hand, were displaced by some acidic drugs such as phenylbutazone and sulfadimethoxine which had no effect on most of the basic probes. This contradiction suggests that the basic drugs do not completely share a binding site with the acidic drugs. The polarity of the basic drug binding site was higher than that of the acidic drug binding site. The negative charges were probably located in or near the former, different from the latter. The basic drug binding site was more sensitive to the conformational change of AGP. It seems that there are particular drug binding sites on the AGP molecule for acidic and basic drugs. However, all the displacement data do not fully support the possibility of two independent drug binding sites. Therefore, it is rather reasonable to consider that these sites are not completely separated but are significantly overlapped and influenced by each other. Accordingly, AGP seems to have one wide and flexible drug binding area.     

RNA detection using peptide-inserted <Emphasis Type="Italic">Renilla</Emphasis> luciferase

A novel complementation system with short peptide-inserted-Renilla luciferase (PI-Rluc) and split-RNA probes was constructed for noninvasive RNA detection. The RNA binding peptides HIV-1 Rev and BIV Tat were used as inserted peptides. They display induced fit conformational changes upon binding to specific RNAs and trigger complementation or discomplementation of Rluc. Split-RNA probes were designed to reform the peptide binding site upon hybridization with arbitrarily selected target RNA. This set of recombinant protein and split-RNA probes enabled a high degree of sensitivity in RNA detection. In this study, we show that the Rluc system is comparable to Fluc, but that its detection limit for arbitrarily selected RNA (at least 100 pM) exceeds that of Fluc by approximately two orders of magnitude.     

A Fluorescence Assay Based on GoldMag-CS Nanoparticles for Hepatitis B Virus DNA

A sensitive fluorescence assay for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was developed based on the dissociation of bio-bar-code DNA probes from GoldMag-CS nanoparticles (NPs) and magnetic separation. In this method, the target sequence (HBV DNA) was recognized through sandwich hybridization by the catching probes and the detection probes. Catching probes were modified with biotins, and were specifically bound on streptavidin-coated 96-well microplates; detection probes were all attached on the GoldMag-CS nanoparticles, which also bound bio-bar-code strands with fluorescent tags. Bio-bar-codes were dissociated from the NPs by dithiothreitol (DTT) after DNA target recognition and magnetic separation, and then quantified. Streptavidin-coated 96-well microplates diminished the nonspecific binding of DNA-conjugated GoldMag-CS nanoparticles, thus lowering the background; and GoldMag-CS nanoparticles provided easy separation and significant signal amplification. Together, these two effects brought about the detection limit as low as 7.52 fM.     

Mass-tag technology responding to intracellular signals as a novel assay system for the diagnosis of tumor

A novel mass spectrometry-based assay system for determining protein kinase activity employing mass-tagged substrate peptide probes was used for the diagnosis of tumors. Two peptide probes (H-type and D-type) were synthesized containing the same substrate peptide sequence for protein kinase C (PKC). The molecular weights of the two probes differ because of the incorporation of deuterium into the acetyl groups of the D-type probe. The lysates of the normal and tumor tissue were prepared and reacted with the H- and D-type peptide probes, respectively. The PKC activities of the normal and tumor tissues can be compared simply and directly by calculating the phosphorylated ratio to each peptide probe, obtained from the peak intensity of the mass spectrum after mixing of the two reaction solutions. The phosphorylation ratio for the reaction of the H-type peptide probe with the tumor tissue lysate (B16 melanoma) was more than three times higher than that of the D type peptide probe with the normal skin tissue lysate. These results show that the novel assay system for detecting protein kinase activity using mass-tag technology can be a simple and useful means to profile protein kinase activity for cell or tissue lysate samples, and can be applied to the diagnosis of tumors.     

