Comparison of 87Rb N-resonances for D1 and D2 transitions

We report an experimental comparison of three-photon-absorption resonances (N-resonances) for the D1 and D2 optical transitions of thermal (87)Rb vapor. We find that the D2 N-resonance has better contrast, a broader linewidth, and a more symmetric line shape than the D1 N-resonance. Taken together, these factors imply superior performance for frequency standards operating on alkali D2 N-resonances, in contrast with coherent population trapping resonances, for which the D2 transition provides poorer frequency standard performance than the D1 transition.     

2D separated-local-field spectra from projections of 1D experiments

A novel procedure for reconstruction of 2D separated-local-field (SLF) NMR spectra from projections of 1D NMR data is presented. The technique, dubbed SLF projection reconstruction from one-dimensional spectra (SLF-PRODI), is particularly useful for uniaxially oriented membrane protein samples and represents a fast and robust alternative to the popular PISEMA experiment which correlates (1)H-(15)N dipole-dipole couplings with (15)N chemical shifts. The different 1D projections in the SLF-PRODI experiment are obtained from 1D spectra recorded under influence of homonuclear decoupling sequences with different scaling factors for the heteronuclear dipolar couplings. We demonstrate experimentally and numerically that as few as 2-4 1D projections will normally be sufficient to reconstruct a 2D SLF-PRODI spectrum with a quality resembling typical PISEMA spectra, leading to significant reduction of the acquisition time.     

Improvement of reconstruction in 3D computer-generated holograms using 1D Fourier transform operations

Improvement of images reconstructed from 3D computer-generated holograms using 1D Fourier transform operations is presented. Required computing time for making 3D holograms is decreased when 1D Fourier transform method is used instead of 2D Fourier transform method, but reconstructed images from the holograms created by the 1D Fourier transform method are somewhat inferior in quality to the images by 2D Fourier transform method. In this paper, we propose a method that the disadvantageous properties of the holograms made by 1D Fourier transform are improved. We have performed two step improvements in this experiment. From the numerical experiments, the images that are reconstructed from the holograms created from 1D Fourier transform method show marked improvement.     

On free 4D Abelian 2-form and anomalous 2D Abelian 1-form gauge theories

We demonstrate a few striking similarities and some glaring differences between (i) the free four- (3+1)-dimensional (4D) Abelian 2-form gauge theory, and (ii) the anomalous two- (1+1)-dimensional (2D) Abelian 1-form gauge theory, within the framework of Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (BRST) formalism. We demonstrate that the Lagrangian densities of the above two theories transform in a similar fashion under a set of symmetry transformations even though they are endowed with a drastically different variety of constraint structures. With the help of our understanding of the 4D Abelian 2-form gauge theory, we prove that the gauge-invariant version of the anomalous 2D Abelian 1-form gauge theory is a new field-theoretic model for the Hodge theory where all the de Rham cohomological operators of differential geometry find their physical realizations in the language of proper symmetry transformations. The corresponding conserved charges obey an algebra that is reminiscent of the algebra of the cohomological operators. We briefly comment on the consistency of the 2D anomalous 1-form gauge theory in the language of restrictions on the harmonic state of the (anti-) BRST and (anti-) co-BRST invariant version of the above 2D theory.     

2D-1D coupling in cleaved edge overgrowth

We study the scattering properties of an interface between a one-dimensional (1D) wire and a two-dimensional (2D) electron gas. Experiments were conducted in the highly controlled geometry provided by molecular bean epitaxy overgrowth onto the cleaved edge of a high quality GaAs /AlGaAs quantum well. Such structures allow for the creation of variable length 1D-2D coupling sections. We find ballistic 1D electron transport through these interaction regions with a mean free path as long as 6 &mgr;m. Our results explain the origin of the puzzling nonuniversal conductance quantization observed previously in such 1D wires.     

Coherent population trapping resonances in thermal (85)Rb vapor: D(1) versus D(2) line excitation

We have compared coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances, both experimentally and theoretically, for excitation of the D(1) and D(2) transitions of thermal (85)Rb vapor. Excitation of the D(1) line results in greater resonance contrast than excitation of the D(2) line and in a reduction in the resonance width, in agreement with theoretical expectations. These results translate into a nearly tenfold improvement in performance for the application of CPT resonances to a frequency standard or a sensitive magnetometer when the D(1) line, rather than the D(2) line, is used.     

High pressure 1D and 2D NMR experiments on model biomembranes

Abstract

We developed a high-pressure high-resolution probe for NMR experiments on biological systems which enabled us to study the phase behaviour of model biomembranes by 1D and 2D NMR experiments at temperatures up to 65°C and at pressures up to 3000 bar.     

