Soret-driven convection of binary mixture in a horizontal porous layer in the presence of a heat or concentration source

Soret-driven convection of a binary mixture in a shallow porous layer is analyzed. The analysis focuses on the behavior of the system in the presence of a concentration or heat source. In the long-wavelength limit, regimes are found in which the flow regions near the source and at the periphery are separated by narrow annular transition regions. It is also shown that the outward concentration flux from the source is dominated by convection, whereas heat can be transferred from the source both by convection and by diffusion. Multistability between these two regimes is possible.     

水和乙醇对纳米管结构聚苯胺电阻率的影响

研究了水和无水乙醇对萘磺酸掺杂的纳米管结构聚苯胺的电阻率-温度依赖关系的影响（测量温区为80—300K）.实验结果表明，水分子和乙醇分子的进入均使样品的电导率升高.利用电荷能量限制隧道模型结合纳米管粉末压片的结构特点，认为样品电阻主要来源于纳米管间接触电阻.水或乙醇分子在纳米管聚苯胺中通过与分子链的相互作用，增加了链间与链上非局域化载流子的数量，增大管间接触界面，降低了载流子的隧穿势垒，进而提高了导电能力.但水和乙醇对样品导电性质影响程度是不同的，主要是因为水分子和乙醇分子在结构和物理化学性质上的不同. 关键词： 聚苯胺 纳米管 电阻率     

C - axis resistivity of stages 1–7 potassium-intercalated graphite

Temperature-dependent c-axis resistivity measurements on stages 1–7 potassium-graphite compounds show a crossover from metallic to activated behaviour between stages 4 and 5, as well as the onset of a new type of anomaly for stage ≥4. KC₈ shows in addition a tendency toward a metal-insulator transition below 40K. The high-stage transport process is discussed in terms of weak depletion of the interior layers by interlayer screening. We suggest that the high stage anomalies reflect an instability in the c-axis charge distribution.     

Phase control of nonadiabaticity-induced quantum chaos in an optical lattice

The qualitative nature (i.e., integrable vs chaotic) of the translational dynamics of a three-level atom in an optical lattice is shown to be controllable by varying the relative laser phase of two standing-wave lasers. Control is explained in terms of the nonadiabatic transition between optical potentials and the corresponding regular-to-chaotic transition in mixed classical-quantum dynamics. The results are of interest to both areas of coherent control and quantum chaos.     

三维非结构粘性网格生成方法

描述了一套适合粘性流动计算的三维非结构网格自动生成方法.在物面附近的粘性作用区域,采用推进层方法生成各向异性的"扁平"四面体网格,并通过一定的网格伸长控制参数,实现整个流场区域网格高度的平滑过渡.当粘性网格的推进高度达到预定要求时,推进层方法自动停止,转而采用阵面推进方法生成常规意义的尽量接近正四面体的各向同性网格.同时给出了利用该方法生成的M6机翼非结构粘性网格来求解机翼粘性绕流的简单算例.     

Hysteretic transition between avalanches and continuous flow in rotated granular systems

Experiments in drums or cylinders partly filled with a granular system and rotated constantly about their horizontally aligned axis of symmetry show a hysteretic transition from discrete avalanches to continuous flow if the rotation rate is adiabatically changed. Herein, we show that this hysteresis can be explained by the impact of global Langevin-type fluctuations in a recently proposed minimal model for surface flow along granular piles. For too large magnitudes of the fluctuations corresponding to almost elastic grains, the hysteresis vanishes. This might explain why molecular dynamical simulations were not yet able to detect the hysteretic transition. (c) 1999 American Institute of Physics.     

Large magnetostriction and negative thermal expansion in the frustrated antiferromagnet ZnCr2Se4

A detailed investigation of ZnCr2Se4 is presented which is dominated by strong ferromagnetic exchange but orders antiferromagnetically at TN=21 K. Specific heat and thermal expansion exhibit sharp first-order anomalies at the antiferromagnetic transition. TN is shifted to lower temperatures by external magnetic fields and finally is fully suppressed by a field of 65 kOe. The relative length change DeltaL/L(T) is unusually large and exhibits negative thermal expansion alpha below 75 K down to TN indicating strong frustration of the lattice. Magnetostriction DeltaL/L(H) reveals large values comparable to giant magnetostrictive materials. These results point to a spin-driven origin of the structural instability at TN explained in terms of competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions.     

