用X-射线衍射法测定聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯共混体系的结晶度

结晶度是表征聚合物性质的重要参数,它对聚合物的物理和机械性能有很大影响,在测定聚合物的结晶度的各种方法中,X-射线衍射法的意义明确且应用最为广泛。然而,用X-射线衍射法测定聚合物结晶度绝大部分只限于单组份体系,用于共混体系的报道尚不     

反相高效液相色谱法分析超临界甲醇解聚聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的产物

配合超临界甲醇解聚聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的工艺开发,采用高效液相色谱法对聚对苯二甲酸二乙酯的超临界甲醇解聚固体产物进行了分离、定性和定量分析。采用反相色谱体系,色谱柱为Zorbax-C8柱,流动相为甲醇－水（70／30,V／V）,紫外检测器。该法具有高色谱分辨率、简便、准确、重复性好等特点。     

取向、结晶、γ辐照聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)驻极体的陷阱性质

用拉伸、热处理和γ射线辐照的方法制备了一系列具有不同平面取向度、不同结晶度和不同分子链长度的PET试样.随平面取向度、结晶度和辐照剂量的增大,平均陷阱深度加深.由拉伸取向形成的结构陷阱俘获载流子能力随取向度增大而提高;由γ辐照形成的结构陷阱对俘获载流子的限制能力随辐照剂量增大而降低;由热结晶形成的结构陷阱俘获载流子能力在结晶度为20％时达到极值.提出了相应的三种陷阱模型.     

PET伸直链结晶体的研究进展

对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）在特定的结晶条件下是否生成伸直链晶体进行了论证，系统总结了伸直链晶体形成的证据，并讨论了PET伸直链晶体形成的机理。     

DEPOLYMERIZATION AND KINETICS OF DEPOLYMERIZATION OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE USING DIBUTYLTIN OXIDE CATALYST

Depolymerization of poly（ethylene terephthalate） （PET） was performed in the tubular bomb microreactor which contained the solution of PET in methanol and dibutyltin oxide at the temperature ranging from 433 K to 473 K, the reaction time from 5 to 45 min and the catalyst-to-PET ratio of 0.3%-2% by weight. The optimal condition for PET depolymerization catalyzed by dibutyltin oxide is the temperature of 443-453 K, the reaction time of 20-25 min and 0.8% by weight of catalyst. By using differential methods, the activation energy for the depolymerization process was found to be 154.05 kJ/mol in the temperature range from 433-463 K.     

纤维素芳族酯热致液晶对PET结晶成核作用的研究

用自制的热致液晶性纤维素芳族酯(CAE)作聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的成核剂,研究了PET/CAE体系(CAE含量≤1%)在110～200℃温度范围内的等温结晶动力学特性.结果表明,CAE能显著加快PET结晶速率(Z),Z随结晶温度和CAE含量变化均有极大值Z_max(T_C)和Z_max(W_CAE),Z_max(T_C)对应的温度T_max随CAE含量增加而降低,CAE促进PET结晶的作用机理与普通成核剂不同.     

双向拉伸聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯驻极体的分立陷阱

用热释电极化温度扫描法在温度间隔为５℃的条件下研究了经过双向拉伸具有不同平面取向度的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯ＰＥＴ驻极体试样，分离出对解俘获电流峰贡献的各分立陷阶电流峰．随平面取向度和脂肪链反式构象含量的提高，各分立陷阶深度增加．结构缺陷种类的增多使分立陷阱数由二个增至六个，并导致分立陷阱深度分布加宽．     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯切片的固相聚合规律

简要介绍了制备高分子量聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的三种方法,重点介绍了其固相聚合的基本原理及主要副反应规律,固相聚合的各种影响因素,如预聚体原料路线、端羟基和羟基平衡、切片形状和尺寸、催化剂、反应副产物等。最后介绍了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯固相滞反应动力学,如温度、时间对固相聚合反应速度的影响,低温固相聚合反应动力学等。     

覆膜金属罐中PBT/PET环状低聚物在食品中的迁移测试及基于膳食暴露量的风险评估

该文建立了一种超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用技术(UPLC-QTOF MS)测定覆膜金属罐包装食品中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)环状低聚物迁移量的方法。利用我国人群食物消费量、与食品接触面积和食品单位质量/体积比(S/V)的调查数据以及PET和PBT环状低聚物迁移试验数据,估算了我国人群对摄入的水果罐头、饮料和啤酒等以覆膜金属罐包装食品中PET和PBT环状低聚物的膳食暴露量,并按照毒理学关注阈值(TTC)决策树方法对其进行风险评估。结果显示,6种PET和PBT环状低聚物均属于Cramer Ⅲ类结构;其膳食暴露量最大值为1.234μg/kg·BW/d,低于Cramer Ⅲ类物质的阈值1.5μg/kg·BW/d。表明通过摄入覆膜金属罐包装的水果罐头、饮料和啤酒暴露于PBT和PET环状低聚物所引起的健康风险较低。     

