一种基于雨声谱形状的水面降雨强度反演方法

本文依据雨声谱的不同特征,结合最小二乘法和非线性方法,分频段使用不同的模型反演水面降雨的强度。文中首先研究雨声谱在15~30 kHz的对数线性变化规律,并利用模型中的参数值将降雨类型分为无雨、小雨(＜10 mm/h)及中雨或大雨(＞10 mm/h);其次采用S型增长模型(Logistic模型)拟合小雨时的雨声谱,获得小雨期间降雨强度的量化算法;第三,研究2~10 kHz雨声谱的对数线性规律,利用回归中的参数值获得大雨期间降雨强度的量化算法。反演精度的分析结果表明,利用本算法反演的水面降雨强度与实测的水面降雨强度比较一致,每分钟平均降雨量的误差只有1%~4%,因此,本算法可以较好地反演水面降雨的强度。      

基于微波链路的路径雨强反演方法及实验研究

从大气气体吸收衰减模型出发, 基于微波雨衰特性和雨滴谱统计资料建立了微波链路降雨有效衰减的修正模型和视距微波链路的降雨反演模型. 设计并搭建一条视距微波链路测雨实验系统, 利用降雨反演模型反演了路径平均降雨强度, 并与雨滴谱仪进行了同步对比. 观测结果表明, 视距微波链路降雨反演模型的反演雨强与雨滴谱仪测量结果的相关系数大多高于0.6, 最高可达0.9647; 累积降雨量的绝对误差大多在0.5 mm以内, 最小偏差仅有0.0827 mm; 相对偏差大部分在15%以内, 最小相对误差为3.3415%. 实验结果验证了微波链路反演降雨的有效性和准确性.     

基于星地链路的垂直降雨场反演方法

在分析星地链路几何结构及传播模型的基础上,研究基于联合代数重建技术的星地链路反演二维垂直降雨场的方法.利用实测降雨资料构建3类降雨场,并搭建3条17 GHz垂直极化星地链路进行数值仿真.实验结果表明:单星地链路无法实现二维垂直降雨场的重构,反演场与真实场的相关系数分别为0.556,0.504和0.364;基于双星地链路的反演结果和真实场的相关系数均高于0.98,平均偏差分别为0.122, 0.159和0.537 mm/h,欧式距离均低于0.9 mm/h,熵的相对误差均小于1.6%,基本实现了二维垂直降雨场的反演;三星地链路的应用进一步提升了反演精度,相关系数接近于1,能够精准重构降雨场.实验结果验证了基于星地链路的垂直降雨场反演方法的可行性、准确性和有效性.星地链路的架设和维护简单,探测降雨范围广,易于在高原、山区、海岛等传统地面观测资料缺失的地区使用,可以作为已有降水测量手段的补充.     

基于支持向量机的微波链路雨强反演方法

为提高微波链路雨致衰减反演雨强精度, 在Mie散射理论、气体吸收衰减模型以及Gamma雨滴谱分布的基础上, 将支持向量机引入到微波链路测量降水中, 提出了基于支持向量机的微波链路雨强反演方法, 并开展了15–20 GHz频段的视距微波链路与地面雨滴谱仪的同步观测降雨实验. 实验结果表明, 基于支持向量机的微波链路雨强反演模型的反演雨强与实测雨强的相关系数全部高于0.6, 最高达到0.9674; 雨强的均方根误差最小值为0.5780 mm/h, 累积降雨量的绝对最小误差仅为0.0080 mm; 相对偏差大部分在10%以内, 最小偏差为0.7425%. 实验结果验证了基于支持向量机的微波链路雨强反演方法的有效性、准确性和适用性, 对于进一步提高微波链路反演降雨精度、改善降水监测效果具有重要意义.     

基于非球形雨衰模型的微波链路雨强反演方法

以T矩阵理论、Gamma谱分布为理论基础,基于Pruppacher-Beard降雨粒子模型,对OTT雨滴谱仪的Gamma谱参数历史资料与降雨强度值进行非线性拟合得到具有实地谱分布的幂律系数,建立适合于本地区的雨衰模型,提出了基于非球形雨衰模型的微波链路雨强反演方法,分析了温度对模型幂律系数的影响,并开展了15—20 GHz频段的视距微波链路与地面雨滴谱仪的同步观测降雨实验.实验结果表明:反演雨强的相关系数全部高于0.6,最高达到了0.96,RMSE最小值为0.79,累积降雨量的绝对偏差在2.47 mm以内,最小偏差仅为0.28 mm,相对误差低于1.84%.实验结果验证了基于非球形雨衰模型的微波链路雨强反演方法的有效性、准确性和适用性,对于进一步提高微波链路反演降雨精度、改善降水监测效果具有重要意义.     