Observation of coexistence of 1D and 2D nanostructures in cobalt dipyrromethene trimer complexes adsorbed on a graphite surface

We report the direct observation of 1D and 2D nanostructures of cobalt dipyrromethene trimer complexes adsorbed on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM images showed two types of ordered structures coexisting on the surface: long 1D molecular chains isolated on the terraces, and 2D hexagonal patterns confined by a 1D chain and/or a graphite step edge. These 1D and 2D structures are attributed to ‘edge-on’ and ‘face-on’ complex alignments on the surface, respectively. In both configurations, substrate-mediated molecule-molecule interactions may play a significant role in stabilizing the nanostructures.     

6D microstate geometries from 10D structures

We use the formalism of Generalised Geometry to characterise in general the supersymmetric backgrounds in type II supergravity that have a null Killing vector. We then specify this analysis to configurations that preserve the same supersymmetries as the D1–D5–P system compactified on a four-manifold. We give a set of equations on the forms defining the supergravity background that are equivalent to the supersymmetry constraints and the equations of motion. This study is motivated by the search of new microstate geometries for the D1–D5–P black hole. As an example, we rewrite the linearised three-charge solution of arXiv:hep-th/0311092 in our formalism and show how to extend it to a non-linear, regular and asymptotically flat configuration.     

3D harnessing of light with 2.5D photonic crystals

It is emphasized that two‐dimensional photonic crystals (2D PC) have not only a great potential for the development of 2D nanophotonics in the inplane waveguided configuration, but that they may also open the way to other brilliant developments, with an extension to out‐of‐plane operation, along a 2.5D nanophotonics approach. In this 2.5D approach, a 1D–2D high index contrast lateral structuration is combined with a 1D high index contrast vertical structuration, using multilayer membrane stacks including 1D–2D photonic crystal membranes, thus resulting in so‐called 2.5D PC. As a specific illustration of recent achievements along this approach, new families of VCSEL structures are presented.     

Low band gap frequencies and multiplexing properties in 1D and 2D mass spring structures

This study reports on the propagation of elastic waves in 1D and 2D mass spring structures.An analytical and computation model is presented for the 1D and 2D mass spring systems with different examples.An enhancement in the band gap values was obtained by modeling the structures to obtain low frequency band gaps at small dimensions.Additionally,the evolution of the band gap as a function of mass value is discussed.Special attention is devoted to the local resonance property in frequency ranges within the gaps in the band structure for the corresponding infinite periodic lattice in the 1D and 2D mass spring system.A linear defect formed of a row of specific masses produces an elastic waveguide that transmits at the narrow pass band frequency.The frequency of the waveguides can be selected by adjusting the mass and stiffness coefficients of the materials constituting the waveguide.Moreover,we pay more attention to analyze the wave multiplexer and DE-multiplexer in the 2D mass spring system.We show that two of these tunable waveguides with alternating materials can be employed to filter and separate specific frequencies from a broad band input signal.The presented simulation data is validated through comparison with the published research,and can be extended in the development of resonators and MEMS verification.     

On maximal eigenfrequency separation in two-material structures: the 1D and 2D scalar cases

We present a method to maximize the separation of two adjacent eigenfrequencies in structures with two material components. The method is based on finite element analysis and topology optimization in which an iterative algorithm is used to find the optimal distribution of the materials. Results are presented for eigenvalue problems based on the 1D and 2D scalar wave equations. Two different objectives are used in the optimization, the difference between two adjacent eigenfrequencies and the ratio between the squared eigenfrequencies. In the 1D case, we use simple interpolation of material parameters but in the 2D case the use of a more involved interpolation is needed, and results obtained with a new interpolation function are shown. In the 2D case, the objective is reformulated into a double-bound formulation due to the complication from multiple eigenfrequencies. It is shown that some general conclusions can be drawn that relate the material parameters to the obtainable objective values and the optimized designs.     

Measurements of the D(sJ) resonance properties

We report measurements of the properties of the D(+)(sJ)(2317) and D(+)(sJ)(2457) resonances produced in continuum e(+)e(-) annihilation near sqrt[s]=10.6 GeV. The analysis is based on an 86.9 fb(-1) data sample collected with the Belle detector at KEKB. We determine the masses to be M(D(+)(sJ)(2317))=2317.2+/-0.5(stat)+/-0.9(syst) MeV/c(2) and M(D(+)(sJ)(2457))=2456.5+/-1.3(stat)+/-1.3(syst) MeV/c(2). We observe the radiative decay mode D(+)(sJ)(2457)-->D(+)(s)gamma and the dipion decay mode D(+)(sJ)(2457)-->D(+)(s)pi(+)pi(-) and determine their branching fractions. No corresponding decays are observed for the D(sJ)(2317) state. These results are consistent with the spin-parity assignments of 0(+) for the D(sJ)(2317) and 1(+) for the D(sJ)(2457).     

