Boundary slip phenomena in a binary gas mixture

The slip phenomena in gas mixtures are of fundamental significance in the specification of boundary conditions for flows in the slip regime. In a recent paper, new explicit results for the slip coefficients appropriate to binary gas mixtures were reported. The present work being reported extends the previous work to a higher level of accuracy by involving a higher order Chapman-Enskog expansion. In particular, new expressions for the slip coefficients are presented which are applicable for arbitrary models of the intermolecular interaction. Limiting expressions for the slip coefficients are given (for a simple gas) and the accuracy of the theory is discussed. Numerical calculations of the slip coefficients for different binary gas mixtures using the first and second order Chapman-Enskog approximations and the rigid sphere and Lennard-Jones (12-6) potential models have been carried out. The thermal creep and diffusion slip coefficients are found to be sensitive to the order of the approximation and to the potential model used. A comparison of the new higher order results with some of our previously obtained experimental data for the thermal transpiration effect has also been carried out and shows excellent agreement between the theory and the experiments which confirms the accuracy of the theory.     

Finite element calculations of flow past a spherical bubble rising on the axis of a cylindrical tube

The velocity and pressure fields of a Newtonian fluid with homogeneous and constant physical properties flowing around a sphere on the axis of a cylindrical tube with no slip, free slip and partial slip at the sphere surface and no slip at the cylinder wall have been calculated by solving the Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation using the finite element technique with the penalty function method. Terminal rise velocities of spherical air bubbles in water have been calculated as function of the bubble radius and some conclusions have been drawn about the nature of the interface. Finally, the influence of the presence of a cylindrical wall on the drag force has been determined and a new empirical equation is derived for the wall correction factor for a sphere rising with free slip at its surface at low Reynolds number.     

Global strong solutions to the viscous liquid–gas two-phase flow model with slip boundary conditions in 3D exterior domains

This paper is concerned with the viscous liquid–gas two-phase flow model in a three-dimensional exterior domain with the slip boundary conditions. We are able to prove the existence of a global strong solution when the initial total energy is suitably small. The initial masses of liquid and gas are allowed to contain a vacuum, with no extra restriction between the initial masses of liquid and gas. It should be noted here that we consider the slip boundary condition in a three dimensional (3D) exterior domain which is in sharp contrast to result of Yu (2021) where they consider the Cauchy problem.     

Determination of the slip boundary condition between a gas and a solid surface with a random array of rough patches

The macroscopic boundary condition for a gas flow with a randomlyrough solid surface is determined in a limit where the gas moleculesare reflected specularly from the solid surface. The rough surfaceis, for simplicity, assumed to be flat except for a sparse randomarray of microscopic defects of single typical dimension. Theseassumptions lead to extremely simple results, having no numericallydetermined constants. This complements work on moving contactlines that uses the same model rough surface. To highlight theimportant physical processes, the gas is assumed to have a meanfree path that is both much greater than a defect dimensionand much less than the typical distance between defects. Theslip length and slip velocity are determined explicitly fora solid surface with hemispherical hump defects.     

Slip flow on a microcylinder

This paper is concerned with uniform axial flow of a gas along a semi-infinite microcylinder in the slip regime. Following Glauert and Lighthill (Proc R Soc 230A:188–203, 1955), the effect of slip on the skin friction is investigated by employing an asymptotic series approach for large axial distances along the cylinder.     

Flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid past a stretching sheet with partial slip

The entrained flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian third grade fluid due to a linearly stretching surface with partial slip is considered. The partial slip is controlled by a dimensionless slip factor, which varies between zero (total adhesion) and infinity (full slip). Suitable similarity transformations are used to reduce the resulting highly nonlinear partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The issue of paucity of boundary conditions is addressed and an effective second order numerical scheme has been adopted to solve the obtained differential equations even without augmenting any extra boundary conditions. The important finding in this communication is the combined effects of the partial slip and the third grade fluid parameter on the velocity, skin-friction coefficient and the temperature field. It is interesting to find that the slip and the third grade fluid parameter have opposite effects on the velocity and the thermal boundary layers.     