Effect of Atmospheric Parameters on Satellite Link

The rainfall path attenuation measured at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for 4 years (January 02 to January 06) is presented. The data obtained are useful to investigate the impairment due to rainfall attenuation in satellite links operating in tropical and equatorial climates. It shows that the logarithmic function with ground rain rate deviates at very high rain rate. A rainfall rate of 130 mm/h causes the rainfall attenuation threshold (> 20 dB) to be exceeded. Maximum exceedences for rain rate and attenuation were observed during the wet months. The cumulative distributions of attenuation derived from the measured data are presented and compared with those obtained with existing prediction methods.     

Correlation of millimeter-band radio-wave attenuation in cloud and rain parts of cloud-rain system

The experimentally detected difference by a factor of two or more of the autocorrelation times of millimeter-wave attenuation in the rain and cloud parts of a cloud-rain system is examined. In cases of moderate to heavy rain, the measured autocorrelation time of millimeter-wave attenuation in the cloud part of the system is greater by a factor of two than that in the rain for a given degree of cloudiness. In the case of drizzle, the measured relationship is inverted: the attenuation autocorrelation time in the rain part exceeds that in the cloud part by a factor of two. Specific realizations are used; the problem of estimation of the average correlation-time relationships, which is required for prolonged measurement periods, is not posed; nevertheless, the need for its formulation follows from the results considered here. The physical meaning of the results is that the horizontal spatial heterogeneities of moderate to heavy rain are smaller than those of drizzle and greater than those of the clouds from which the given rain falls.Scientific-Research Radio-Physics Institute. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 36, No. 3–4, pp. 231–239, March–April, 1993.     

Rain Attenuation Ratios on Short Microwave and Millimeter Wave Bands Earth-Space Paths

The knowledge of the ratio of rain attenuation at one frequency to that at another on slant paths is useful for the design of satellite-to-Earth communication links and up-link power control systems. It is well known that the rain attenuation is influenced by parameters of precipitation along the slant path such as DSD (raindrop size distribution), raindrop temperature, rainfall rate, and so on. In this paper, based on several DSDs applied to various climate zones, at short microwave and long millimeter wave bands, the attenuation ratios are estimated on Earth-space paths. A comparison of the prediction results with the experiment data in Boston and Kashima areas is carried out. It is shown that the M-P and Weibull DSD applied to rain attenuation ratios estimation are better DSD at higher latitude regions. The Guangzhou DSD applied to rain attenuation ratios prediction is better in tropical and subtropical areas in China. The lognormal DSD may be a appropriate DSD applied to predict rain attenuation ratios in tropical areas at A_down>1dB or R>15mm/h. However, the attenuation ratios predicted by the Guangzhou DSD disagree with by the lognormal DSD, it requires that the DSD applied to predict rain attenuation ratios are further studied in tropical areas.     

Prediction of underwater sound levels from rain and wind

Wind and rain generated ambient sound from the ocean surface represents the background baseline of ocean noise. Understanding these ambient sounds under different conditions will facilitate other scientific studies. For example, measurement of the processes producing the sound, assessment of sonar performance, and helping to understand the influence of anthropogenic generated noise on marine mammals. About 90 buoy-months of ocean ambient sound data have been collected using Acoustic Rain Gauges in different open-ocean locations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Distinct ambient sound spectra for various rainfall rates and wind speeds are identified through a series of discrimination processes. Five divisions of the sound spectra associated with different sound generating mechanisms can be predicted using wind speed and rainfall rate as input variables. The ambient sound data collected from the Intertropical Convergence Zone are used to construct the prediction algorithms, and are tested on the data from the Western Pacific Warm Pool. This physically based semi-empirical model predicts the ambient sound spectra (0.5-50 kHz) at rainfall rates from 2-200 mm/h and wind speeds from 2 to 14 m/s.     

