蒸气相合成BZSM—5沸石用于间二甲苯异构化反应

首次利用蒸气相法合成的BZSM-5沸石作为异构化催化剂,测定了BZSM-5沸石对间二甲苯异构化的活性和选择性。当B_2O_3/Al_2O_3(摩尔比)为1.8时异构化活性(50.97%)和选择性(20.86%)均达到较佳值。用IR、NH_(?)-TPD表征了BZSM-5沸石的酸强度及酸分布,同时与异构化活性和选择性进行了关联。实验结果表明,在合成中加入适量的硼有利于提高异构化活性和选择性。     

Methane to Liquid Hydrocarbons over Tungsten-ZSM-5 and Tungsten Loaded Cu/ZSM-5 Catalysts

Metal containing ZSM-5 can produce higher hydrocarbons in methane oxidation. Many researchers have studied the applicability of HZSM-5 and modify ZSM-5 for methane conversion to liquid hydrocarbons, but their research results still lead to low conversion, low selectivity and low heat resistance. The modified HZSM-5, by loading with tungsten (W), could enhance its heat resistant performance, and the high reaction temperature (800℃) did not lead to a loss of the W component by sublimation. The loading of HZSM-5 with tungsten and copper (Cu) resulted in an increment in the methane conversion as well as CO2 and C5 selectivities. In contrast, CO, C2-3 and H2O selectivities were reduced. The process of converting methane to liquid hydrocarbons (C5 ) was dependent on the metal surface area and the acidity of the zeolite. High methane conversion and C5 selectivity, and low H2O selectivity are obtained over W/3.0Cu/HZSM.     

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols over supported Ag–Cu catalysts

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol has significant scientific importance and commercial interest due to the huge surplus of glycerol and the various application of propanediols. A series of supported Ag–Cu catalysts synthesized by impregnation method were studied for hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols. The catalysts were characterized by H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD, XRD, BET, N₂O chemisorption, TG, ICP and SEM. It was observed that the loading of 5% Ag–Cu-based catalysts facilitated the reduction, surface acidity and dispersion of the Cu particles, which improved the conversion of glycerol and promoted the generation of propanediols. It was also found that when loading Ag and Cu simultaneously on Al₂O₃, the catalyst had a better performance for the reaction because of the higher acidity, dispersion and surface area of the Cu species on the catalyst surface. In addition, effects of metal concentrations, metal impregnation sequence, reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reaction time, solvent and pH value of the solution on glycerol hydrogenolysis together with the recyclability of catalyst were investigated in detail. The optimal 5Ag–15Cu/Al₂O₃ achieved 66.4% glycerol conversion with 68.2% 1,2-propanediol and 3.1% 1,3-propanediol selectivity at 200 °C under 3.5 MPa in ethanol for 8 h.     

Dealuminated ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst for Ethylene Oligomerization to Liquid Fuels

Ethylene oligomerization using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated to study the role of Bronsted acid sites in the formation of higher hydrocarbons. The oligomerization of olefins, dependent on the acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite, is an important step in the conversion of natural gas to liquid fuels. The framework Si/Al ratio reflects the number of potential acid sites and the acid strength of the ZSM-5 catalyst. ZSM-5 with the mole ratio SiO2/Al2O3 equal to 30 was dealuminated for different periods of time according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce ZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the integrated framework aluminum band, non-framework aluminum band, and silanol groups areas of the ZSM-5 zeolites decreased after being dealuminated. The performance of the dealuminated zeolite was tested for ethylene oligomerization. The results demonstrated that the dealumination of ZSM-5 led to higher ethylene conversion, but the gasoline selectivity was reduced compared to the performance     