基于非关联流动法则的圆形隧洞滑移线解答

圆形隧洞的滑移线方程早在20世纪中期苏联学者已给出解答,并在国内广泛应用．推导过程中假设滑移线与速度矢量方向夹角为45°-φ/2是错误的,理论上滑移线与速度矢量方向的夹角与采用的流动法则有关．该文分别从关联流动法则和非关联流动法则出发,推导了圆形隧洞的滑移线方程和水平方向破裂体深度的表达式．通过与模型试验结果进行对比,对岩土材料应采用基于非关联流动法则的滑移线解答.     

Nano-tribology through molecular dynamics simulations

The solidification and interfacial slip in nanometer-scale lubricating films as well as the contact and adhesion of metal crystals have been studied via molecular dynamics simulations. Results show that the critical pressure for the solid-liquid transition declines as the film thickness decreases, indicating that the lubricant in the thin films may exist in a solid-like state. It is also found that the interfacial slip may occur in thin films at relatively low shear rate, and there is a good correlation between the slip phenomenon and the lubricant solidification. The simulations reveal that a micro-scale adhesion may take place due to the atomic jump during the process of approaching or separating of two smooth crystal surfaces, which provides important information for understanding the origin of interfacial friction.     

Well‐posedness for the Navier Slip Thin‐Film equation in the case of partial wetting

Consider a viscous liquid droplet spreading on a surface. The classical slip condition at the liquid‐solid interface is the no‐slip condition. However, this condition yields infinite dissipation rate when the contact line moves (“no‐slip paradox”). For this reason other slip conditions such as the Navier slip condition have been proposed. We prove well‐posedness for a reduced 1‐D fluid model related to Navier slip. It turns out that the profile of the droplet cannot be described by a smooth function (not even for an initially smooth profile). However, existence and uniqueness can be proved in larger classes of spaces that allow for certain classes of singular expansions at the moving contact point. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

存在滑移时两圆球间的幂律流体挤压流动

基于Reynolds润滑理论分析了壁面滑移对任意圆球颗粒间幂律流体的挤压流动的影响。研究表明有壁面滑移时挤压流动的粘性力可通过引进本文定义的滑移修正系数分离出无滑移解。推导出的挤压力滑移修正系数是一积分表达式，依赖于滑移参数、幂律指数、球间隙和积分上限。一般地壁面滑移导致粘性力减小，粘性力的减小量随幂律指数的增大而增大，表明壁面滑移对剪切增稠流变材料有更大的影响；粘性力的减小量还随着滑移参数的增大而增加，而这恰与假设相符合；粘性力的减小量又随球间隙减小或积分上限的增大（从液桥情况到完全浸渍）而减小直到趋于常数，这一特性在离散元模拟时可以有效地减少计算量。     

A numerical study of two coaxial axi-symmetric particles undergoing steady equal rotation in the slip regime

The problem of two axi-symmetric particles (separated by a certain distance) that rotate about their common axis of symmetry in an infinite viscous fluid with slip boundary conditions at their surfaces have been studied numerically. Aerosol particles are usually nonspherical with the exception of liquid droplets in certain cases, and the shape of particles has a significant impact on frictional drag (for particle translation) and torque (for particle rotation), and, hence, on Brownian motion, and the deposition, sampling and coagulation of particles. The effects of the rotation of particles prior to their collision and coagulation have usually been ignored in favor of simpler calculations. The study of two-particle systems should give more information about the interaction between particles that cannot be understood from the study of single particles alone. In this work, the Laplace equation (resulting from the steady Stokes equation) with slip boundary conditions is converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind via the use of Green's function. The integral equations are then solved by the singularity subtraction method. The local stresses are calculated at each nodal point and the torques are then calculated from the summation of the local stresses. Explicit numerical results for the local stresses and torques are reported for three systems of two axi-symmetric particles, i.e. sphere-sphere, sphere-spheroid, and spheroid-spheroid. While the formulation of the problem is quite general, the results reported here have been limited to calculations for systems in which both particles have identical angular velocities. The numerical method is, however, valid for arbitrary axi-symmetric particles and its modification to systems containing other shaped particles or differing angular velocities is straightforward. Numerical results of the torques for each system studied show in every case that the presence of slip results in a reduction in the torques. As a consequence, the impact of the slip on the torques and local stresses is substantial and cannot be ignored. The distance between the centers of the particles (the separation distance) also plays an important role in determining the values of the torques and local stresses. In the systems that have been studied here, as the particles get further apart, the torques on both particles increase.     

