粘弹性介质中扩展裂纹与J积分

本文提出了在线弹性及粘弹性介质中扩展裂纹与路径无关的J~*积分,并给出了严密的证明。文中证明了J~*积分与扩展裂纹尖端的张开位移(动态COD)之间有简单的关系,同时利用J~*积分求得了粘弹性介质中变速扩展裂纹尖端的奇异性。当裂纹以常速扩展时,J~*积分与能量释放率、动应力强度因子之间也有简单的关系。利用这些关系,我们给出了动态COD与动应力强度因子之间的关系式。     

完全笛卡尔坐标描述的多体系统动力学

用完全笛卡尔坐标描述多体系统的运动学和动力学在提高计算效率方面有突出优点．导出用完全笛卡尔坐标表示的刚体及多体系统的动量和动量矩的解析式，给出与之对应的广义惯量矩阵概念，建立无力矩状态下用完全笛卡尔坐标描述的多体系统动力学的一阶微分方程组，用于多体航天器的姿态运动分析     

高速铁路列车系统中的动力学问题

本文系统地讨论了高速铁路列车系统中存在的动力学问题,包括结构动力学、车辆动力学、空气动力学和一些耦合动力问题。重点对高速铁路列车系统中的一些特有动力现象和解决方法进行了分析与介绍,并指出了高速铁路列车系统中各个研究领域的现状和发展方向。      

蛋白质结构动力学研究进展

蛋白质是生物体赖以存在和生长的重要大分子有机化合物,由20种不同的氨基酸通过肽键连接成线性高分子链,具有特殊的三维空间结构. 蛋白质生物功能与结构动力学特征紧密相关,不同结构运动模式决定了蛋白质在生化过程中的不同生物功能.给定一种蛋白质的空间结构, 通过建立结构动力学模型,进而得到蛋白质结构的运动轨迹,或者将结构整体运动分解为不同频率振动模态的叠加,能够帮助进一步理解蛋白质生物活性点在配体结合、催化过程中的运动特征.阐述了蛋白质结构动力学研究的最新进展,分析了3种蛋白质结构动力学的物理模型和求解方法,详细讨论了谐波模型中的原子模态分析、弹性网络模型等动力学方法,并介绍了蛋白质结构动力学在生物研究领域的应用.蛋白质结构动力学方法的研究和发展表明,从物理原理和简化模型出发的理论分析方法,能够为生物学前沿研究提供有力帮助,是蛋白质折叠和结构预测中的一个重要研究方向.      

北美中等动力学若干新教材

本文评介美国和加拿大作者编著的几种“中级动力学”教材,包括Ginsberg的《高等工程 动力学》、Moon的《应用动力学》、Bhat 和Dukkipati的《高等动力学》、Silva的《中 级动力学》和Howland的《中级动力学》. 简述了这些教材的内容和特点.     

变力作功定义与非标准分析

关于力的功的定义,孟昭礼早在1951年就指出在某些情况下∫■应改用∫■dt(参见《力学与实践》1991年4期71-73页关于孟昭礼生平介绍中的一段).本刊已展开过一些讨论(1987年3期52页,1990年1期66页,1990年1期67页),不拟再继续.但上述讨论中已涉及Riemann 积分是否存在这样一些数学问题,而沈光朝此文则从“非标准分析”来说明,这对力学界可能较陌生,故刊登以飨读者.     

空气动力学和水动力学测试技术及仪表的新发展(Ⅱ)

<正> 5 温度测量 同压力测量一样,测量流体温度及输运该流体管道的管壁温度,一般来说也是必不可少的.为此,多年来就有一些使人满意的,安全可靠的测量设备.然而,当新方法有了发展的时候,新问题的出现,就必须修改现有设备.     

Electrogas- and electrohydrodynamic control of gas and liquid jets and flows

The physical and mathematical principles of the method of electrogas-and electrohydrodynamic conversion of electrical signals to pneumatic (hydraulic) signals and vice versa for control of gas and liquid jets and flows in electropneumohydraulic systems are considered. St. Petersburg State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 25–31, March–April, 2000.     