模型反应表征长链烷烃异构化催化剂的研究Ⅰ.乙醇在载体上的脱水反应

以氧化铝(Al2O3)、ZSM-5、Beta和SAPO-11分子筛粉体为原料制备出不同的载体，在不同温度下考察了探针分子乙醇脱水转化反应。根据NH3-TPD方法测定载体的酸量和酸分布，以及载体负载贵金属Pt后C14~24长链烷烃异构化评价结果，探讨了载体表面酸、乙醇转化和异构化性能三者之间的关系。结果表明,载体表面酸与乙醇转化和异构化性能没有直接的关系，但乙醇转化和异构化性能之间有一定关联。载体上乙醇转化的稳定性较差、乙烯选择性低，则对应的贵金属催化剂异构化性能也较差；乙烯选择性高且稳定性好，可制备出性能优异的异构化催化剂。因此，作者提出区分固体酸的酸性和酸性质的必要性。酸性包含酸量、酸强度及分布等概念，酸性质指酸中心在催化反应中的行为，简称为酸功能。前者可由常规的表面酸方法表征，后者只能在反应条件下获得。数据表明了临氢异构化剂的酸功能可以采用乙醇转化反应进行表征。用乙醇转化作为模型反应表征载体的酸作用行为即酸功能，可以为异构催化剂载体的选择提供指导。     

Characterization and Activity of Cr, Cu and Ga Modified ZSM—5 for Direct Conversion of Methane to Liquid Hydrocarbons

Direct conversion of methane using a metal-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite prepared via acidic ion exchange was investigated to elucidate the roles of metal and acidity in the formation of liquid hydrocarbons. ZSM-5 (SiO2/A12O3=30) was loaded with different metals (Cr, Cu and Ga) according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce metal-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. XRD, NMR, FT-IR and N2 adsorption analyses indicated that Cr and Ga species managed to occupy the alllmlnum positions in the ZSM-5 framework. In addition, Cr species were deposited in the pores of the structure. However, Cu oxides were deposited on the surface and in the mesopores of the ZSM-5 zeolite. An acidity study using TPD-NH3, FT-IR, and IR-pyridine analyses revealed that the total number of acid sites and the strengths of the BrSusted and Lewis acid sites were significantly different after the acidic ion exchange treatment.Cu loaded HZSM-5 is a potential catalyst for direct conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons. The successful production of gasoline via the direct conversion of methane depends on the amount of aluminum in the zeolite framework and the strength of the BrSnsted acid sites.     

Zn/SiO_2气相催化裂解1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱HCl:酸性与失活

用浸渍法制备了一系列SiO_2负载的过渡金属催化剂M/SiO_2(M为第Ⅳ周期过渡金属),用于气相催化裂解1,1,2-三氯乙烷(TCE)脱HCl的反应。研究发现,在M/SiO_2催化剂中,Zn/SiO_2催化性能最好,TCE转化率能达到98%,顺-1,2-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE)的选择性为82%。随着Zn负载量的增加,Zn/SiO_2催化剂上TCE转化率逐渐增加,与催化剂上总酸量变化一致。将总酸量以Zn负载量归一化得到比酸量,则比酸量越大,Zn/SiO_2催化剂比活性越高,表明Zn/SiO_2催化剂表面酸性中心是TCE脱氯反应的活性中心。Zn/SiO_2催化剂在TCE脱HCl反应中存在一定的失活现象,归因于反应过程中催化剂表面积炭。低Zn负载量催化剂上会产生较多积炭,归因于其具有较多强酸性中心,表明催化剂表面强酸中心是导致催化剂积炭和失活的主要原因。     

钾改性对Au/ZSM-5催化剂上正丁烷裂解性能的影响

采用负压沉积沉淀法制备了负载型Au/HZSM-5催化剂,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、Ｘ射线光电子能谱（XPS）、NH3-TPD、紫外可见漫反射（UV-vis）等技术对催化剂进行了表征分析,并考察了催化剂对正丁烷裂解性能的影响。结果表明,Au金属成功负载到HZSM-5催化剂上,并且金颗粒的尺寸受负载量的影响,其中1.0%Au/HZSM-5催化剂中的金颗粒粒径最小,约为5～10nm。钾离子作为一种碱性离子可以调节载体酸性,随着K离子的引入xK-Au/HZSM-5催化剂的酸性逐渐降低,使Au0的电子结合能更高。相对于HZSM-5,2.0Au/HZSM-5催化剂对于正丁烷的转化率从13.1%提升到了37.5%,对丙烯的选择性从17.2%提升到了52.5%。随着K离子的引入,催化剂对于丁烯以及异丁烷的选择性有所提高,当K离子负荷为0.08%时,对丁烯的选择性从3.8%提高到36.9%,负荷为0.1%时,对异丁烷的选择性由2.8%提升到51.8%。但原料转化率低于2.0Au/HZSM-5,这可能与K的加入降低催化剂酸改性有关。此外通过研究Au/HZSM-5用K+修饰得知Au+离子是Au/HZSM-5催化剂转化正丁烷主要活性中心。     