PET的解聚-共缩聚“一锅法”合成生物降解高分子的研究

发展聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)再生利用新途径是学术界和产业界均十分关注的研究方向,而传统的化学转化法存在着工艺流程长、能耗高的问题.本文利用不同结构的二元醇将PET醇解成低分子量预聚物,然后加入二元酸进一步进行酯化、缩聚,使PET解聚和共聚反应通过“一锅法”完成,省去了复杂、高耗能的单体提纯过程,且PET原料可以100%再生,所制备的高分子材料具有生物降解性能.值得指出的是,选择不同的醇解剂和二元酸可以实现再生高分子材料结构和性能关系的调控.本文提出的“解聚-共缩聚”合成生物降解高分子方法,对推动PET的高值化回收再生有较高参考价值.     

Acetone solubility and diffusivity in poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified with low levels of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid,isophthalic acid,and 2,5-bis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

A series of random copolyesters was prepared by replacing up to 10 wt.% of the dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with dimethyl 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate (NDC), isophthalic acid (IPA), or 2,5-bis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (ODCA). Solution cast films of the resulting copolymers were prepared and characterized. Modification of PET with NDC and ODCA led to copolymers with glass transition temperatures higher than that of PET, while modification with IPA decreased the glass transition temperature. Copolymerization decreased crystallinity levels in all cases. The acetone solubility and acetone diffusion coefficient were determined by integral kinetic gravimetric sorption experiments at 35°C and 5.4 cm Hg acetone pressure. PET containing low levels of NDC had lower amorphous phase acetone diffusivity and solubility than PET, while PET modified with IPA had amorphous phase acetone diffusivity and acetone solubility similar to that of PET. PET modified with 5% ODCA had amorphous phase acetone diffusivity similar to that of PET, while PET modified with 10% ODCA had an amorphous phase acetone diffusivity value slightly lower than that of PET. Copolymers containing ODCA had somewhat higher acetone solubilities that PET, due mainly to the lower levels of crystallinity in the ODCA-containing polymers than in PET.     

Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste through methanolic pyrolysis in a microwave reactor

In this study, the methanolic pyrolysis (methanolysis) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) taken from waste soft-drink bottles, under microwave irradiation, is proposed as a recycling method with substantial energy saving. The reaction was carried out with methanol with and without the use of zinc acetate as catalyst in a sealed microwave reactor in which the pressure and temperature were controlled and recorded. Experiments under constant temperature or microwave power were carried out at several time intervals. The main product dimethyl-terephthalate was analyzed and identified by FTIR and DSC measurements. It was found that PET depolymerization, is favored by increasing temperature, time and microwave power. High degrees of depolymerization were measured at temperatures near 180 °C and at microwave power higher than 150 W. Most of the degradation was found to occur during the initial 5–10 min. Compared to conventional pyrolysis methods, microwave irradiation during methanolic pyrolysis of PET certainly results in shorter reaction times supporting thus the conclusion that this method is a very beneficial one for the recycling of PET wastes.     

Ultrafast 99% Polyethylene terephthalate depolymerization into value added monomers using sequential glycolysis-hydrolysis under microwave irradiation

Effective and efficient hybrid depolymerisation technologies are emerging as high potential sustainable routes with considerable benefits over conventional recycling methods for the achievement of circular economies for plastics. Herein, combined green and fast glycolysis-hydrolysis depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was carried out under microwave irradiation (MW) with excellent efficiencies. In MW assisted glycolysis of PET, the catalytic activity of two deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on (choline chloride-urea (DES 1)) and (choline chloride-thiourea (DES 2)) was evaluated and compared. Optimised glycolysis conditions were determined using Box Behnken Design (BBD) to attain maximum weight loss of PET, low crystallinity and increased carbonyl index of residual PET. DES volume of 4 mL, 5.5–6 mL of ethylene glycol, and 0.5 min MW irradiation time resulted in a prominent rise in PET weight loss and carbonyl index of residual PET. DES 2 showed an improved catalytic activity than that of DES 1 which is associated to its stronger interaction with EG and PET polymer chains during the course of the reaction. Residual PET obtained post glycolysis reaction was further depolymerized using MW assisted hydrolysis in the presence of weakly basic Na₂CO₃ and EG. Within 3-minute, the proposed sequential depolymerization technologies facilitated ≈99% conversion of PET to terephthalic acid (TPA), monohydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET), and bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomers produced at a yield of 62.79–80.66%, 17.22–34.79% and 0.54–0.59% respectively. Application on post-consumer PET sample also revealed very satisfactory results with 96.77–98.25% PET conversion and 60.98–78.10% yield of TPA.     