The burning rate’s effect on the flame length of weak fire whirls

This paper discusses why the visibly-determined flame length of a weak fire whirl increases as compared with the corresponding pool fire without spin. Here, a fire whirl is called weak when the pure aerodynamic effect of flow circulation has a negligible influence on the flame length. Split cylinders were used to apply a flow circulation to a 3-cm-diameter methane burner flame and a 3-cm-diameter ethanol pool fire. After applying the flow circulation, the flame length of the ethanol pool fire increased about three times, while little change was observed in the flame length of the methane burner flame. The difference is explained by the fact that the burning rate of the methane burner flame was fixed constant, whereas that of the ethanol pool fire increased due to the increased heat input to the fuel surface caused by a change in flame shape pushed toward the fuel surface. The experimental observations thus demonstrate that the burning-rate effect can significantly increase the flame length even under a weak circulation condition. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to understand the detailed flow structure of a fire whirl. An analytical model was then developed based on the experimental observations and CFD calculations; the predicted relationship between the flame height and the burning rate agreed with experimental data.     

Swarming ring patterns in bacterial colonies exposed to ultraviolet radiation

We report a novel morphological transition in a Bacillus subtilis colony initially growing under ambient conditions, after ultraviolet radiation exposure. The bacteria in the central regions of the colonies are observed to migrate towards the colony edge forming a ring during uniform spatial exposure. When the radiation is switched off, the colonies were observed to grow both inward into the evacuated regions as well as outward indicating that the pattern is not formed due to depletion of nutrients at the center of the colony. We also propose a reaction-diffusion model in which waste-limited chemotaxis initiated by the UV radiation leads to the observed phenomenology.     

单模光腔中N个二能级原子系统的有限温度特性和相变

本文研究单模光场中N个二能级原子Dicke模型的有限温度特性和相变. 把原子赝自旋转换为双模费米算符, 用虚时路径积分方法推导出系统的配分函数, 对作用量变分求极值得到系统的热力学平衡方程, 及原子布居数期待值和平均光子数随原子-光场耦合强度变化的解析表达式. 重点研究了在量子涨落起主导作用的低温区, 由耦合强度变化产生的从正常相到超辐射相的相变, 指出该相变遵从Landau连续相变理论, 平均光子数可作为序参数, 零值表示正常相, 大于零则为超辐射相. 在零温极限下本文的结果和量子相变理论完全符合. 另外, 本文也讨论了系统的热力学性质, 比较有限温度相变和量子相变的异同. 发现, 在强耦合区低温稳定态的光子数和平均能量都和绝对零度的值趋于一致, 而超辐射相的熵则随耦合强度的增强迅速衰减为零.     

Work-hardening of metal crystals

Some recent problems relating to work-hardening of metal crystals, such as the contribution of dislocation stress fields to the flow stress, the mechanism of the second stage, or linear, hardening, and the transition to the strongly temperature dependent third stage are discussed. It is shown that linear hardening can be explained by recourse to the strain invariance of the geometrical pattern of the dislocation network. The thermodynamic origin of this invariance is considered. Experimental data on the temperature and strain-rate dependence of the stress at which transition to the third stage occurs are shown to accord best with the view that at temperatures at which diffusion effects are negligible the third stage begins with the onset of appreciable dynamic recovery, involving the formation of point defects, probably through non-conservative movement of elementary intersection jogs.     

Spatiotemporal structure of the interaction between turbulence and flows at the L-H transition in a toroidal plasma

The spatiotemporal behavior of the interaction between turbulence and flows has been studied close to the L-H transition threshold conditions in the edge region (ρ≥0.7) of TJ-II plasmas. The temporal dynamics of the interaction displays an oscillatory behavior with a characteristic predator-prey relationship. The spatial evolution of this turbulence-flow oscillation pattern has been measured, showing both radial outward and inward propagation velocities of the turbulence-flow front. The results indicate that the edge shear flow linked to the L-H transition can behave either as a slowing-down, damping mechanism of outward propagating turbulent-flow oscillating structures, or as a source of inward propagating turbulence-flow events.     

Bubble-domain lattices in the vicinity of the compensation point

The behavior of a hexagonal lattice of bubble domains in thin uniaxial films of garnet ferrites is studied in the temperature range from the compensation point to the Néel temperature. Two types of first-order phase transitions (preserving and not preserving the total number of domains in the bubble-domain lattice) occurring with variation of the temperature were studied. It is shown that the type of a phase transition is determined by the temperature dependence of the characteristic length of the film. The existence of two types of phase transitions is explained in terms of magnetostatic pressure existing in a bubble-domain lattice.     