n-hydrocarbons conversions over metal-modified solid acid catalysts

The quality of a straight-run fuel oil can be improved if saturated n-hydrocarbons of low octane number are converted to their branched counterparts. Poor reactivity of traditional catalysts in isomerization reactions imposed the need for the development of new catalysts among which noble metal promoted acid catalysts, liquid and/or solid acid catalysts take a prominent place. Sulfated zirconia and metal promoted sulfated zirconia exhibit high activity for the isomerization of light alkanes at low temperatures. The present paper highlights the original results which indicate that the modification of sulfated zirconia by incorporation of metals (platinum and rhenium) significantly affects catalytic performances in n-hydrocarbon conversion reactions. Favourable activity/selectivity of the promoted sulfated zirconia depends on the crystal phase composition, critical crystallites sizes, platinum dispersion, total acidity and type of acidity. Attention is also paid to the recently developed solid acid catalysts used in other conversion reactions of hydrocarbons.     

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols over heteropolyacids promoted AgCu/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts

Various amounts and different types of heteropolyacids promoted 5Ag15Cu/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and analyzed through many techniques. The synthesized catalysts were evaluated for hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols. The results demonstrated that heteropolyacids loading facilitated the reduction, promoted the dispersion, enhanced the acidity, and increased Broensted acid sites of the AgCu catalysts, which benefited the generation of 1,3-propanediol. Compared with phosphotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid, silicotungstic acid promoted AgCu catalyst had a better performance for 1,3-propanediol due to the better Cu dispersion and higher Broensted acidity. In addition, when the reaction was performed at 220 °C under 3.5 MPa for 8 h, the chosen 5Ag15Cu-10HSiW/Al₂O₃ achieved a 69.6% glycerol conversion with 35.6% 1,2-propanediol selectivity and 21.5% 1,3-propanediol selectivity.     

Highly effective methane conversion to aromatic hydrocarbons by means of microwave and rf-induced catalysis

Conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbon products, in particular, aromatic hydrocarbons has been achieved with good methane conversion and selectivity to aromatic products over heterogeneous catalysts using both high power pulsed microwave and rf energy. For example, under microwave irradiation > 85% conversion of methane and 60% selectivity to aromatics could be achieved. Cu, Ni, Fe and Al metallic materials are highly effective catalysts for the aromatization of methane via microwave heating; however, with a variety of supported catalysts the major products were C₂ hydrocarbons and the conversion of methane was low. The use of sponge, wire and net forms of these metal catalysts was found advantageous in effective methane conversion. The reactions are considered to be free radical in nature and to proceed through an intermediate stage involving formation of acetylene. The influence of catalyst nature and configuration, as well as the microwave and rf irradiation parameters on the reaction efficiency and product selectivity has been examined in both batch and continuous flow conditions.     

Highly active and reusable catalyst for fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate

Silica-12-tungstophosphoric acid core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method followed by steaming. The catalytic activity of fresh and steamed catalysts was studied in Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate. The reaction parameters, such as catalyst loading and reaction temperature, were optimized. The structural properties of the prepared catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The nature and strength of acid sites in the catalysts were analyzed by pyridine adsorption followed by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The XRD and TEM analyses confirm the formation of silica-12-tungstophosphoric acid core-shell nanoparticles during steaming process. Acidity measurement indicates that both fresh and steamed catalyst samples carry weak acid sites and Brøsted acid sites. In addition, the steaming of heteropoly acid contained silica enhances the strength of Brøsted acid sites. The catalytic activity of fresh as well as steamed catalysts in liquid-phase Fries rearrangement showed that the steam treated sample exhibits higher conversion and selectivity to the desired product compared to the fresh catalyst sample. The higher activity of steam treated catalysts has been explained in terms of surface acidity of the catalysts. Reusability of the steamed catalyst shows that there is no appreciable change either in the conversion rate or product selectivity.     