超临界甲醇降解对苯二甲酸丁二酯的研究

作为一种综合性能优良的新型工程塑料,对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)工程塑料及其各种合金在全球范围内已经广泛用于电子电气、汽车、机械及民用等各个领域,而中国是其中需求量最大的国家．     

Kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycolysis by diethylene glycol. I. Evolution of liquid and solid phases

The kinetics of uncatalysed glycolysis, at 220 °C, of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by diethylene glycol (DEG) in high excess has been studied. An experimental device allowing good separation, at reaction temperature, of the solid and liquid phases was set up.The results suggest that PET is initially depolymerized in the slightly swollen solid phase, by glycolysis of the amorphous interlamellar chains. This mechanism continues until a solid phase of highly crystallized polyester is obtained.The internal tensions engendered by this chemical modification cause cracks, delamination and mechanical disintegration of the polymer. The transfer towards the liquid phase is then strongly accelerated and the solvolysis of the depolymerization products continues in the liquid phase, up to equilibrium.     

Microwave assisted ecofriendly recycling of poly (ethylene terephthalate) bottle waste

Glycolysis of poly (ethylene terephthalate) bottle waste was carried out using microwave energy. A domestic microwave oven of 800 W was used with suitable modification for carrying out the reaction under reflux. The catalysts used for the depolymerization in ethylene glycol (EG) were zinc acetate and some simple laboratory chemicals such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and barium hydroxide. Comparison of results was made from the point of view of the yield of bis (2-hydroxyethylene) terephthalate (BHET) and the time taken for depolymerization. It was observed that under identical conditions of catalyst concentration and PET:EG ratio, the yield of BHET was nearly same as that obtained earlier by conventional electric heating. However, the time taken for completion of reaction was reduced drastically from 8 h to 35 min. This has led to substantial saving in energy.     

Organocatalytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

We describe the organocatalytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), using a commercially available guanidine catalyst, 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD). Postconsumer PET beverage bottles were used and processed with 1.0 mol % (0.7 wt %) of TBD and excess amount of ethylene glycol (EG) at 190 °C for 3.5 hours under atmospheric pressure to give bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) in 78% isolated yield. The catalyst efficiency was comparable to other metal acetate/alkoxide catalysts that are commonly used for depolymerization of PET. The BHET content in the glycolysis product was subject to the reagent loading. This catalyst influenced the rate of the depolymerization as well as the effective process temperature. We also demonstrated the recycling of the catalyst and the excess EG for more than 5 cycles. Computational and experimental studies showed that both TBD and EG activate PET through hydrogen bond formation/activation to facilitate this reaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Crystalline and supermolecular structure evolution of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during isothermal crystallization and annealing treatment by means of wide and small angle X-ray investigations

Small-angle X-ray scattering, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analysis were carried out to evaluate the evolution of the supermolecular structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) during isothermal crystallization and annealing process. PET was crystallized from the melt by isothermal treatments at 226 °C. Partially crystallized samples were prepared interrupting the crystallization by quenching, while prolonged treatments were performed to prepare annealed samples. The adopted crystallization procedures allowed to form crystals which developed during primary and secondary crystallization, and the annealing process. On the basis of X-ray data, the lamellar and amorphous phases were unambiguously attributed. The lamellar thickness and the crystallinity progressively enhance with increasing the time of thermal treatment; on the contrary, the long period decreases and this effect is mainly due to the contraction of the amorphous phase. The melting behaviour of the annealed samples indicates that the heating-induced crystal reorganization phenomena are inconsistent. The interdependency between the melting temperature and the crystal thickness allowed to extrapolate the equilibrium melting temperature.     

Dynamic mechanical behavior of oriented semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate

The dynamic mechanical behavior of molecularly oriented semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate (PET) induced via the equal‐channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process was investigated. Dynamic mechanical analyses in both torsional mode and bending mode were utilized. The results indicate that the ECAE‐oriented PET has a higher dynamic storage modulus above the glass‐transition temperature than that of the reference (control sample). The combined effect of molecular orientation and crystallinity is responsible for the changes in the primary and secondary relaxations of PET. Further analyses show that the shifting and broadening of the primary and secondary peak positions in oriented PET are mainly due to the amorphous‐phase orientation because the crystallinity of PET decreases upon the ECAE processing. A good correlation was found between the structural anisotropy and the dynamic mechanical properties. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1394–1403, 2001