T矩阵散射模拟双偏振测雨雷达偏振及衰减特性

通过T矩阵散射模拟,研究X、C和S波段双偏振测雨雷达在单分散雨滴谱、不同雨强和不同最大雨滴直径下的偏振和雨区衰减特性,分别建立三种不同波段双偏振雷达反射率因子和差分反射率的雨区衰减订正关系.最后,用实测雨滴谱数据和X波段双偏振雷达实测反射率数据验证散射模拟结果的准确性.     

降雨背景下诱骗态协议最优平均光子数的变色龙自适应策略

为了应对降雨给采用诱骗态协议的量子通信系统带来的突发性干扰,根据降雨分布模型和退极化信道的特性,本文提出了基于变色龙算法的每脉冲最优平均光子数自适应策略;建立了降雨强度、链路距离与最优平均光子数之间的自适应关系;并对采用变色龙算法前后,系统的性能参数进行了比较.仿真结果表明,当降雨强度J为30 mm/24 h、链路距离L为30 km时,通过采用变色龙算法,系统的安全密钥生成率由2×10~(-4)提高到3.5×10~(-4);当J为60 mm/24 h,L为20 km时,系统的信道生存函数值由0.52提高到0.63;当要求生存函数不低于0.5时,系统能够应对的最大雨强由62 mm/24 h提高到74 mm/24 h.因此,根据降雨强度和链路距离,通过变色龙算法自适应地调整系统发送端信号脉冲所含的平均光子数,可以提高量子通信系统在降雨背景下的有效性和可靠性.     

基于微波链路的降雨场反演方法研究

本文基于微波雨衰的幂律关系, 研究了使用微波链路反演降雨场的方法, 采用层析技术建立了降雨场反演模型. 并利用SIRT算法与正则化算法实现对降雨场层析反演模型的求解. 数值模拟结果表明, 该模型与反演算法能够较为准确地重建降雨场强度与空间分布特征, 能够提供高时空分辨率的二维降雨强度分布. 因此, 利用微波衰减数据进行降雨探测可以作为常规的雨量计与天气雷达观测手段的有效补充. 关键词： 微波雨衰 微波链路 降雨场重建 层析反演     

Cell-Site Diversity Performance of LMDS Systems Operating in Heavy Rain Climatic Regions

In this paper, the potential performance advantages of ce ll-site diversity in millimeter-wave fixed cellular systems located in heavy rain climatic regions are examined. Cell-site diversity is considered an efficient technique to mitigate the aggravating effects of atmospheric propagation of radiowaves at millimeter frequency bands and, particularly, to combat rain attenuation. The paper is focused on the analytical estimation of the performance improvement of LMDS systems due to diversity reception. A physical prediction model for rain attenuation, properly modified to take into account the behaviour of the rainfall medium in tropical and subtropical areas, is the basis of the analysis. Implementations of the proposed model are presented along with an investigation of its various aspects. This work was mainly stimulated by the recent strong interest to provide technically and economically feasible solutions for broadband wireless access to the developing countries.     

Centimeter and millimeter wave attenuation by atmospheric gases and rainfall at a tropical station

The radiowave attenuation due to oxygen and water vapour has been computed over the frequency range 3–350 GHz making use of the mean surface air pressure, temperature and water vapour at Ile-Ife (geog. lat 7.5°N, long 4.5°E) in Southern Nigeria. It is observed that the attenuation at this tropical location is generally higher than at temperate climates. A similar analysis was performed for rainfall attenuation using rainfall intensity measurements. The results obtained with three different expressions for the rain height showed that a rain height of 3 km is a reasonable assumption for estimating earth-space rainfall attenuation at this location. It is found that for frequencies above 200 GHz, the polarization dependence of the specific attenuation due to rainfal becomes negligible. The computed attenuation is lower that that predicted using the corresponding CCIR rain climate data. The results show that whilst the contribution of oxygen and water vapour to the total atmospheric attenuation could be neglected when compared with rainfall attenuation up to about 150 GHz, the contribution becomes significant for frequencies above 190 GHz.     