负载铂催化剂中沸石载体酸性对甲烷两步转化的影响

考察了具有相同金属分散度的Pt/NaY、Pt/HNaY、 Pt/HY、Pt/NaBeta和Pt/HBeta催化剂中沸石载体的酸性对在低温下（≤250 ℃）甲烷两步等温转化反应以及由甲烷解离吸附产生的表面碳物种分布的影响。由甲烷等温两步转化生成的C2+烃类产物的总量随着载体酸性的增加而明显增加;C2～C6产物的分布也发生了变化。由表面碳物种的程序升温加氢结果表明,在各种催化剂上碳物种的形式是相似的,其总量和具有活性的Cα物种的量均因载体酸性增加而增加,反应性也增大。这种因沸石载体酸性变化而引起的载体效应是由金属和载体的相互作用造成负载在酸性载体上铂粒子的贫电子性而引起,即由金属粒子电子性质的变化而引起的催化性质的变化。     

CATALYTIC CRACKING OF LIGHT ALKANES IN THE PRESENCE OF O_2 AND SELECTIVE CONTROL OF OLEFIN PRODUCTS

lntroductionThesmallolefinslikeethylene,propeneandbutenearethec0mmerciallydesirablepetrochemicalfeedstocksandarefoundincreasingusageinchemicalindustry.Theyareusuallyobtainedfromthepyrolysis0fpetroleumhydrocarb0nswithsteaInatveryhightemPeratUreandarealsoavailablefromFCCprocess.TheimProvedFCCcatalystforeIhancingtheolefinproducthasbeenreportedll].However,FCCisalrnostimPossiblefortheshortchainalkanefeedstockscutfrompetroleum0robtuinedfromrefinerygasornatUralgassincecrackingofhydrocarbonsbeco…     

Performance of the ρ- Al2O3 based Ag promoted Pd/ Al2O3 catalyst during Acetylene hydrogenation with an ideal feed

Catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene was studied with an ideal feed with a catalyst prepared from different alumina support and with varying quantities of promoter addition. Silver promoted palladium alumina catalysts were prepared on the transition alumina, ρ-alumina and the catalyst performance was compared with the traditional palladium alumina catalyst based on α-alumina. The catalyst supports were prepared using the granulation technique and sequential impregnation method was used for the catalyst preparation. The silver metal loading was varied in the catalysts and the impact of varied promoter quantity was also studied. The supports were characterized for the acidity, alumina phase, and catalyst characterization was done using TEM, TPR, and BET method to understand the difference between catalysts prepared on different types of alumina support. A fixed bed catalyst reaction was used for the performance evaluation and an ideal gas with acetylene and nitrogen was used as the feed. The catalyst evaluation gives the comparative performance of the catalysts at different temperature conditions. Acetylene conversion and ethylene selectivity in the product were evaluated. The spent catalyst analysis was done using TGA and CHN analysis was performed to understand the carbon deposition and by-product formation during the reaction with different types of catalysts.     

晶粒大小对ZSM-5分子筛甲醇制低碳烯烃催化性能的影响

对三种HZSM-5分子筛进行Ca改性,获得两组酸性接近的催化剂,考察了晶粒大小对甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)反应的影响。通过进一步与Na改性的比较,探讨了Ca在催化反应中的作用。采用扫描电镜(SEM)测定晶粒大小及形貌,氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)及吡啶红外吸附(Py-IR)表征催化剂的酸性。MTO催化性能测定结果表明,HZSM-5的低碳烯烃选择性较低且下降较快,催化活性降低也快;Ca改性降低酸性,提高了低碳烯烃选择性和催化稳定性;晶粒大小主要影响催化稳定性,小晶粒分子筛催化剂稳定性更好。高Ca含量改性效果更好;钠改性也提高了低碳烯烃选择性,但其稳定性较差。对于HZSM-5和Ca/HZSM-5,小晶粒的催化剂具有较好的催化稳定性。提出Ca参与了催化反应,MTO是一个酸碱协同作用的催化过程。     