Fatigue and static strength of notched and unnotched aluminum-alloy and steel specimens

This paper describes a method of presentation of fatigue data on three commonly used aircraft materials, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys and normalized SAE 4130 steel, such that variations in fatigue strength with stress-concentration factor can be shown. Comparisons of the fatigue strengths of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum are made for the most useful range of stress-concentration factors. Static-strength results of notched and unnotched specimens of the three materials are presented to show how the strength varies with some parameters of the stress concentration. Comparison of the data with one theory for the strength of cracked specimens was made.     

STICTION AND ANTI—STICTION IN MEMS AND NEMS

Stiction in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been a major failure mode ever since the advent of surface micromachining in the 80s of the last century due to large surfacearea-to-volume ratio. Even now when solutions to this problem are emerging, such as self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and other measures, stiction remains one of the most catastrophic failure modes in MEMS. A review is presented in this paper on stiction and anti-stiction in MEMS and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). First, some new experimental observations of stiction in radio frequency (RF) MEMS switch and micromachined accelerometers are presented. Second, some criteria for stiction of microstructures in MEMS and NEMS due to surface forces (such as capillary, electrostatic, van der Waals, Casimir forces, etc.) are reviewed. The influence of surface roughness and environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) on stiction are also discussed. As hydrophobic films, the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) turn out able to prevent release-related stiction effectively. The anti-stiction of SAMs in MEMS is reviewed in the last part. The project supported by the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund of NSFC (10225209), key project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-SW-L2) and National “973” Project (G1999033103)     

水和水蒸汽热力学物性参数及导数的计算与应用

本文针对现代换热设备设计、两相流动与传热研究的需要,介绍了可供科研使用的水和水蒸汽物性计算方法,完善了计算程序。根据超临界锅炉设计中的超临界水的物性计算,两相流研究和换热设备动态特性研究中对物性导数计算的需要,提供了两个算例,并进行了定性分析。     

Legal and policy issues in genetics and insurance

Genetic screening and testing techniques provide a powerful diagnostic tool for the acquisition of predictive information. The potential value of such diagnostic techniques cannot be overstated. However, commercial organisations such as insurance companies and employers are also highly interested in the acquisition and use of genetic information. Concerns about the potential abuse of genetic information have stimulated a counter-current of public pressure for restrictions on the use which can be made of genetic diagnostic information. In a number of countries this pressure has generated enough concern to stimulate legislatures to enact laws which curtail the use and acquisition of genetic information. This pattern has clearly emerged in the United States of America and there are indications that similar trends are developing in Europe. This paper examines the law and policy issues arising from the interface between genetics and insurance.     

Microcanonical Entropy and Mesoscale Dislocation Mechanics and Plasticity

A methodology is devised to utilize the statistical mechanical entropy of an isolated, constrained atomistic system to define constitutive response functions for the dissipative driving-force and energetic fields in continuum thermomechanics. A thermodynamic model of dislocation mechanics is discussed as an example. Primary outcomes are constitutive relations for the back-stress tensor and the Cauchy stress tensor in terms of the elastic distortion, mass density, polar dislocation density, and the scalar statistical density.     

Sound and vorticity interactions: transmission and scattering

We review several aspects of the propagation of sound in vortical flows. We restrict ourselves to isothermal, humidity-free flows at low Mach number M. Since vorticity plays a major role in vortex-flow interactions we focus on vortical flows. We consider two main canonical situations. The first concerns the transmission of sound. We analyze the evolution of acoustic wavefronts as they propagate across a single vortex. The second situation addresses the scattering of sound waves by nonstationary vortices. We study the evolution of the acoustic pressure emitted in the far field, at an angle with the initial direction of propagation. In this geometry one performs direct spectroscopy of the flow vorticity field. In each case, we review theoretical results and compare with experimental measurements and numerical simulations when available. We also briefly report how the following new acoustic techniques have recently been used to study complex or turbulent flows: time-resolved acoustic spectroscopy, speckle interferometry and Lagrangian particle tracking. PACS 43.25, 43.28, 47.32, 67.40