Superfluid fermi gas in a 1D optical lattice

We calculate the superfluid transition temperature for a two-component 3D Fermi gas in a 1D tight optical lattice and discuss a dimensional crossover from the 3D to quasi-2D regime. For the geometry of finite size discs in the 1D lattice, we find that even for a large number of atoms per disc the critical effective tunneling rate for a quantum transition to the Mott insulator state can be large compared to the loss rate caused by three-body recombination. This allows the observation of the Mott transition, in contrast to the case of Bose-condensed gases in the same geometry.     

High-frequency susceptibility of a superlattice with 2D inhomogeneities

We investigate the high-frequency susceptibility (Green function) of an initially sinusoidal 1D superlattice with 2D phase inhomogeneities that model the deformations of the interfaces between the superlattice layers. For waves propagating along the superlattice axis (the geometry of a photon or magnon crystal), we have found a peculiar behavior of the imaginary part of the Green function that consists in a significant difference between the peaks corresponding to the edges of the band gap in the wave spectrum. The peak corresponding to the lower-frequency band edge remains essentially unchanged as the root-mean-square fluctuation of the 2D inhomogeneities γ₂ increases, while the peak corresponding to the higher-frequency band edge broaden and decreases sharply in height until its complete disappearance with increasing γ₂. This behavior of the peaks corresponds to a band gap closure mechanism that differs from the traditional one characteristic of 1D and 3D inhomogeneities. These effects can be explained by a peculiarity of the energy conservation laws for the incident and scattered waves for 2D inhomogeneities in a 1D superlattice.     

Studies of the decay B+/- -->D(CP)K+/-

We report studies of the Cabibbo-suppressed decay B+/--->D(CP)K+/-, where D(CP) denotes CP eigenstates of the D0-D0; system. The analysis is based on a 29.1 fb(-1) sample collected at the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric e(+)e(-) storage ring. We measure ratios of branching fractions, relative to Cabibbo-favored B+/--->D(CP)pi(+/-), of B(B--->D1K-)/B(B--->D1pi(-))=0.125+/-0.036+/-0.010 and B(B--->D2K-)/B(B--->D2pi(-))=0.119+/-0.028+/-0.006; the index 1 (2) denotes the CP=+1 (-1) eigenstate. We also extract the partial rate asymmetries for B+/--->D(CP)K+/-, finding A(1)=0.29+/-0.26+/-0.05 and A(2)=-0.22+/-0.24+/-0.04.     

Discrete embedded modes in the continuum in 2D lattices

We study the problem of constructing bulk and surface embedded modes (EMs) inside the quasi-continuum band of a square lattice, using a potential engineering approach à la Wigner and von Neumann. Building on previous results for the one-dimensional (1D) lattice, and making use of separability, we produce examples of two-dimensional envelope functions and the two-dimensional (2D) potentials that produce them. The 2D embedded mode decays like a stretched exponential, with a supporting potential that decays as a power law. The separability process can cause that a 1D impurity state (outside the 1D band) can give rise to a 2D embedded mode (inside the band). The embedded mode survives the addition of random perturbations of the potential; however, this process introduces other localized modes inside the band, and causes a general tendency towards localization of the perturbed modes.     

Observation of the D1(2420)-->Dpi + pi- decays

We report on the first observation of D0/1(2420)-->D0pi- pi+ and D+/1(2420-->D+ pi- pi+ decays (where the contribution from the dominant known D1-->D*pi decay mode is excluded) in the B- -->D0/1pi-) and (-)B0-->D+/1pi- decays, respectively. The observation is based on 15.2 x 10(7) B(-)B events collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB collider. We also set 90% confidence level upper limits for the branching fractions of the four following decays: B- -->D0/1pi-, D01-->D(*0)pi- pi+, (-)B0-->D+/1pi-, D+/1-->D(*+) pi- pi+, B- -->D(*0)2(2460)pi-, D(*0)2 -->D(*0) pi- pi+, (-)B0-->D(*+)2(2460)pi-, D(*+)2-->D(*+)pi- pi+.     

Bifurcation of Critical Points for Solutions of the 2D Euler and 2D Quasi-geostrophic Equations

We consider the 2D Euler and 2D quasi-geostrophic equations with periodic boundary conditions. For both systems we will use the stream-function formulation and study the bifurcation problem for the critical points of the stream function. In a small neighborhood of the origin, we construct a set of initial data such that initial critical points of the stream function bifurcate from 1 to 2 and then to 3 critical points in finite time. For the quasi-geostrophic equation the whole bifurcation process takes place strictly within the lifespan of the constructed local solution.     

Phase diagram of the D3/D5 system in a magnetic field and a BKT transition

We study the full temperature and chemical potential dependence of the D3/D5 2+1$2+1$-dimensional theory in the presence of a magnetic field. The theory displays separate transitions associated with chiral symmetry breaking and melting of the bound states. We display the phase diagram which has areas with first and second order transitions meeting at two critical points similar to that of the D3/D7 system. In addition there is the recently reported BKT transition at zero temperature leading to distinct structure at low temperatures.