Dealuminated ZSM—5 Zeolite Catalyst for Ethylene Oligomerization to Liquid Fuels

Ethylene oligomerization using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated to study the role of Broensted acid sites in the formation of higher hydrocarbons,The oligomeriztion of olefins,dependent on the acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite ,is an important step in the conversion of natural gas to liquied fuels,The framework Si/Al ratio reflects the number of potential acid sites and the acid strength of the ZSM-5 catalyst,ZSM-5 with the mole ratio SiO2/Al2O3 equal to 30 was dealuminated for different periods of time according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce ZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios,The FT-IR analysis revealed that the integrated framework aluminum band,non-framework aluminum band,and silanol groups areas of the ZSM-5 zeolites decreased after being dealuminated,The performanc of the dealuminated zeolite was tested for ethylene oligomerization.The results demonstrated that the dealumination of ZSM-5 led to higher ethylene conversion,but the gasoline selectivity was reduced compared to the performance of a ZSM-5 zeolite ,The characterization results revealed the amount of aluminum in the zeolitic framework,the crystallinity of the ZSM-5 zeolite,and the Si/Al ration affected the formation of Broensted acid sites,The number of the Broensted acid sites on the catalyst active sites is important in the olefin conversion to liquied hydrocarbons.     

Reductive amination of cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone to cyclohexylamine using SBA-15 supported copper catalysts

Amination of cyclohexanol was investigated in vapour phase over copper catalysts supported on mesoporous SBA-15. The different products identified during reductive amination of cyclohexanol reaction were cyclohexanone, cyclohexylamine, along with small amounts of N-Cyclohexylidinecyclohexylamine and dicyclohexylamine. Among several catalysts tested for the reductive amination, 5% Cu supported on SBA-15 exhibited better catalytic performance than other catalysts with 36% selectivity towards cylclohexylamine at 80% cyclohexanol conversion. The optimum reaction conditions employed to achieve the best catalyst performance were at 250 °C, 0.1 MPa of H₂/NH₃, TOS-10h. The active Cu sites, acidity of the catalyst, and effect of reaction parameters play a pivotal role in the reductive amination reaction. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, H₂-TPR and NH₃-TPD. The dispersion of Cu, particle size, and metal surface area (m²/g) calculated from pulse N₂O decomposition method. TPR findings reveal the presence of substantially dispersed copper oxide species at lower loadings which is easily reducible than the bulk copper oxide species found at higher Cu loadings. The acidity measurements by NH₃-TPD analysis suggest that the maximum acidic strength was obtained at 5 wt% copper on porous SBA-15, and decreased with Cu loadings. The catalytic properties are well in agreement with the findings of catalysts characterization.     

草酸二甲酯气相催化加氢合成乙二醇的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列 CuO/SiO₂ 催化剂,进行草酸二甲酯气相加氢活性评价,分别考察了不同沉淀剂（Na₂CO₃、NH₃·H₂O、NaOH）、催化剂组成以及反应工艺条件对加氢性能的影响。采用N₂ 吸附脱附、N₂O吸附、XRD、TG热重分析、H₂-TPR等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,草酸二甲酯加氢反应活性与Cu⁰有关,提高铜比表面积有利于提高加氢活性。采用以NaOH沉淀剂制备的CuO质量分数为50%的CuO/SiO₂催化剂,在200℃、2MPa、0.07h^-1和氢酯摩尔比为100时,草酸二甲酯转化率可达 98%,乙二醇选择性87%,且催化剂表现出较好的稳定性。     

Catalytic Combustion of Methane over High Copper-Loading ZSM-5 Catalysts

Two series of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts,loading from 5 to 20 wt% CuO,were prepared by the deposition-precipitation and impregnation methods,respectively.The catalysts prepared by the impreg- nation method showed better catalytic performances than those prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and the increase of copper loading favored methane conversion.20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 had the highest activity with T_(90%)of 746 K,and for 20Cu(D)/ZSM-5,T_(90%)was as high as 804 K.The characteriza- tion of X-ray diffraction(XRD),temperature-programmed reduction(TPR),temperature-programmed desorption(TPD),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)revealed that the dispersion of cop- per species could be improved by using the deposition-precipitation method instead of the impregnation method,but the fraction of surface CuO,corresponding to active sites for methane oxidation,was larger on 20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 than 20Cu(D)/ZSM-5.The results of Pyridine-Fourier transform infrared spectrum (Py-FT-IR)showed that a majority of Lewis acidity and a minority of Brφnsted acidity were present on Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts.20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 presented more Lewis acid sites.The number of Lewis acid sites changed significantly with preadsorption of oxygen.Adsorption of methane and oxygen on acid sites was observed.The properties of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts were correlated with the activity for methane oxidation.