A COMPLETE CLASSIFICATION OF CLOSED SHAPES FOR CYLINDRICAL VESICLES

We study the one-dimensional solution of the shape equation of bilayer membranes within the Helfrich spontaneous curvature model.The general integral of the cylindrical shape equation is obtained which gives a complete classification of the cylindrical surfaces corresponding to the shape equation.For closed vesicles,they are inward noduloids,outward noduloids,alternatively inward and outward noduloids and polygonal shapes.The curvature of the contours of the cross sections of these surfaces can be expressed in terms of elliptic functions of their arc lengths.     

Rapidity distribution as a probe for elliptical flow at intermediate energies

The interplay between spectator and participant matter in heavy-ion collisions is investigated within the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model in terms of the rapidity distribution of light charged particles. The effect of different types and sizes of rapidity distributions is studied in elliptical flow. The elliptical-flow patterns show the important role of nearby spectator matter on the participant zone. This role is further explained on the basis of the passing time of the spectator and the expansion time of the participant zone. The transition from in-plane to out-of-plane emission is observed only when the mid-rapidity region is included into the rapidity bin. Otherwise no transition occurs. The transition energy is found to be highly sensitive to the size of the rapidity bin, while it is only weakly dependent on the type of the rapidity distribution. These theoretical findings are found to be in agreement with experimental results.     

Rheology of blood by NMR

Pipe flow of blood in tubes of 1 and 7 mm inner diameter, respectively, was investigated employing two-dimensional NMR velocity imaging and PFG propagator measurements at different Reynolds numbers between 10 and 3500. The results are compared to flow of a water/glycerol mixture of matching viscosity under identical conditions. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is observed by both a flattening of the velocity profile and a change of the propagator shape. For blood flow this transition is found to be shifted toward higher Reynolds numbers as compared to the transition of the water/glycerol mixture. This observation is in agreement with predictions from hydraulic measurements and is a consequence of the non-Newtonian flow characteristics of blood as a suspension of erythrocytes and plasma. Likewise, a deviation from the laminar flow condition is observed for blood at low Reynolds numbers between 10 and 100. This phenomenon is unknown for Newtonian liquids and is explained by the onset of a geometrical arrangement of the erythrocytes, the so-called rouleaux effect.     

Experimental characterization of onset of acoustic instability in a nonpremixed half-dump combustor

This paper reports work on a nonpremixed half-dump combustor, in which methane is injected at the backward-facing step, and mixes and burns with the air flowing past the step in the unsteady recirculation zone. The flow and geometric parameters are widely varied, to gradually change from conditions of low-amplitude noise to excitation of high-amplitude discrete tones. The purpose of the work is to focus on the transition from the former condition to the latter, and to mark the onset of instability. Dimensionless groups such as the Helmholtz and Strouhal numbers are formed based on the observed dominant frequencies, whose variation with the air flow Reynolds number is used to identify the oscillations as those due to the natural acoustic modes or the vortex shedding process. High-speed chemiluminescence imaging reveals shedding of vortical structures in the flame zone. With variation in the conditions, flow-acoustic lock-on and transition from one vortex shedding mode to another is marked by nonlinearity in the corresponding amplitude variations. Such conditions are identified as the onset of instability in terms of the ratio of the flow time scale to the acoustic time scale and mapped against the operating fuel-air equivalence ratio of the combustor.     

Ignition of a sequential combustor: Evidence of flame propagation in the autoignitable mixture

Ignition of the second stage in a lab-scale sequential combustor is investigated experimentally. A fuel mixing section between jet-in-cross-flow injection and the second stage chamber allows the fuel and vitiated, hot cross-flow to partially mix upstream of the main heat release zone. The focus of the present work is on the transient ignition process leading to a stable flame in the second stage. High-speed OH-PLIF as well as OH chemiluminescence imaging is applied to obtain complementary planar and line-of-sight integrated information on the ignition. We find experimental evidence for the co-existence of two regimes dominating the chamber ignition, i.e. autoignition and flame propagation. As the mass flow of the dilution air injected downstream of the first stage is increased (i.e. mixing temperatures in the fuel mixing section are decreased), we transition from an autoignition to a flame propagation dominated regime. Hysteresis in the ignition behavior is observed indicating that the first stage in a sequential combustor may be operated at leaner conditions than required for ignition of the second stage. The time traces of integral heat release obtained simultaneously with a photomultiplier tube show distinct features depending on the dominating regime, which is important for high-pressure testing with limited optical access.