降雨对无线激光通信的影响

通过激光信号在雨介质中传输的实验发现,在大雨环境下,激光信号透射率要比在小雨或微雨的情况下大。这说明光信号在小雨时衰减较大,在大雨时衰减较小。这一现象与人们通常所认为的有所不同。针对降雨对激光信号的影响,根据Mie散射理论和Weibull雨滴尺寸分布模型,分析了不同尺寸的粒子对光的散射作用以及对衰减效率因子的影响,推导出单球粒子对光波的衰减公式,得到了衰减与降雨率的确定关系。通过数值计算发现,与小粒子相比大粒子的前向散射光强更大且更加集中;激光信号在雨介质中传输时,衰减系数在小雨时较大,中雨、大雨时较小,暴雨时不断增大。这一结果与实际情况较吻合,为激光在通信系统中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同云雨条件下红外热成像系统作用距离评估

为求解红外热成像系统作用距离,以MODTRAN程序为基础,计算了不同云雨条件下的大气光谱透过率,并针对探测器定角度运行和定高度运行,分别运用光谱 路径等分法和光谱 角度等分法,对点源目标进行了红外热成像系统的探测距离求解。分析了卷云气象条件下,探测概率、降雨速率、云层厚度、云底高度等因素对大气光谱透过率和探测距离的影响。结果表明:探测概率的选取对热像仪探测距离计算结果影响较大,以坦克目标为例,探测概率由10%增加至90%时,探测距离降低21.7%;降雨对于大气透过率和探测距离影响也较大,降雨速率由0增加至4.0 mm/h时,探测距离降低76.8%;云底厚度和云层高度的影响与探测器和云层的几何位置关系相关,人目标的探测距离上限值达5.60 km;探测距离亦与探测器运行模式相关,最大差异3.8%左右。     

Attenuation of Centimetre, Millimetre and Sub-Millimetre Waves Due to Rain Over Tropical Indian Stations

The results on attenuation of the radio wave due to rain at frequencies lying in the centimetre, millimetre and submillimetre wave bands for different rain rates over three Indian tropical stations are presented in this paper. The study is possible due to the availability of the rainfall rates measured by rapid response rain gauges and rain height over these stations. The results on attenuation were deduced by taking both 0° C isotherm height and effective height. The Stutzman and Dishman model with -value of 0.033 which is found suitable for the estimation of rain attenuation over the Indian stations has been critically examined in comparison with the attenuations deduced from CCIR (presently known as ITU-R) method.     

Rain induced cross polarization at millimeter waves in a Xi''an environment

The rainfall intensity accumulative distribution, raindrop size and canting angle distributions in Xi'an(108.9 E, 34.3 N) have been obtained from data measured over a long period of time. Rain induced crose polarization in this environment has been studied. The crose polarization discrimination, XPD, was compu ted over a frequency range of 19.3 to 300 GHz for non spherical drops. The variations of XPD with frequency, rainfall rate and copolar attenuation, CPA, were investigated. The computational resulte are in good agreement with experimental data. A mathematical relationship was established between the XPD and CPA, raindrop canting angle, which result is in good agreement with experimental data. The cumulative distribution of rain induced cross polarization for eleven years and in month have been ob tained with the cumulative distribution of the rain rate from the data measured from 1975 to 1985. The role of multiple scattering also has been discussed, it is shown that the multiple scattering play an important part in short millimeter wave.     

煤矸石充填复垦重构土壤重金属含量高光谱反演

为研究煤矸石充填复垦土壤重金属含量快速有效的监测方法,以淮南创大生态园煤矸石充填复垦田间试验小区为研究区域,首先采用化学方法监测土壤(0～20 cm)重金属(Cu, Cr, As)含量,然后采用ASD(analytical spectral devices) FiSpec4型高光谱仪测量土壤样品的反射光谱,提取光谱特征,并对光谱进行一阶微分变换、二阶微分变换及倒数对数变换;将变换后的各光谱特征参数与监测的土壤重金属含量进行相关性分析,并依据相关性分析结果选择显著相关的波段作为相关因子供建模使用。采用多元逐步回归(stepwise multiple liner regression,SMLR)分析、偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)及人工神经网络(artificial neural network, ANN)三种方法分别建立基于光谱反射率估算土壤重金属含量的预测模型,并采用回归模型进行精度评定,然后确定各重金属含量的最佳预测模型。实验结果表明,经过微分变换的光谱波段与土壤重金属含量达到了显著相关;重金属Cu和Cr的一阶微分光谱的人工神经网络模型为最佳预测模型,重金属元素As的二阶微分光谱的偏最小二乘回归模型为最佳预测模型。