On the thermal-creep flow of a binary gas mixture over a plane wall with imperfect accommodation

The thermal-creep flow of a binary gas mixture over a plane wall is investigated analytically on the basis of the linearized Boltzmann equation of BGK type under the boundary condition of Maxwell's type or diffuse-specular reflection type. By an accurate analysis of the Knudsen layer formed near the wall, the Knudsen-layer structure of the velocity field has been clarified and, hence, the velocity distribution over the whole flow region is given explicitly together with the macroscopic slip coefficient. For future comparison with experimental data which may become available, the values of the slip coefficient of thermal-creep flow for several pairs of gases, Ne-Ar, He-Ne, He-Ar, N₂-Ar and N₂-O₂ are also given and listed in Table together with the values calculated based on the result given by other authors.     

Numerical multiphase modeling of bubbly flows

Bubbly flows appear in a large variety of engineering applications from the petroleum to the nuclear industry. A common model used in these contexts is the so-called drift–flux model where the slip velocity (the difference between the velocities of the gas and of the liquid) is expressed on the basis of empirical correlations. However, depending on these empirical correlations, these models are not always hyperbolic and this induces severe mathematical and numerical difficulties. Using asymptotic analysis in the limit of large drag terms, we propose an Eulerian mixture model where the slip velocity is expressed under the form of a Darcy-like law. We study the mathematical properties of this model and describe a Godunov type scheme for its approximation. Some numerical relevant test-cases are presented.      

Theory of plasticity and creep taking account of microstrains

A relationship between the theories of plasticity and creep of the type /1, 2/ and theories based on the concept of slip is set up. A most logical structure is proposed for the constitutive equations of the theory which is convenient for engineering calculations.

It has been shown /3/ that the theory of slip /4/ results from the theories /1, 2/. However, it remains unclear whether a deeper connection exists between these theories. Moreover, the connection between creep theories constructed using the approach in /1, 2/ and creep theories based on the slip concept was not generally examined. A survey of the development of polycrystalline strain theory /5/ yields a complete representation of the state of matters in plasticity and creep theories.     

Effects of partial slip on the steady Von Kármán flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid

The steady Von Kármán flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid is extended to the case where the disk surface admits partial slip. The constitutive equation of the non-Newtonian fluid is modeled by that for a Reiner-Rivlin fluid. The momentum equations give rise to highly nonlinear boundary value problem. Numerical solutions for the governing nonlinear equations are obtained over the entire range of the physical parameters. The effects of slip and non-Newtonian fluid characteristics on the velocity and temperature fields have been discussed in detail and shown graphically.     

The lift on a small sphere in a linear shear flow near the interface of two immiscible fluids

Analytical expressions have been derived which predict, to lowest order, the inertial lift and the lateral migration velocity of a rigid sphere translating and rotating in a linear shear flow field near the flat interface of two immiscible fluids. This asymptotic analysis is primarily based on the assumption that the two Reynolds numbers defined by the gap width between the interface and the sphere, the shear rate and the translational slip velocity with which the spherical particle moves parallel to the interface are small. Furthermore, the radius of the sphere is assumed to be small compared to the gap width. To leading order in this creeping flow regime, the linear Stokes equations are obtained and a symmetry argument can be used to show that the Stokes solution does not predict any lift force. The transverse force experienced by the sphere and its migration velocity are due to the small but finite inertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equations, which can be studied by perturbation techniques. By applying a Green's function approach and matched asymptotic methods, which also incorporate the effects of the outer Oseen-like flow regime, the three components comprising the lift velocity have been calculated in closed form: the one induced by the shear rate only, the purely slip induced one and the one due to the interaction of the slip velocity with the shear flow field. The thus obtained expressions for the case of two immiscible fluids with arbitrary density and viscosity ratios extend the results that already exist in the literature for other flow configurations, such as an unbounded shear flow field [1] or a wall-bounded one, where the wall lies either within the leading order Stokes region [2] or in the outer Oseen region [3]. (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Stability of a Mach configuration