7-Alkylaminocoumarin-4-acetic acids as fluorescent probe for studies of drug-binding sites on human serum albumin

7-Alkylaminocoumarin-4-acetic acids I-IX having alkylamino groups different in alkylchain lengths were synthesized as fluorescence probes for characterization of drug-binding sites on human serum albumin (HSA). The fluorescences of I-IX were quenched or enhanced in the presence of HSA with shifts of the emission maxima to shorter wavelength. The binding constants and the number of binding sites were determined by the spectral changes of the probes I-IX bound to HSA through analysis of Scatchard's and Job's plots. The primary binding sites of the tested probes were found to be site 2 (diazepam site) on HSA from the results of competitive displacement studies. The polarity of site 2 was estimated from the relationship between the emission maximum of the probe of IV and Z-values, and was found to be comparable to that of acetonitrile. Simple attempts to estimate the site 2 region from the molecular size of the probe of VIII obtained using the Corey-Pauling-Koltun molecular model suggest that the hydrophobic cleft at site 2 is about 21-25 A in depth. The distance between the lone tryptophan residue in HSA and probes bound to site 2 was estimated to be 15-17 A using F?rster's equation on the basis of fluorescence energy transfer. The present data suggest that I-IX are useful as fluorescence probes for the characterization of site 2 on HSA.     

基于杂交链式反应辅助多重信号放大的端粒酶灵敏检测

端粒酶是真核细胞维持端粒长度的关键逆转录酶,其生物活性的高低可以为多种癌症的临床诊断和预后治疗提供有价值的信息.本研究以人宫颈癌细胞(HeLa细胞)裂解液中的端粒酶为研究对象,通过借助杂交链式反应辅助多重信号放大策略,提出了一种新颖、灵敏的检测端粒酶电化学方法.首先将端粒酶的延伸引物自组装在金电极表面,当端粒酶存在时,端粒酶能够催化引物的延伸,产生与发卡环探针H1部分互补的序列,进而引发杂交链式反应,形成由两个发卡环探针(H1和H2)交替杂交而形成的DNA长链.由于H1和H2末端均修饰有生物素,加入链霉亲和素修饰辣根过氧化物酶后,辣根过氧化物酶被被连接到电极表面,催化邻苯二胺氧化生成2,3-二氨基吩嗪,产生显著的电化学信号.实验结果表明,本研究建立的端粒酶电化学检测方法高效、可行,线性范围宽,灵敏度高,可以检测每毫升10个HeLa细胞裂解液中的端粒酶.本方法具有较好的选择性,能有效区分端粒酶和对照蛋白.     

New fluorogenic probes for oxygen and carbene transfer: a sensitive assay for single bead-supported catalysts.

A high-throughput screening assay for atom transfer catalysis has been developed. This assay is based on two probes, developed herein, which generate highly fluorescent products upon carbene or oxygen atom transfer. The emission wavelength of probes 1 and 5 shift significantly (up to 90 nm) upon epoxidation, allowing detection of product at 3% conversion. Probe 7 is not fluorescent, while fluorescence emission by carbene insertion/rearrangement product 8 allows detection at less than 1% conversion. Such sensitivity allows for examination of single-bead reactions in a high throughput array format (1536 wells per plate), and provides a broad detection window ranging from single to high turnover numbers. Thousands of metal complexes are evaluated in a single screening experiment. Preliminary screening of a diverse ligand library with probe 7 in the presence of Rh(II) uncovered new catalysts capable of cyclopropanation and C-H insertion.     

应用微阵列芯片检测与2型糖尿病相关的单核苷酸多态性

基于三维(3D)寡核苷酸微阵列芯片的荧光检测法, 研制了一种用于筛选能检测2型糖尿病的特定寡核苷酸探针. 使用第4代(G4)聚(酰胺-胺)(PAMAM)树枝状大分子修饰的载玻片为基底, 以氨基修饰的寡核苷酸为固定探针构建3D寡核苷酸微阵列芯片. 采用荧光化合物Cy5修饰的寡核苷酸为检测探针获得荧光信号. 以2型糖尿病易感基因TCF7L2的rs7903146位点为研究对象, 通过对含有16种(8对)寡核苷酸的寡核苷酸文库的筛选, 获得了1对能用于2型糖尿病检测的寡核苷酸探针. 通过单核苷酸多态性和等位基因分析证明, 该寡核苷酸探针对靶标寡核苷酸检测具有高特异性, 并能准确检测低至2%的等位基因频率.