We prove the stability of a Mach configuration, which occurs in shock reflection off an obstacle or shock interaction in compressible flow. The compressible flow is described by a full, steady Euler system of gas dynamics. The unperturbed Mach configuration is composed of three straight shock lines and a slip line carrying contact discontinuity. Among four regions divided by these four lines in the neighborhood of the intersection, two are supersonic regions, and other two are subsonic regions. We prove that if the constant states in the supersonic regions are slightly perturbed, then the structure of the whole configuration holds, while the other two shock fronts and the slip line, as well as the flow field in the subsonic regions, are also slightly perturbed. Such a conclusion asserts the existence and stability of the general Mach configuration in shock theory. In order to prove the result, we reduce the problem to a free boundary value problem, where two unknown shock fronts are free boundaries, while the slip line is transformed to a fixed line by a Lagrange transformation. In the region where the solution is to be determined, we have to deal with an elliptic‐hyperbolic composed system. By decoupling this system and combining the technique for both hyperbolic equations and elliptic equations, we establish the required estimates, which are crucial in the proof of the existence of a solution to the free boundary value problem. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Efficient simulation of gas–liquid pipe flows using a generalized population balance equation coupled with the algebraic slip model

The inhomogeneous generalized population balance equation, which is discretized with the direct quadrature method of moment (DQMOM), is solved to predict the bubble size distribution (BSD) in a vertical pipe flow. The proposed model is compared with a more classical approach where bubbles are characterized with a constant mean size. The turbulent two-phase flow field, which is modeled using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equation approach, is assumed to be in local equilibrium, thus the relative gas and liquid (slip) velocities can be calculated with the algebraic slip model, thereby accounting for the drag, lift, and lubrication forces. The complex relationship between the bubble size distribution and the resulting forces is described accurately by the DQMOM. Each quadrature node and weight represents a class of bubbles with characteristic size and number density, which change dynamically in time and space to preserve the first moments of the BSD. The predictions obtained are validated against previously published experimental data, thereby demonstrating the advantages of this approach for large-scale systems as well as suggesting future extensions to long piping systems and more complex geometries.     

Numerical modelling of bubbly flows with and without heat and mass transfer

In this paper, modelling gas–liquid bubbly flows is achieved by the introduction of a population balance equation combined with the three-dimensional two-fluid model. For gas–liquid bubbly flows without heat and mass transfer, an average bubble number density transport equation has been incorporated in the commercial code CFX5.7 to better describe the temporal and spatial evolution of the geometrical structure of the gas bubbles. The coalescence and breakage effects of the gas bubbles are modelled according to the coalescence by the random collisions driven by turbulence and wake entrainment while for bubble breakage by the impact of turbulent eddies. Local radial distributions of the void fraction, interfacial area concentration, bubble Sauter mean diameter, and gas and liquid velocities, are compared against experimental data in a vertical pipe flow. Satisfactory agreements for the local distributions are achieved between the predictions and measurements. For gas–liquid bubbly flows with heat and mass transfer, boiling flows at subcooled conditions are considered. Based on the formulation of the MUSIG (multiple-size-group) boiling model and a model considering the forces acting on departing bubbles at the heated surface implemented in the computer code CFX4.4, comparison of model predictions against local measurements is made for the void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter, interfacial area concentration, and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcooling temperatures. Good agreement is achieved with the local radial void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter, interfacial area concentration and liquid velocity profiles against measurements. However, significant weakness of the model is evidenced in the prediction of the vapour velocity. Work is in progress through the consideration of additional momentum equations or developing an algebraic slip model to account for the effects of bubble separation.